共价有机框架材料在多相催化领域的研究进展（英文）

共价有机框架(COFs)材料是近年来在拓扑学基础上发展起来的一类新型有机多孔聚合物,是有机单体通过可逆共价键连接而形成的晶型多孔材料,具有拓扑结构"可设计"、比表面积大、结构规整、孔道均一、孔径可调节以及易于修饰和功能化等优点.与金属有机框架材料(MOFs)相比,由于COFs是以共价键连接形成空间网络结构,具有较好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,又被称为"有机分子筛".COFs的构筑单体为有机小分子,有机小分子来源广泛而且种类繁多,使得构筑单体多样化,便于通过构筑单体来调控目标材料的结构和功能.自2005年首次报道以来,COFs以其独特的结构和优越的性能,吸引了广大科研工作者的极大兴趣,对其结构设计、可控合成、结构解析以及功能探索成为了研究热点,在气体吸附与分离、光电材料等领域展现出了广阔的应用前景.特别是在催化领域,由于COFs材料的多孔性、敞开的孔道结构、良好的稳定性以及易于修饰的特点,采用COFs作为催化剂以及催化剂载体受到了人们普遍的关注.作为催化剂,COFs可分为本征型催化剂和负载型催化剂.本征型催化剂的设计方法是基于"自下而上"策略将催化活性中心嵌入材料骨架之中;负载型催化剂的设计方法是以COFs为载体,通过后修饰方式负载金属颗粒或离子来构建多相催化剂.本征型COFs催化剂是在分子水平上引入催化活性中心,具有活性位点均匀分散、数量可控的特点,而且COFs规整均一的孔道结构有利于底物的传质,也为择形催化提供了可能;负载型催化剂通过后修饰方式引入催化活性中心,由于COFs以共价键连接,催化剂稳定性较高.COFs载体具有较大的比表面积,使得催化活性位点分散性好,也有利于底物与催化活性位点的结合.本文综述了COFs作为多相催化剂在催化领域的发展状况,按照COFs引入催化活性位点的类别,如单催化位点、双催化位点以及负载的金属纳米粒子进行了细致的阐述,重点讨论了COFs催化剂的设计理念、制备方式、功能化策略、材料的稳定性、催化活性以及选择性等内容.此外,对COFs作为光催化剂以及电催化剂方面的研究也进行了详细的介绍.最后,我们讨论了COFs在未来催化领域所面临的问题及挑战,并展望了COFs在超分子催化以及酶催化等方面的应用前景.     

Supported molecular catalysts for the heterogeneous CO2 electroreduction

The thorough understanding of homogeneous catalysis has triggered intense research activities on the immobilization of molecular catalysts for the heterogeneous CO₂ electroreduction. Herein, we discuss recent advances in the heterogeneous field with focus on the intrinsic effect coming from the catalyst structure and the extrinsic effect exerted by the catalyst immobilization strategy and support material on the catalytic performance.     

Recent advances in heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives

Among the bioactive heterocyclic frameworks, nitrogen containing multisubstituted imidazoles are versatile building blocks of many naturally occurring products. Imidazoles possess wide range of biological properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activities with potential applications in other sectors. Multicomponent reactions in combination with heterogeneous catalysts and nanocomposites have contributed significantly to organic synthesis in general and imidazoles, in particular with high functional group tolerance. Owing to their tunable properties, lower operational cost, thermal stability, recyclability, and easily separation from products, heterogeneous catalysts and nanocomposites are integral part of numerous pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and industrial processes. There has been increased focus on the development of green and sustainable catalytic procedures for the building of novel and biologically potent imidazole conjugates. This article emphasizes the recent advances in recyclable catalysts and protocols, and their merits for the synthesis of diverse multisubstituted imidazole conjugates by one-pot reaction approach and the catalyst and reactant interactions.     

Aerobic oxidative homocoupling reaction of anilides using heterogeneous metal catalysts

We have developed a heterogeneous catalytic oxidative homocoupling reaction of dimethoxyanilides under an oxygen atmosphere. The resulting homo-dimers are useful for the construction of heterocycles, demonstrating the potential of heterogeneous metal catalysts.     

钙的加入对含锆熔铁型氨合成催化剂性能的影响

近年来，对于熔铁型氨合成催化剂在不断通过加入新的助剂来改善其性能。本文用Mossbauer谱等手段分析与研究加入钙后对含锆催化剂的影响。     

Nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ provides a sustainable solution to address the intermittent renewable electricity storage while recycling CO₂ to produce fuels and chemicals. Highly efficient catalytic materials and reaction systems are required to drive this process economically. This Review highlights the new trends in advancing the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ by developing and designing nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts. The activity, selectivity and reaction mechanism are significantly affected by the nano effects in nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts. In the future, energy efficiency and current density in electrochemical reduction of CO₂ need to be further improved to meet the requirements for practical applications.     

用于生物质水相加氢多相负载型金属催化剂的稳定策略

生物质是天然的可再生能源和资源,具有来源广泛、储量丰富、价格低廉的优点以及可转化为高附加值化学品的多功能性,因此作为传统化石能源替代材料受到广泛关注和研究.将生物质通过催化转化为平台化合物再进一步利用是生物质利用的重要途径,其中催化加氢是常用的反应之一.由于绝大多数生物质平台化合物分子中都含氧元素,其加氢过程中会不可避...     

多相催化元素的有效性:新型催化剂的工业活性预测（英文）

人们对化学工业可持续性关注的不断提高推动了更加高效催化反应的开发.第一代评估催化剂活性的方法基于其地壳丰度,该方法存在严重不足.本文提出了第二代评估催化剂活性的办法,该方法可以在工业应用之前预测新型催化剂的活性,从而使全球化学工业受益.采用该评估法发现,对于11个有代表性的工业催化过程,催化剂消耗与催化剂元素的年度生产或价格之间存在着关联.基于该关联,我们引入了两个新概念来描述催化剂活性:每年催化剂消耗量与可用量的比值(CCA)和每年消耗催化剂成本与产品价值的比值(CCP).将CCA和CCP评估法用于选定的工业反应,进行实例分析并根据活性将催化剂分类,根据CCA和CCP值即可确定催化剂活性的普遍极限.计算CCA和CCP,并将其与催化剂活性的普遍极限进行比较,可以为研究者提供一个新的框架,用以评估一个新催化剂的成本或物理有效率是否会成为限制因素.我们还将该方法用于计算并预测新型催化剂的可行性生产及产品成本的经济极限.     

Microwave-assisted effi cient synthesis of azlactone derivatives using 2-aminopyridine-functionalized sphere SiO2 nanoparticles as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst

In the present work, the highly efficient Erlenmeyer synthesis of azlactones catalyzed by 2- aminopyridine, supported on nano-sphere SiO2 is reported. First, the silica nanoparticles were modified with triethoxysilylpropyl chloride and then 2-aminopyridine was attached to the support via covalent linkages. This new heterogenized catalyst was used for efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of azlactone derivatives with Ac2O as a condensing agent under solvent-free conditions. The present method offers advantages including high yields, short reaction times and simple work-up. Also, the catalyst can be easily recycled and reused several times, which makes this method attractive, economic and environmentally-benign.     

Scolecite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazoles

Natural scolecite has been found as an effective catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole derivatives via a three component reaction using benzil or benzoin, aldehydes and ammonium acetate. This method provides several advantages such as being environmentally benign, reusable, possessing high yields with increased variations of the substituents in the product and preparative simplicity.      

固载型季铵盐离子液体催化合成环状碳酸酯:烷基链长及羟基的影响

CO2是造成温室效应的主要原因,同时又是地球上储量最为丰富的可再生C1能源.因此,CO2资源化受到了广泛关注.CO2与环氧化物反应可合成环状碳酸酯,后者广泛用作极性溶剂、锂离子电池的电解液和聚碳酸酯中间体等.但是,由于CO2的化学惰性,其反应需要高活性的催化剂.近年来,碱性金属、金属配合物及离子液体等均相催化剂被用于催化CO2与环氧化物加成反应.其中,离子液体具有高热稳定性、低挥发性和结构可调性,得到了广泛研究.季铵盐、咪唑盐和季鏻盐等离子液体已经被证实具有较高的催化活性.然而,均相催化剂回收困难,而且产物需要进一步纯化.将离子液体固载化制备成非均相催化剂,可以实现简单的固/液分离.聚合物、SiO2、SBA-15、氧化石墨烯和羧甲基纤维素等固载化催化剂已经广泛用于CO2和环氧化物的环加成反应.虽然非均相催化剂显示了潜在的优势,但是催化活性较低的问题仍然亟待解决,尤其是在较温和的反应条件下.因此,通过催化剂分子结构设计以提高催化性能,成为目前的研究热点.本文提出在催化活性基团和载体之间引入长烷基链,增加催化活性位点与反应物的接触面积,同时引入助催化的羟基,通过长链与羟基的协同作用,提高非均相催化剂活性.本文合成了羟基功能化长柔性链季铵化聚苯乙烯微球非均相催化剂([AHTAPC-PS]X,X=Cl,Br,I),用于催化CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应,并与不含羟基的长烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TAPB-PS]Br)及短烷基链季铵盐离子液体非均相催化剂([TMA-PS]X)的催化性能进行了对比.考察了固载后的离子液体烷基链长及侧链羟基对催化性能的影响,并通过实验和密度泛函理论计算研究了催化机理.红外光谱、扫描电镜和能量散射谱结果充分证明了季铵盐非均相催化剂的成功合成;热重测试表明,此类催化剂具有可以满足反应需求的热稳定性.密度泛函理论计算结果显示,与短烷基链非均相催化剂相比,长烷基链非均相催化剂的阴离子负电性更强,同时羟基与环氧化合物的氧原子之间存在强的氢键作用.羟基形成的氢键可以增加环氧化物的C–O键长,同时强负电的阴离子更加容易攻击β-碳原子,促进环氧化物开环.另外,长烷基链结构使得卤素阴离子具有与反应物更大的接触范围,因此提高了反应活性.当采用短烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时,环氧丙烷(PO)与CO2环加成反应生成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的产率仅为70.9%,而采用长烷基链季铵盐非均相催化剂时产率可达91.4%(135°C,1.5MPa,3h),进一步加入助催化的羟基,则PC产率可提高到98.5%.此外,含羟基的长烷基季铵盐非均相催化剂在温和条件下也具有较高的催化活性(100°C,1.5 MPa,3 h,PC产率78.4%),该催化剂同时具有较高的循环稳定性(10次循环后,PC产率≥96%,选择性≥99%).综上所述,该催化剂具有优异的综合性能,展现了良好的工业应用前景.     

多相催化时空演变的全生命周期表征策略

可持续发展的化学工业需要新型高效的催化材料和催化过程,尤其需要生态友好、本质安全的新催化过程,其本质是提高合适反应器内催化剂的选择性、活性和稳定性.因此,通过原位技术实时表征反应状态下的催化剂结构并同步测试催化性能,有助于全面研究真实反应条件下催化剂及其表面物种随时间的演变过程,深入理解催化剂构效关系的本质,为开发新一代催化技术提供科学依据.迄今,在实际催化体系中实现催化剂从活化、运行到失活的全生命周期表征仍存在巨大挑战.本文综述了分子筛、金属、金属氧化物三类典型催化剂在甲醇制烯烃、费托合成、丙烷脱氢等催化反应中的全生命周期时空演变,分析了所采用的表征研究策略,以期为新型工业催化的应用基础研究提供启示.据文献报道,甲醇制烯烃反应案例主要利用了原位紫外-可见光谱和固态核磁共振光谱等获得SAPO-34分子筛催化剂从诱导期、自催化期到失活期的表面烃池物种性质和动态演变;费托合成反应案例主要利用了同步辐射X射线衍射计算机断层扫描和X射线吸收光谱等技术研究单个毫米级Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂颗粒在还原条件和费托合成条件下的催化剂结构演变;丙烷脱氢反应案例主要结合原位的紫外-可见和拉曼光纤探头分析了CrOx/Al2O3催化剂在700 ml固定床反应器中不同床层积炭的时空演变.这些研究案例表明,因受限于表征仪器的时空分辨率和适用工况,多数重要的催化反应尚未完全实现工业条件下的全生命周期表征;但通过合理简化非关键变量,可以获得近似工业条件下的多相催化时空演变规律,这些原位表征研究拓展了多相催化的新认识新发现.着眼未来,近似工业反应条件的原位表征、多尺度的原位表征装置设计、反应条件下的计算模拟等策略将在催化研发中发挥重要作用.这些全生命周期表征策略反映了催化研究范式的转变,但将其应用于工业实践仍面临许多科学和工程的挑战.从实际应用角度看,还需综合考虑原位表征技术的成本、安全性和准确性,重视催化剂颗粒及反应器尺度的原位表征,不断推进新型催化剂的研发.     

多相催化剂活性位点的配位环境及其对催化性能的影响

多相催化技术在化工产业中一直发挥着重要作用,近年来也被广泛应用于燃料电池、绿色化学、纳米技术、生物技术等新兴领域.其中,金属催化剂在加氢、氧化、氢甲酰化、偶联等多种反应中表现出较高的催化效率.然而社会发展对金属催化剂的效率提出了更高的要求,针对特定反应,开发兼具高活性、高选择性和优良稳定性的理想催化剂一直是学术界和工业...     

A review on multi-component green synthesis of N-containing heterocycles using mixed oxides as heterogeneous catalysts

The use of mixed oxides is a well-appreciated approach in the fields of material science and synthesis, due to remarkable tunable surface properties such as acidic and basic characteristics, oxidation/reduction capabilities, and high agility of lattice oxygen, which makes them ideal choices as heterogeneous catalysts. The activity of the mixed oxides broadly relies on the nature of support and active material used and on the preparation method, calcination temperatures. Wide range of techniques for preparation of mixed oxide materials are adoptable, viz. sol-gel, co-precipitation, wet impregnation, microwave irradiation and hydrothermal methods. Use of mixed oxides as solid catalysts have gained popularity in many valued organic transformations, via alkylation, oxidation, condensation, dehydration, dehydrogenation, cycloaddition and isomerization. Application of mixed oxides in the area of green organic synthesis is a valuable strategy, which contributed significantly to the design of many novel heterocyclic scaffolds. The chemistry of N-heterocycle scaffolds, which generally possess five and six membered rings, is an interesting area for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry research constituting over 60% organics used in various arenas. The position and number of nitrogen atoms in the rings, distinguish them as pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, pyridines and pyramidines classes. In this review, we focus on the scope, importance and versatile applications of mixed metal oxides and their synergetic effects as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of variety of N-heterocyclic derivatives. The scientific aspects of the mixed oxides as catalytic active materials to design efficient synthetic protocols for the organic transformations is also discussed.     

Solid catalysts for the production of fine chemicals: the use of natural phosphate alone and doped base catalysts for the synthesis of unsaturated arylsulfones

The inexpensive natural phosphate, both alone and doped with potassium fluoride, is a new basic catalyst for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones. Activation by water and benzyltriethylammonium chloride has also been investigated. When using an ammonium salt, natural phosphate doped with potassium fluoride is an excellent solid support for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones, leading to excellent yields in a few minutes.     

Flow “Fine” Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods

The concept of flow “fine” synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow “fine” synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.     

An imidazolium ionic liquid having covalently attached an oxime carbapalladacycle complex as ionophilic heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling

An oxime carbapalladacycle, analogous to that used as catalyst in homogeneous phase, has been derivatized to increase its ionophilicity by introducing an imidazolium group covalently attached through a chain at the complex. The resulting complex is soluble in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquid (bmimPF₆) and not extractable by ether. The catalytic activity of this palladium complex in bmimPF₆ is, however, unsatisfactory and only increases marginally in bmimPF₆/supercritical CO₂. This limitation has been overcome by supporting this imidazolium palladium complex on high surface area Al/MCM-41 aluminosilicate, whereby a solid active catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling has been obtained. Reusability and stability over reuse for this Al/MCM-41-supported catalyst have been studied.     

铜基非贵金属异相催化剂在环境修复中的应用（英文）

近年来,全球经济和工业高速发展带来的环境问题,不仅严重影响着经济社会的可持续发展,更极大地危害着人类健康.石油化工、医药生产和交通运输等过程产生的气、液、固相污染物可直接或间接造成臭氧层空洞、光化学烟雾及水体污染等重大环境问题.气相污染物中,CO和可挥发性有机物(VOCs)不仅具有生物毒性,更是形成光化学烟雾等大气污染的主要前驱体.NO_x和SO2会造成酸雨的形成,极大地破坏生态系统.工业废水中难分解的有机污染物可对环境造成持续性破坏.而不完全燃烧产生的碳烟颗粒物不仅影响气候和大气环境,同时可导致心血管疾病高发,危害人体健康.源头控制是环境污染治理的关键,而催化净化是当前污染物源头控制最有效的技术之一.因此,设计和开发稳定、高效的环境修复催化剂是科学家们面临的一个关键问题.传统贵金属(Pt,Rh,Pd)催化剂虽然催化活性高,但是存在价格昂贵且易中毒等不足.而过渡金属及其氧化物因具有高活性、价格低廉和高储量等特点有望成为贵金属的替代催化剂.铜是具有3d轨道的过渡金属,有活泼的物理化学性质,是工业中大量应用的有色金属.铜基氧化物因高氧化还原电势和低环境危害被广泛应用于热催化、电催化和光催化.基于文献报道,铜基催化剂主要分为三类:铜氧化物(CuO_x),负载型铜氧化物(CuO_x/support)和固溶体铜氧化物(CuO_x-X).本篇综述首先探讨了铜氧化物的价态、晶体结构、形貌、暴露晶面以及载体与催化剂活性之间的内在联系,阐明铜基催化剂结构与性能的构效关系及高效催化剂的设计原则;继而全面总结了近年来不同类型的铜基材料在催化净化环境污染物中的应用,主要介绍了以下5类反应:CO的催化氧化,NO_x的选择性催化还原(SCR),VOCs的完全燃烧,废水中有机污染物降解,以及碳烟颗粒物催化燃烧.我们深入阐述铜氧化物的催化活性位点和催化机制;分析负载型铜基催化剂的比表面积、分散度、协同作用和界面作用对催化剂的活性和稳定性的影响;阐明固溶体催化剂的独特原子组成设计与性能关系,为高效催化剂设计提供思路.此外,本综述对铜基催化剂在环境催化中的研究现状以及尚未解决的问题进行了剖析与展望.通过铜氧化物表面调控,复合催化剂的界面调控,具有更高稳定性和抗中毒性的高效催化剂有望开发成功,而团簇及单原子铜催化剂也有望在此领域有所突破.     

基于TiO2的绿色多相催化剂催化CO2与环氧化合物偶联反应

金属离子掺杂纳米TiO2(M-TiO2,M=Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+)在CO2与环氧化合物的偶联反应中表现出较高的催化活性.反应以四正丁基碘化铵(TBAI)为共催化剂,在无溶剂条件下进行.考察了反应温度、反应时间和CO2压力在Zn-TiO2/TBAI体系中对反应性能的影响.作为无毒的多相催化剂,Zn-TiO2可循环使用5次,其催化活性没有明显降低.