Synthesis and photophysical properties of annulated dinuclear and trinuclear phthalocyanines

Metal-free mononuclear, dinuclear and trinuclear phthalocyanines were prepared by a mixed cyclotetramerisation of a 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene derivative and 4,5-bis(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)phthalonitrile. For the first time, a pi-electron-conjugated trinuclear phthalocyanine was synthesised with phthalocyanine units connected by common annulated benzene rings. The Q band of the trinuclear compound in solution occurs at lambda = 944 nm whereas those of the dinuclear and mononuclear compounds are at lambda = 853/830 and 701/664 nm, respectively. Fluorescence quantum yields, fluorescence lifetimes and singlet-oxygen quantum yields of the compounds were determined.     

“Off‐on‐off” Fluorescence pH Switch of Three Trinuclear RuII Complexes Containing Imidazole Rings

Three tripodal ligands H₃L^1–3 containing imidazole rings were synthesized by the reaction of 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione with 1,3,5‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)methyl]benzene, 1,3,5‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)methyl]‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene, and 2,2′,2"‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)ethyl]amine, respectively. Trinuclear Ru^II polypyridyl complexes [(bpy)₆Ru₃H₃L^1–3](PF₆)₆ were prepared by the condensation of Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂ · 2H₂O with ligands H₃L^1–3. The pH effects on the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the three complexes were studied, and ground‐ and excited‐state ionization constants of the three complexes were derived. The three complexes act as “off‐on‐off” fluorescence pH switch through protonation and deprotonation of imidazole ring with a maximum on‐off ratio of 5 in buffer solution at room temperature.     

Synthesis and properties of novel extended BODIPYs with rigid skeletons

Novel extended BODIPYs fused with bicyclo rings were synthesized from bicyclopyrroles by combining Knoevenagel condensation, Suzuki coupling, and O-chelation. The absorption maxima of the BODIPYs ranged from the visible to near-infrared region and the compounds showed good solubility in organic solvents. The solubility of the bicycloBODIPY with 2-naphthyl groups at the α-position of the pyrrole units was particularly high. Heating converted distyrylBODIPY with bicyclo[2.2.2]octene to benzoBODIPY with absorption (748.5?nm) and fluorescence (775.0?nm) in the near-infrared region.     

Identification of Triplet States in Carotenoids by Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy and Measurements of Delayed Fluorescence

Owing to the low quantum yield of phosphorescence , triplet states of carotenoids have been very difficult to identify. These states can be characterized by intracavity absorption spectroscopy, which allows the direct measurement of the spin-forbidden singlet–triplet transitions in low concentrated solutions, and by delayed fluorescence measurements.     

Control of Chromophore Symmetry by Positional Isomerism of Peripheral Substituents

The first example of the control of porphyrinoid chromophore symmetry based on the positional isomerism of peripheral substituents has been achieved by preparing tetraazaporphyrins (TAPs) with C_4h, D_2h, C_2v, and C_s symmetry due to the relative arrangement of peripheral tert‐butylamino and cyano groups as push and pull substituents, respectively. The four structural isomers were successfully isolated and characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The band morphology in the Q‐band region varies depending on the molecular symmetry due to the significant perturbation introduced into the chromophore by the push and pull substituents. The C_4h and C_2v isomers exhibit a single Q band, whereas the Q bands of the D_2h and C_s isomers show a marked splitting. The magnetic circular dichroism spectra indicate that the push–pull TAPs retain the properties of the 16‐membered 18π‐electron perimeter generally observed for porphyrinoids. Theoretical calculations have demonstrated that the perturbation introduced by the substituents lowers the D_4h symmetry of the parent TAP π‐conjugated system, and this results in significant spectral changes. A novel approach to the fine‐tuning of the spectral properties of porphyrinoids based on changes in the chromophore symmetry is described.     

meso-C6F5 substituted BODIPYs with distinctive spectroscopic properties and their application for bioimaging in living cells

A series of meso-C₆F₅ BODIYs have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Some of them displayed excellent spectroscopic properties, such as relatively large Stokes shift, high fluorescence quantum yield, far-red or near infrared region (NIR) emission, and good photostability. In particular, the dye functionalized with oligo(ethylene glycol) ether-phenyl groups at the 3,5-position of BODIPY core became water-soluble and its emission located in the NIR region with large Stokes shift. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were conducted to understand the structure–optical properties relationship. Furthermore, cell staining tests demonstrated that the meso-C₆F₅ BODPY derivative with oligo(ethylene glycol) ether-phenyl group was membrane permeable and selectively stained cytosol in living cells.     

In situ determination of organic compounds in liquid samples using a combined UV-Vis/fluorescence submersible sensor

In order to improve the in situ evaluation and quantitative analysis of complex contaminations of liquid media such as ground-, surface, and wastewaters, an integrated submersible sensor probe has been developed. It is especially characterized by the option of simultaneously measuring ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) and fluorescence spectra. Owing to the compact construction with light sources, flow cell, detection system, and data acquisition/processing unit in the waterproof case, the data transfer to the surface can be realized electrically, and the operation depth is practically not limited. The variability in the measuring techniques allows a wide variety of chemical compounds to be analysed within a broad concentration range. The performance of the new submersible sensor probe was tested ex situ in laboratory scale, and the performance was comparable with that of stationary measuring instruments. As an example for an in situ application, the sensor probe was successfully used to monitor the migration of chemical substances during a tracer experiment in groundwater. The concentration of the tracer compound uranin (sodium fluorescein) was measured in the range of 5–500 µg L^?1 using fluorescence spectroscopy, while at the same time the contents of toluene were continuously detected in the same groundwater wells using the UV/Vis sensor channel.     

Novel visible-light-driven photocatalyst of NiO/Cd/g-C3N4 for enhanced degradation of methylene blue

Novel NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were synthesized using a green and straightforward microwave-assisted method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The ternary NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) at room temperature under the visible light irradiation. Experimental results revealed that the weight percent of cadmium had a remarkable effect on the photodegradation efficiency. The NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ (0.1%) sample exhibited superior activity in the degradation reaction. The activity of this nanocomposite was about 4.5 and 3.25 fold higher than those of the pure g-C₃N₄ and NiO/g-C₃N₄ samples in the degradation of MB, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the low energy gap, increased absorption capacity of the visible light, and efficient suppression of the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. A detailed photocatalytic mechanism over the nanocomposite of NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ (0.1%) was proposed with superoxide radical anion O₂^– as the main reactive species. The stability of the nanocomposite was confirmed after four consecutive runs as well.     

Efficient tuning nonlinear optical properties: Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel poly(aryleneethynylene)s co‐containing BODIPY

A series of novel conjugated poly(aryleneethynylene)s (PAEs) co‐containing BODIPY have been synthesized and characterized, and their third‐order nonlinear optical properties were studied using the Z‐scan technique. Interestingly, by introducing the BODIPY skeleton into the PAE backbone, the polymers showed that their nonlinear optical properties were dependent on the BODIPY component. From poly‐4 to poly‐1, the third‐order nonlinear optical properties of the polymers enhanced regularly with the increase of the BODIPY component of the copolymers, indicating that the BODIPY component played decisive roles in enhancing the nonlinear optical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7401–7410, 2008     

9,10‐Diaminoanthracenes Revisited: The Influence of N‐Substituents on Their Electronic States

The electronic and molecular structures of 9,10‐diamino‐substituted anthracenes with different N‐substituents have been re‐examined. In particular, different N‐substituents influence both the electronic and molecular structures of the oxidized species of 9,10‐diaminoanthracenes. The anthrylene moiety of 9,10‐bis(N,N‐di(p‐anisyl)amino)anthracene retains its planarity during the course of two successive one‐electron oxidations, whereas 9,10‐bis(N,N‐dimethylamino)anthracene and 9,10‐bis(N‐p‐anisyl‐N‐methylamino)anthracene undergo a substantial structural change to a butterfly‐like structure through a two‐electron oxidation process. The structural changes observed for the oxidized states are ascribed to significant differences in the frontier molecular orbitals of the above‐mentioned three kinds of 9,10‐diaminoanthracenes due to different extents of mixing between the amine‐localized and anthrylene‐localized orbitals.     

Monomeric azaheterofullerene derivatives RC59N: influence of the R moiety on spectroscopic and photophysical properties

We have synthesised nine monomeric azaheterofullerene (AZA) derivatives, RC(59)N, with a wide variety of different side chains R and investigated their spectroscopic and photophysical properties in toluene and o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB). Measurements include their ground-state absorption spectra, molar absorption coefficient (epsilon(G)), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (Phi(F)), singlet-state lifetimes (tau(F)), triplet-state absorption spectra, triplet molar absorption coefficients (epsilon(T)), singlet oxygen (Phi(Delta)), and triplet state (Phi(T)) quantum yields. The replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in the C(60) sphere strongly affects most of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The chemical nature of the R moiety has definite effects on these properties in contrast with minor effects on the chemical nature of the addends in [6,6]-ring bridged monoadduct methano[60]fullerene derivatives. These effects concern properties of the ground state, singlet excited state, and triplet states of our nine RC(59)N derivatives and in particular the values of photophysical parameters epsilon(G), epsilon(T), Phi(Delta), and Phi(T), which are significantly lower than those of analogous monoadduct [6,6]-ring bridged methano[60]fullerene derivatives.     

吡虫啉与牛血红蛋白相互作用的光谱研究

利用紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱研究了在生理pH值条件下农药吡虫啉与牛血红蛋白(BHb)的相互作用。实验结果表明:吡虫啉分子与BHb发生反应生成复合物,导致BHb内源荧光的猝灭,该猝灭属于静态猝灭。测定了不同温度下该反应的表观结合常数、结合位点数及结合热力学参数,热力学参数的变化表明上述作用过程是一个熵增加、自由能降低的自发分子间作用过程,吡虫啉与BHb之间以静电和疏水作用力为主;并用同步荧光光谱法探讨了吡虫啉对BHb构象的影响。     

噻嗪酮与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的光谱法研究

用荧光光谱和紫外光谱,在模拟生理条件下研究噻嗪酮与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.研究发现,噻嗪酮与牛血清白蛋白的猝灭机制为静态猝灭;298 K、303 K和308 K时的结合常数分别1.80×103、1.54×103和1.05×103L·moL-1,结合位点数n近似为1;由热力学参数推测噻嗪酮与牛血清白蛋白间结合力...     

Synthesis and chiroptical properties of phenanthrene-fused N2O-type BODIPYs

A series of phenanthrene-fused N₂O-type boron-dipyrrin complexes (BODIPYs) with various substituents were synthesized. The synthesized BODIPYs show light absorption and emission in the red to near-infrared region due to their extended π-system. Furthermore, the first optical resolution of the N₂O-type BODIPY was achieved using the phenyl-substituted complex. The separated enantiomers are stable to racemization at room temperature, and exhibited a Cotton effect in the deep-red region.     

Synthesis and photophysical properties of a new amino acid possessing a BODIPY moiety

The synthesis of a new amino acid possessing a BODIPY fluorophore, which is of use in peptide synthesis, is described. The influence of the amino acid as well as of benzoxazole moieties on the BODIPY spectral and photophysical properties is discussed. The photophysical properties of this fluorophore were modified only to a small extent compared to those of the parent compound.     

分子光谱法研究铝酞菁与牛血红蛋白的相互作用

利用紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了在生理pH条件下铝酞菁与牛血红蛋白(BHb)的相互作用.实验结果表明:铝酞菁分子与BHb发生反应生成基态复合物,导致BHb内源荧光的猝灭,该猝灭属于静态猝灭.测定了不同温度下该反应的表观结合常数、结合位点数及结合热力学参数,热力学参数的变化表明铝酞菁与BHb之间以静电和疏水作用力为主;根据Frster能量转移理论,测得供体与受体间结合距离r和能量转移效率E;并用同步荧光光谱法探讨了铝酞菁对BHb构象的影响.     

Synthesis, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of three tetrathiafulvalenes attached to perylene

Three donor–acceptor dyads 1–3 comprising of a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit linked with perylene by a simple σ-bond were synthesized and characterized. Spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry provided an indication that intramolecular charge-transfer interactions in their ground states between TTF and perylene for dyads 1–3 are negligible. Compared with the compound perylene, dyads 1–3 exhibited large fluorescence quenching, which might be ascribed to photo-induced electron transfer interaction between TTF and perylene units in the excited state. Correspondence: Yongjia Shen, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.