Solid-phase synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

The synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives by condensation between an α-bromoketone bound to solid support and various 2-aminopyridine or 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives was described. Either an acid labile linker or a base labile linker was used in this study.     

Thermal cyclization of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

Thermolysis of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles in chlorinated solvents leads to 5-chloroimidazo[1,2-a]-pyridine products, which are also formed in DMF containing 1 equiv of HCl. Deuterium labeling of the starting dialkynylimidazoles indicates that reaction may proceed by multiple pathways, depending upon conditions and substituents. Dialkynylimidazoles can also give rise to 5-diethylamino-substituted imidazopyridines when the thermolysis is carried out in the presence of diethylamine.     

Novel one pot synthesis of polysubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]- and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

We have described a convenient regioselective one-pot approach to pyrazolo[1,5-a]- and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives from α,β-unsaturated imines generated in situ and amino heterocycles. Reaction is general with respect to all three components, namely (i) nitrile, (ii) aldehyde, and (iii) amino heterocycle reagents. Good yields (52-77%), convenient isolation of the targeted molecules are the distinct characteristics of the developed protocol.     

A new synthesis of the linearly fused [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-b]isoquinoline ring. Observation of an unexpected Dimroth rearrangement

A new and general synthesis of the linearly fused [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-b]isoquinoline ring system starting from 2,3-diaminoisoquinolinium salts has been elaborated. Starting compounds bearing an alkyl group in position 4 easily reacted with aldehydes to yield the cyclized products. In the case of a lack of electron donating group in position 4 (e.g., unsubstituted or 4-cyano substituted diamino derivatives) a Dimroth rearrangement took place under the same reaction conditions to yield 3-isoquinolylhydrazones. The mechanism of this unexpected transformation has been verified by isotope labelling experiments. Clarification of the reaction mechanism allowed finding proper reaction conditions to eliminate the rearrangement route, and thus, to perfect successful ring closure to the fused triazoles.     

Cyclisation of 3-alkenylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines to furo[2,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines

3-Alkenylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines react under mild conditions to give novel tricyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines in high yields. The cyclisation takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. The product yield is affected by the type and the strength of the acid used. Exceptionally high yields were obtained when an organic acid like trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid were used. On the other hand, sulfuric acid gave the best results of the inorganic acids examined.     

Synthesis and rearrangement of cycloalkyl[1,2-e]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-8/9-ones: an access to cycloalkyl[1,2-d]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones

2-Substituted-4a-hydroxy-9H-cycloalkyl[1,2-e]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-9-ones 2a-c were synthesized by an one-step cyclocondensation from the 5-substituted-2-amino-2-oxazolines 1a-c with ethyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate in ethanol at room temperature, and easily dehydrated to provide 2-substituted-9H-cycloalkyl[1,2-e]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-9-ones 3. In refluxing xylene, the reaction conducted with various ethyl 2-oxocycloalkanecarboxylates led to the two isomeric 2-substituted-8/9H-cycloalkyl[1,2-e]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-8/9-ones 3 and 2-substituted-5H-cycloalkyl[1,2-d]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones 4. The structure of some compounds was unambiguously established using X-ray crystallography. According to results from the DSC analysis of compound 2a, formation of the thermodynamically stable pyrimidinones 4 could be related to an intramolecular rearrangement of kinetically controlled pyrimidinones 3.     

A simple approach for the regioselective synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidiones and pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinones

Several imidazo and pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinones of type 1 and 2 were synthesized through intramolecular cyclization of pyrimidines 9 or pyrimidinones 10 bearing a variety of β and γ-aminoalcohols at the 2-position. Ring closure of the pyrimidinones of type 10 under Mitsunobu conditions lead to mixtures of both bicyclic regioisomers 1 and 2. Treatment of pyrimidines of type 9 with H₂SO₄ provided an efficient and operationally simple one-pot hydrolysis-cyclization procedure for obtaining imidazo and pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidinones 1 in good yields as the sole regioisomeric bicyclic product.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of substituted 2-amino-1H-imidazoles from imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

An efficient method for the synthesis of mono- and disubstituted 2-amino-1H-imidazoles via microwave-assisted hydrazinolysis of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines is reported. This protocol avoids strong acidic conditions and is superior to the classical cyclocondensation of α-haloketones with N-acetylguanidine.     

A one-pot synthesis of polysubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

A series of 5,7,8-polysubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were synthesized regioselectively from in situ generated α,β-unsaturated imines and dianions derived from methyl azolyl acetates in a one-pot procedure. The targeted molecules were conveniently isolated in analytically pure form (ca. 50-70% yields) by trituration of the concentrated reaction mixtures with cold ether.     

A new strategy for the synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines

A series of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines were prepared via oxidative cyclization of aldehyde N-(1,3-diphenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)hydrazones. Dimroth rearrangement of such a series yielded pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines.     

InBr3-catalyzed three-component, one-pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

Indium(III) bromide has been used for the first time for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in a one-pot operation from 2-aminopyridine, aldehydes, and alkynes. InBr₃ was found to be more effective for the activation of both alkyne and imine derived from aryl aldehyde and 2-aminopyridine.     

Pd-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with arenes

A facile method for direct Pd(OAc)₂-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of unactivated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with simple arenes has been developed. The reaction shows good reaction efficiency, high regioselectivity, and good functional-group compatibility. This approach provides a useful protocol for the preparation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine–arene structure of interest in biological and pharmaceutical materials.     

A DFT study for the formation of imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines through an intramolecular Michael addition

The formation of imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines through a ring closure of 2-(2-sulfonylimino-1,2-dihydro-1-pyrimidinyl) acetamides has been studied using DFT methods. Analysis of the energy results for the cyclization step shows the demand of almost an acid catalyst, which increases the electrophilicity of the dihydropyrimidine moiety, in order to make feasible the intramolecular Michael addition. The substitution on both dihydropyrimidine and amide moieties has also an influence on the cyclization step.     

Short and efficient access to imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives

Access to N-protected or N-free imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives as potential antiviral compounds was achieved in good yields from N-protected 7-amino-8-halo-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by catalytic coupling of terminal acetylenes under mild conditions using [PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂] or [Cu(Phen)(PPh₃)₂]NO₃.     

Synthesis of 2-phosphonylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines under catalyst-free conditions

A series of novel 2-phosphonylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines was accessed from CN coupling of chloroethynylphosphonates and commercially available N-unsubstituted 2-aminopyridines. The product yield depends on the nature and position of the substituent in the pyridine ring.     

Multicomponent synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using catalytic zinc chloride

The novel use of zinc chloride to catalyze the one-pot, three component synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from a range of substrates using either conventional heating or microwave irradiation is described. This methodology affords a number of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in reasonable yields and short reaction times without any significant optimization of the reaction conditions.     

Green synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using calix[6]arene-SO3H surfactant in water

In this research, green synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in the presence of calix[n]arenes-SO₃H as a Brønsted acid catalyst and surfactant is described. Using of calix[n]arenes in water provided a hydrophobic cavity that successfully carried out the synthesis reactions at short times with high yields. This catalyst system is recoverable with a simple extraction using an organic solvent and reusable for at least for 5 cycles without any losses of its activity.     

Exploration of versatile reactions on 2-chloro-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: expanding structural diversity of C2- and C3-functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

Alternative strategies for functionalizing 2-chloro-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine have been developed. Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction provided easily the corresponding 2-arylated compounds, and herefrom the nitro group was reduced into amine which afforded amides, anilines, and ureas in the 3-position. The amination of the key compound using a metal-catalyzed reaction was reported. This study highlighted the importance of the nitro group to facilitate the chlorine displacement. Other nucleophilic aromatic substitutions open a route to various products derived from imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.     

Efficient synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3(2H)-ones

2-Aminopyridines react with diaroylacetylenes to produce imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3(2H)-ones in good to excellent yields.     

A new, one-pot, multi-component synthesis of imines of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

An efficient, one-pot, multi-component synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines is described. Heating a mixture of a 2-aminopyridine, 2-aminopyrazine or 2-aminopyrimidine, a benzaldehyde, and imidazoline-2,4,5-trione under solvent-free conditions afforded imine derivatives of the title compounds in excellent yields. Single-crystal X-ray analysis conclusively confirms the structure of these bridgehead bicyclic 5-6 heterocycles.