Enantioselective allylation of ketones catalyzed by N,N'-dioxide and indium(III) complex

Complexes of (S)-pipecolic acid-, L-proline-, and other amino acid-derived N,N'-dioxides coordinated with different metal ions have been investigated in the enantioselective allylation of ketones. A variety of aromatic ketones were found to be suitable substrates in the presence of the L1-In(III) complex, and afforded the corresponding homoallylic alcohols with good enantioselectivites (up to 83% ee) and moderate to high yields (up to 94%). On the basis of the experimental results, a possible catalytic cycle including a transition state has been proposed to explain the origin of the reactivity and asymmetric inductivity, and a bifunctional catalyst was described with Lewis base N-oxide activating tetraallyltin and Lewis acid indium activating ketone.     

Enantioselective cyanosilylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a novel N,N′-dioxide-Ti(OPr)4 bifunctional catalyst

A novel bifunctional asymmetric catalyst containing N-oxide and titanium(IV) was developed and applied to the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes. Optically active trimethylsilyl cyanohydrin ethers were obtained up to 99% yield and 80% ee in the presence of 5 mol % catalyst loading at −78 °C. Based on the experimental results, the catalytic cycle was proposed as a pathway in which Lewis acid and Lewis base activated aldehyde and trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN), respectively.     

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones and Enones with Chiral Lewis Base Derived Frustrated Lewis Pairs

The concept of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been widely applied in various research areas, and metal‐free hydrogenation undoubtedly belongs to the most significant and successful ones. In the past decade, great efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of chiral boron Lewis acids. In a sharp contrast, chiral Lewis base derived FLPs have rarely been disclosed for the asymmetric hydrogenation. In this work, a novel type of chiral FLP was developed by simple combination of chiral oxazoline Lewis bases with achiral boron Lewis acids, thus providing a promising new direction for the development of chiral FLPs in the future. These chiral FLPs proved to be highly effective for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, enones, and chromones, giving the corresponding products in high yields with up to 95 % ee. Mechanistic studies suggest that the hydrogen transfer to simple ketones likely proceeds in a concerted manner.     

Asymmetric Michael addition reactions of 2-silyloxyfurans catalyzed by binaphthyldiimine-Ni(II) complexes

N,N'-Bis(2-quinolylmethylene)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine-Ni(II) complex and analogous complexes were found to be efficient chiral Lewis acid catalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition reactions between 2-silyloxyfurans and 3-alkenoyl-2-oxazolidinones, for which asymmetric inductions of up to 97% ee were obtained.     

Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Alkylidene Malonates and Allylidene Malonates via Enamine-Metal Lewis Acid Bifunctional Catalysis

Novel enamine-metal Lewis acid bifunctional catalysts were successfully applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to alkylidene malonates, offering excellent stereoselectivity (up to >99% ee and >99:1 dr). The asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to allylidene malonates was also achieved.     

Silicon-based Lewis acid assisted cinchona alkaloid catalysis: highly enantioselective aza-Michael reaction under solvent-free conditions

The study showed that a combination of an achiral silicon-based Lewis acid and chiral Lewis base, such as iodotrimethylsilane (TMSI) and cinchonine, generated a highly enantioselective catalyst system under solvent-free conditions which gave aromatic β-amino ketones with up to >99% ee. Mechanistic studies demonstrate the enhanced asymmetric induction may be due to the combined and competitive activation of a carbonyl moiety of chalcone with cinchonine and the silicon-based Lewis acid in the aza-Michael reaction.     

酸催化的二芳基甲醇脱水环化氧化芳构化直接构筑4-芳基喹啉

我们发展了酸催化的二芳基甲醇的脱水环化氧化芳构化的方法,直接高产率（高达81%）的合成轴手性的4-芳基喹啉.而且,Lewis酸Zn（OTf）₂和手性膦酸都能催化这个反应,初步的不对称研究可以用er 71：29得到产物.     

Highly efficient chiral copper Schiff-base catalyst for asymmetric cyclopropanation of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene

A remarkable increase in catalytic activity is found for the asymmetric cyclopropanation of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene with diazoacetate by use of the chiral copper Schiff-base complexes, which are derived from substituted salicylaldehydes, chiral aminoalcohols, and copper acetate monohydrate. Furthermore, a combination of a chiral copper Schiff-base with a Lewis acid showed an increase in yield (up to 90%) and in enantioselectivity (up to 90% ee) for the asymmetric cyclopropanation of the diene with t-butyl diazoacetate at 20 °C.     

Asymmetric Henry reaction catalyzed by C2-symmetric tridentate bis(oxazoline) and bis(thiazoline) complexes: metal-controlled reversal of enantioselectivity

[reaction: see text] C(2)-symmetric tridentate bis(oxazoline) and bis(thiazoline) ligands with a diphenylamine backbone have been investigated in the catalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of alpha-keto esters with different Lewis acids. Their Cu(OTf)(2) complexes furnished S enantiomers, while Et(2)Zn complexes afforded R enantiomers, both of them with higher enantioselectivities (up to 85% ee). Reversal of enantioselectivity in asymmetric Henry reactions was achieved with the same chiral ligand by changing the Lewis acid center from Cu(II) to Zn(II). The results show that the NH group in C(2)-symmetric tridentate chiral ligands plays a very important role in controlling both the yields and enantiofacial selectivity of the Henry products.     

Mechanism and scope of salen bifunctional catalysts in asymmetric aldehyde and α-ketoester alkylation

Metal complexes of C₂-symmetric Lewis acid/Lewis base salen ligands provide bifunctional activation resulting in rapid rates in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes (up to 92% ee). Further experiments probed the reactivity of the individual Lewis acid and Lewis base components of the catalyst and established that both moieties are essential for asymmetric catalysis. These catalysts are also effective in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to α-ketoesters. This finding is significant because α-ketoesters alone serve as their own ligands to accelerate racemic 1,2-carbonyl addition of Et₂Zn and racemic carbonyl reduction. The latter proceeds via a metalloene pathway, and often accounts for the predominant product. Singular Lewis acid catalysts do not accelerate enantioselective 1,2-addition over these two competing paths. The bifunctional amino salen catalysts, however, rapidly provide enantioenriched 1,2-addition products in excellent yield, complete chemoselectivity, and good enantioselectivity (up to 88% ee). A library of the bifunctional amino salens was synthesized and evaluated in this reaction. The utility of the α-ketoester method has been demonstrated in the synthesis of an opiate antagonist.     

Highly regio- and stereoselective asymmetric bromoazidation of chiral alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives: scope and limitations

Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric bromoazidation of chiral alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives was performed using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) as the bromine and azide sources. Among the Lewis acids, Yb(OTf)3 was found to be the best catalyst. Regio- and anti-selectivity of 100% and moderate to good diastereoselectivity (up to 89:11) with good yields were obtained when Oppolzer's bornane sultam chiral auxilairy was used. Diastereoselectivity of >95:05 was observed when (2S,5S)-2,5-diphenylpyrrolidine was used as the chiral auxiliary.     

Lewis base catalyzed enantioselective allylic hydroxylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates with water

A Lewis base catalyzed allylic hydroxylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates has been developed. Various chiral MBH alcohols can be synthesized in high yields (up to 99%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee). This is the first report using water as a nucleophile in asymmetric organocatalysis. The nucleophilic role of water has been verified using (18)O-labeling experiments.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Chromans Through Bifunctional Enamine-Metal Lewis Acid Catalysis

Cooperative enamine-metal Lewis acid catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to construct carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions. A concise synthetic method for asymmetric synthesis of chromans from cyclohexanones and salicylaldehydes has been developed to afford tricyclic chromans containing three consecutive stereogenic centers in good yields (up to 87 %) and stereoselectivity (up to 99 % ee and 11 : 1 : 1 dr). This difficult organic transformation was achieved through bifunctional enamine-metal Lewis acid catalysis. It is believed that the strong activation of the salicylaldehydes through chelating to the metal Lewis acid and the bifunctional nature of the catalyst accounts for the high yields and enantioselectivity of the reaction. The absolute configurations of the chroman products were established through X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations were conducted to understand the mechanism and stereoselectivity of this reaction.     

Iron(II) and zinc(II) complexes with designed pybox ligand for asymmetric aqueous Mukaiyama-aldol reactions

An iron(II) complex with a hindered hydroxyethyl-pybox (he-pybox) ligand shows improved catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for asymmetric Mukaiyama-aldol reactions in aqueous media. This water-stable chiral Lewis acid promotes condensation of aromatic silyl enol ethers with a range of aldehydes with good yields, excellent syn-diastereoselectivity and up to 92% ee. The combination of the same ligand with ZnII salt is also demonstrated as a remarkably efficient and water-compatible chiral Lewis acid.     

Diversified Cycloisomerization/Diels–Alder Reactions of 1,6‐Enynes through Bimetallic Relay Asymmetric Catalysis

We report the combination of transition‐metal‐catalyzed diversified cycloisomerization of 1,6‐enynes with chiral Lewis acid promoted asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction to realize asymmetric cycloisomerization/Diels–Alder relay reactions of 1,6‐enynes with electron‐deficient alkenes. A broad spectrum of chiral [5,6]‐bicyclic products could be acquired in high yields (up to 99 %) with excellent diastereoselectivy (>19:1 dr) and enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee).     

Highly enantioselective synthesis of α-(perfluoroalkyl)amines via hydrogenation of enamide precursors in the presence of chiraphos-rhodium catalyst

Highly (up to 99% ee) enantio-enriched perfluoroalkyl amines can be synthesized by the perfluoroalkylation of nitriles with Lewis acidic perfluoroalkyl titanate reagents and catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation with the chiraphos-Rh catalyst of the resultant perfluoroalkyl enamides via base-mediated tautomerization.     

Enantioselective hydrosilylation of ketimines catalyzed by Lewis basic C2-symmetric chiral tetraamide

l-Proline derived C₂-symmetric chiral tetraamide 5b was found to behave as an effective Lewis basic catalyst in the enantioselective hydrosilylation of ketimines, affording high isolated yields (up to 95%) and moderate to high enantioselectivities (up to 86% ee) for a broad range of ketimines. A clear synergistic effect of the two identical diamide units of 5b was observed for asymmetric induction.     

Synthesis of novel chiral phosphinocyrhetrenyloxazoline ligands and their application in asymmetric catalysis

Several novel planar chiral phosphinocyrhetrenyloxazolines have been synthesized, and their catalytic activities have been evaluated in a variety of asymmetric catalytic reactions. Preferable effects as compared to their ferrocenyl analogues have been observed in asymmetric allylic amination and asymmetric hydrosilylation, and up to 97% ee and 72% ee were reached, respectively. The Lewis basicity of the phosphorus on the ferrocene and the cyrhetrene, which contributes to their different behavior in catalysis, has been deduced by 31P NMR spectroscopy analysis, as indicated by 1J(77Se-31P) in the corresponding phosphine selenides.     

A new family of cinchona-derived amino phosphine precatalysts: application to the highly enantio- and diastereoselective silver-catalyzed isocyanoacetate aldol reaction

A new class of readily accessible chiral amino-phosphine precatalysts derived from 9-amino(9-deoxy) epicinchona alkaloids has been developed. In combination with Ag(I) salts, these amino-phosphines performed as effective cooperative Br?nsted base/Lewis acid catalysts in the asymmetric aldol reaction of isocyanoacetate nucleophiles. Under optimal conditions, high diastereoselectivities (up to 98%) and enantioselectivities (up to 98%) were obtained.     

Highly enantioselective copper(I)-fesulphos-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides

The catalyst system formed by Cu(CH3CN)4ClO4 and the planar chiral P,S-ligand Fesulphos behaves as a very efficient chiral Lewis acid in the catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. This catalyst shows a remarkable reactivity at low catalyst loading (0.5-3 mol %), affording in good yields the endo adducts with exceptional levels of enantioselectivity (up to >99% ee). This catalytic asymmetric procedure has a broad structural scope with regard to both azomethine and dipolarophile substitution. The first examples of catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with ketimine-derived azomethines are reported.