从物理学大师的失误中我们能获得的感悟和启迪是什么?

在物理学发展过程中，常有一些科学名人面对新概念、新发现出现判断失误的情况，这给年轻一代科研人员带来难以弥补的损失，有的误判也会阻碍当时科学的发展。通常对这种在科学史中并不少见的情况，有关文献或传记主要是从方法论、认识论方面进行剖析，有时还囿于对名人忌讳的潜在心理与习惯等因素，很少进行深刻的分析，其实我们不能奢望通过所谓方法论或心理学的分析试图改变科学大师、名家或权威的行为或习惯、思维定势；而是希望年轻的科技人员感悟出面对这类失误时，需要采取什么样的方式是可取的，以便至少减少可能造成的损失.与此不同，本文遴选了从量子力学创立以后，几位物理学大师由于个人的风格与专业背景的原因，对新概念和新的实验结果做出误判，使其共事的年轻人错失重大发现的机会，这不能不说是非常遗憾的事.现在论述这些事例有无现实意义呢?科学在发展，新现象、新概念也会不断涌现，很难避免出现类似情况，它对当事人会有什么启迪?我们能从这样的失误中学到什么?无论是已经处于科研高位的科学家、导师还是青年一代的科研人员，读一读物理大师的失误，一定会从中感悟出宝贵的教训，得到深刻的启迪；从中感悟出坚持真理，修正错误的科学作风的重要性，并贯...     

物理中考常见“心理性”失误诊断及评析

通过实例,诊断并评析了学生物理中考常见的失误.     

物理测试失误分析

测验考试中学生往往会出现这样哪样的失误.如何让学生减少测试失误,考出应有的水平呢?就此加以讨论.1 审题马虎粗心 审题是解题的起点,也是关键,而学生在考试中往往为了“争时间、抢速度”.轻视了这关乎全题的环节.     

高中物理电磁感应命题失误分析

电磁感应是高考复习的重点,而导体框切割磁感线运动更是高考常见题型.由于其综合性强,常常涉及力与运动、功能关系、电路等相关知识,物理量较多,关系复杂.正是这个原因,导致一些教辅资料和模拟试卷中常常出现命题失误.下面通过两道例题分析其失误产生的原因.     

物理试题中常出现的一类命题失误

进入高考复习阶段,尤其是到了考前的一段时间,由于学生们都做过了大量的习题,各种题型或题目都已习以为常了.为了训练他们良好的分析能力,严谨的思维习惯,给学生麻木的思维带来新的刺激,新情境、新创意的原创或改变题成了教师们的一种教学需求,但由于考虑不周,常出现一些命题上的失误,有时连一些专门的考试研究机构、教学科研部门,甚至高考题目也有类似情况.其中一种失误是,在一个特定的物理过程中,各     

百年诺贝尔物理学奖探析

分析了100年诺贝尔物理学奖的获奖项目和记录，由此阐述了物理学思想的内涵和可借鉴的研究方法，同时指出了评审诺贝尔物理学奖获奖项目的失误以及由此带来的遗憾。     

《物理》第9届编委会第1次扩大会议简讯

2007年9月，《物理》第8届编委会任期届满，在各方的支持和协助下，第9届编委会的筹建顺利完成，并通过了中国物理学会的批准．2007年9月17日，《物理》第9届编委会第1次扩大会议在南京大学召开，部分第9届编委会成员、特邀嘉宾和编辑部人员共30人参加了会议．会议由第9届编委会主编、北京师范大学物理系教授冯世平主持．冯世平主编对各位参与会议的人员表示了欢迎和感谢，     

必进之球和失误之痛

有过打球或观球经历的人都有这样的体验,持球者占据篮下或门前有利位置,而对方防守又恰巧薄弱———这球必进无疑.哎呀!听着这失望的叫声,不用看你也知道是失误了.这种在主观上认为势在必得,而客观上却又丢分的现象在考试时也时有发生.尤其在比较重要的考试中,对难度不是很大的题却又丢了分,往往使参考者悔恨不已,教师则万分婉惜.造成这种失误的原因除心理因素外,基本功不扎实是根本的原因.而物理的基本功包括对物理现象(实验)的仔细观察和对物理概念和规律的正确理解和运用.本文通过下列三个方面分析解基本题过程中失误的原因.1　实验时,不…     

前言

中国科学院高能物理研究所是1973年在原子能研究所一部的基础上建立的。至2003年年底，高能所有正式职工1087人，其中专业技术人员695人，行政人员119人，工人273人。专业技术人员中具有高级职称的313人。     

微光夜视技术国防科技重点实验室

微光夜视技术国防科技重点实验室，依托中国兵器工业第二О五研究所建立，位于陕西省西安市高新技术产业园区。主要从事微光夜视技术方面的研究，下设7个研究室，一个中外专家、学者工作站，开展基础性、前瞻性研究，为重点实验室科学研究提供指导和技术支持。重点实验室现有人员53人，其中研究员级高工6人，高级工程师17人。现已建立起了一支老中青结合、结构合理的科研队伍。     

The effect of magnetic resonance imaging on human cognition

Potential effects of MRI exposure on aspects of human cognition were investigated out of concern that possible safety hazards associated with the procedure may exist. One hundred and fifty-seven volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to either an imaged, sham-imaged or nonimaged control condition. The following psychological tests were administered in a double blind procedure at pretreatment, post-treatment and follow-up time periods: the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Digit Span, Block Design and Digit Symbol), the Wechsler Memory Scale Paired Associate Learning test, the Benton Revised Visual Retention test, the Vandenberg Mental Rotation test, the Sternberg memory scanning paradigm and the State Anxiety Inventory. The overall analysis of results indicated that MRI at 0.15 T has no significant effect upon the cognitive functions assessed.     

Determination of the spectral values of the real part of the relative refractive index of human blood erythrocytes from the measured directional scattering coefficients

An easily automated method for determining the real part of the refractive index of human blood erythrocytes in the range 0.3–1.2 μm is proposed. The method is operationally and metrologically reliable and is based on the measurement of the coefficients of light scattering from forward and backward hemisphere by two pairs of angles and on the use of multiple regression equations. An engineering solution for constructing a measurement system according to this method is proposed, which makes it possible to maximally reduce the calibration errors and effects of destabilizing factors.     

Phonological primitives: electromyographic speech error evidence

Speech error data have been used to argue for the psychological reality of distinctive features and phonemes as well as the hierarchical ordering levels of processing for speech production. The models of production that have emerged from analysis of these data are nearly unanimous in characterizing (implicitly or explicitly) the motor output level as entirely governed by prior selection and processing of larger units, especially the phoneme. This study reports on the laboratory elicitation of sublexical speech errors by means of tongue twisters. Simultaneous audio and electromyographic recordings were analyzed. Where possible, single-motor unit discrimination was carried out to preclude the possibility of signal contamination by activation of adjacent musculature. The results indicate that traditional methods of data collection on which most speech error corpora are based are inadequate. Production models based on these corpora are not supported by the electromyographic data and must accordingly be revised.     

Theoretical estimate of errors in ellipsometric measurement of thin films of water on slightly rough quartz surfaces

The simple Fenstermaker-McCrackin method has been used to estimate possible errors that may be incurred on interpretation of the ellipsometric measurement of the thickness of thin water films on model rough surfaces of quartz. Two different methods are used to interpret the results expected from such a system. Both give very nearly the same result which indicates large errors for systems where the quartz substrate roughness is of the same magnitude as the thickness of the water film.     

Mathematical modeling of the accuracy characteristics in problems of precision quantum tomography of biphoton states

A model that approximately takes into account instrumental errors in problems of precision reconstruction of quantum states is considered. The model is based on the notion of coherence volume, which characterizes the quality of the experimental and technological realization of the measurement protocol of a quantum state. Various sources of instrumental errors that affect the reconstruction accuracy of quantum states are mathematically modeled. It is shown that, for precision tomography of quantum states, one should take into account random coincidences that occur because the operating time of the photon detection system is finite. Among other possible sources of instrumental errors of the measurement protocol, one should take into account errors of the rotation angles and optical thicknesses of polarization plates, a possible drift in the parameters of the pump laser, and so on.     

应用于Z箍缩等离子体X光产额测量的闪烁体功率计

介绍了在"阳"加速器上使用的闪烁体功率计结构和测量参数,讨论了功率计在北京同步辐射装置上的标定实验,分析了标定结果及由此结果可能给最后实验结果带来的误差,并探讨了修正该误差可行的办法,利用Dante谱仪测得的能谱对功率计测试结果进行修正。修正后,两套设备之间的测试结果差异由原来的30%以上降至15%以内。最后给出了利用软X光闪烁体功率计进行喷气Z箍缩等离子体辐射测量的结果,得到"阳"加速器上喷气Z箍缩负载产生的软X光辐射峰值功率为几十GW,能量产额数百J。     

Analysis of errors when using the similar source method to estimate sound fields

The similar source method (SSM) uses an imaginary source distribution to estimate radiated and scattered sound fields. The error analyses in the present study are for possible numerical errors by SSM, solutions of the problem of singularity and non-unique solution by SSM and the effects of possible errors in measurements on the estimation of the sound field by SSM.     

Digital Optics: Some Remarks on the Accuracy of Particle Image Analysis

The article has the aim to investigate some typical errors which arise in digital images of particles, and where it is possible, tries to assess the effective inaccuracies in the determination of distributions of size, length, perimeter and shape. In the second chapter, the errors typical for very low pixel numbers are discussed, in the third chapter, resolution independent errors in the determination of length and perimeter are investigated. In the last chapter, the consequences for shape determination are summarised.     

Real-time camera pose estimation based on volleyball court view

The use of technology in sports has increased in recent years. One of the most influential of these technologies is referee support systems. Team sports such as volleyball require accurate and robust tracking systems that do not affect either the players or the court. This paper introduces the application of intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration in a 12-camera volleyball referee system. Intrinsic parameters are calculated by using the classic pinhole model and Zhang’s method. To perform extrinsic calibration in real time, the volleyball court is treated as a global calibration artifact. Calibration keypoints are defined as court-line intersections. In addition, a new keypoint detection algorithm is proposed. It enables achievement of an accurate camera pose in regard to the court. With all 12 cameras calibrated in a common coordinate system, a dynamic camera stereo pair creation is possible. Therefore, with known ball 2D image coordinates, the 3D real ball coordinates can be reconstructed and the ball trajectory can be estimated. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a synthetic data set, including 3Ds Max rendering and real data scenarios. The mean camera pose error calculated for data biased with keypoint detection errors is approximately equal to 0.013% of the measurement volume. For the real data experiment with a human hand phantom, it is possible to determine the presence of the human phantom on the basis of the ball reflection attitude.     

Impact of gradient timing error on the tissue sodium concentration bioscale measured using flexible twisted projection imaging

The rapid biexponential transverse relaxation of the sodium MR signal from brain tissue requires efficient k-space sampling for quantitative imaging in a time that is acceptable for human subjects. The flexible twisted projection imaging (flexTPI) sequence has been shown to be suitable for quantitative sodium imaging with an ultra-short echo time to minimize signal loss. The fidelity of the k-space center location is affected by the readout gradient timing errors on the three physical axes, which is known to cause image distortion for projection-based acquisitions. This study investigated the impact of these timing errors on the voxel-wise accuracy of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) bioscale measured with the flexTPI sequence. Our simulations show greater than 20% spatially varying quantification errors when the gradient timing errors are larger than 10 μs on all three axes. The quantification is more tolerant of gradient timing errors on the Z-axis. An existing method was used to measure the gradient timing errors with <1 μs error. The gradient timing error measurement is shown to be RF coil dependent, and timing error differences of up to ～16 μs have been observed between different RF coils used on the same scanner. The measured timing errors can be corrected prospectively or retrospectively to obtain accurate TSC values.