Thermodynamics of C70 fullerence in the 0–390 K temperature range

The temperature dependence of heat capacity of C₇₀ fullerene was studied by calorimetry in the range between 6 and 390 K. Phase transitions were established and their thermodynamic characteristics were determined. From the experimental data obtained, the thermodynamic functionsH ^o (T)-H ^o(0),S ^o(T),G ^o(T)-H ^o(0) for temperatures between 0 and 390 K were calculated. The results were used to calculate the standard values of Δ_f S ^o, Δ_f G ^o, and logK _f ^o for the formation of C₇₀ from graphite. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 647–650, April, 1998.     

The thermodynamic properties of (2,2′-dipyridyl)bis(4-chloro-3,6-di-tert-butyl-<Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-benzosemiquinone)cobalt

The heat capacity of paramagnetic (2,2′-dipyridyl)bis(4-chloro-3,6-di-tert-butyl-o-benzosemi-quinone)cobalt was studied over the temperature range 8–390 K by precision adiabatic vacuum and high-accuracy dynamic calorimetry. The physical transformation observed at 309–388 K was caused by the transition of the semiquinone-catecholate to bis-semiquinone form of the complex. Above 388 K, thermal destruction was superimposed on the physical transition. The experimental data were used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o (T), H ^o(T)−H ^o(0), S ^o(T), and G ^o(T)−H ^o(0) at temperatures from T → 0 to 300 K. An analysis of the low-temperature heat capacity of the complex in terms of the Debye theory of the heat capacity of solids and its multifractal generalization led us to conclude that the complex had a predominantly chain structure.     

The thermodynamic properties of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate over the temperature range from <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis> → 0 to 350 K

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity C _p ^o= f(T) 2 of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was studied in an adiabatic vacuum calorimeter over the temperature range 6–350 K. Measurement errors were mainly of 0.2%. Glass formation and vitreous state parameters were determined. An isothermic shell calorimeter with a static bomb was used to measure the energy of combustion of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. The experimental data were used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o(T), H ^o(T)-H ^o(0), S ^o(T)-S ^o(0), and G ^o(T)-H ^o(0) of the compound in the vitreous and liquid states over the temperature range from T → 0 to 350 K, the standard enthalpies of combustion Δ_c H ^o, and the thermodynamic characteristics of formation Δ_f H ^o, Δ_f S ^o, and Δ_f G ^o at 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa.     

The thermodynamic functions of fullerene derivative (<Emphasis Type="Italic">t</Emphasis>-Bu)<Subscript>12</Subscript>C<Subscript>60</Subscript> over the temperature range from <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis> → 0 to 420 K

The temperature dependence of heat capacity C _p ^o = f(T) of fullerene derivative (t-Bu)₁₂C₆₀ has been measured by a adiabatic vacuum calorimeter over the temperature range T = 6–350 K and by a differential scanning calorimeter over the temperature range T = 330–420 K for the first time. The low-temperature (T ≤ 50 K) dependence of the heat capacity was analyzed based on Debye’s the heat capacity theory of solids and its fractal variant. As a consequence, the conclusion about structure heterodynamicity is given. The experimental results have been used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o (T), H ^o(T)−H ^o(0), S ^o(T) and G ^o(T) − H ^o(0) over the range from T → 0 to 420 K. The standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K of fullerene derivative under study was calculated. The temperature of decomposition onset of derivative was determined by differential scanning calorimetery and thermogravimetric analysis. The standard thermodynamic characteristics of (t-Bu)₁₂C₆₀ and C₆₀ fullerite were compared.     

The heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of Ca0.5Zr2(PO4)3 crystalline phosphate from T → 0 to 650 K

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity C _p ^o = f(T) of crystalline calcium-zirconium phosphate was studied over the temperature range 7–650 K by precision adiabatic vacuum and dynamic scanning calorimetry. The experimental data were used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o (T), H ^o(T) ? H ^o(0), S ^o(T), and G ^o(T) ? H ^o(0) at temperatures from T → 0 to 650 K and the standard entropy of formation of Ca_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃ at T = 298.15 K. The data on low-temperature (30 K ≤ T ≤ 50 K) heat capacity were used to calculate fractal dimension D. Conclusions about the character of the topology of the structure of the phosphate were drawn.     

Thermodynamic properties of graphite-like nanostructures prepared by thermobaric treatment of fullerite C60

Temperature dependences of the heat capacities of disordered graphite-like nanostructures prepared by the thermobaric treatment of fullerite C₆₀ (p = 2 and 8 GPa, T = 1373 K) were measured in the temperature ranges from 7 to 360 K in an adiabatic vacuum calorimeter and from 330 to 650 K in a differential scanning calorimeter. At T < 50 K, the dependences obtained were analyzed using the Debye theory of the heat capacity of solids and its multifractal version. The fractal dimensions D were determined and some conclusions on the heterodynamic character of the structures studied were made. The thermodynamic functions C _p ^o T), H ^o(T) − H ^o(0), S ^o(T) − S ^o(0), and G ^o(T) − H ^o(0) were calculated in the temperature range from T → 0 to 610 (650) K. The thermodynamic properties of the graphite-like nanostructures studied and some carbon allotropes were compared. The standard entropies of formation Δ_f S ^o of the graphite nanostructures studied and diamond were calculated along with the standard entropies of the reactions of their synthesis from the face-centered cubic phase of fullerite C₆₀ and their interconversions at T = 298.15 K. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1940–1945, September, 2008.     

Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrofullerene C60H36 from 5 to 340 K

The temperature dependence of the molar heat capacity (C⁰ _p) of hydrofullerene C₆₀H₃₆ between 5 and 340 K was determined by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry with an error of about 0.2%. The experimental data were used for the calculation of the thermodynamic functions of the compound in the range 0 to340 K. It was found that at T=298.15 K and p=101.325 kPa C⁰ _p (298.15)=690.0 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹,H^o(298.15)−H^o(0)= 84.94 kJ mol⁻¹,S^o(298.15)=506.8 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, G^o(298.15)−H^o(0)= −66.17 kJ mol⁻¹. The standard entropy of formation of hydrofullerene C₆₀H₃₆ and the entropy of reaction of its formation by hydrogenation of fullerene C₆₀ with hydrogen were estimated and at T=298.15 K they were Δ_fS^o= −2188.4 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ and Δ_rS^o= −2270.5 J K⁻¹mol⁻¹, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy of strontium niobate Sr2Nb2O7 and calcium niobate Ca2Nb2O7

The heat capacity and the enthalpy increments of strontium niobate Sr₂Nb₂O₇ and calcium niobate Ca₂Nb₂O₇ were measured by the relaxation time method (2–300 K), DSC (260–360 K) and drop calorimetry (720–1370 K). Temperature dependencies of the molar heat capacity in the form C_pm = 248.0 + 0.04350T − 3.948 × 10⁶/T² J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ for Sr₂Nb₂O₇ and C_pm = 257.2 + 0.03621T − 4.434 × 10⁶/T² J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ for Ca₂Nb₂O₇ were derived by the least-square method from the experimental data. The molar entropies at 298.15 K, S_m°(298.15 K) = 238.5 ± 1.3 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ for Sr₂Nb₂O₇ and S_m°(298.15 K) = 212.4 ± 1.2 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ for Ca₂Nb₂O₇, were evaluated from the low-temperature heat capacity measurements.     

The thermodynamic properties of star-shaped fullerene-containing poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of star-shaped fullerene-containing poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone was studied over the temperature range 6–390 K by precision adiabatic vacuum and dynamic scanning calorimetry. The temperature intervals and thermodynamic characteristics of phase transitions were determined. The low-temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the substance was analyzed according to the Debye theory of the heat capacity of solids and its multifractal generalization. The data obtained were used to calculate the standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o (T),H ^o(T)-H ^o(0), S ^o(T), and G ^o(T)-H ^o(0) of fullerene-containing poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone from T → 0 to 390 K. The standard entropy of formation of the polymer from simple substances and the entropy of its synthesis from poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and fullerite C₆₀ at 298.15 K were calculated. The thermodynamic characteristics of fullerene-containing poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone are compared with those of the polymer-analogue without C₆₀.     

Low-temperature heat capacity and standard entropy of PdO(cr.)

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity C _p ^o = f(T) of palladium oxide PdO(cr.) was studied for the first time in an adiabatic vacuum calorimeter in the range of 6.48–328.86 K. Standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^o(T), H ^o(T) — H ^o(0), S ^o(T), and G ^o(T) — H ^o(0) in the range of T → 0 to 330 K (key quantities in different thermodynamic calculations with the participation of palladium compounds) were calculated on the basis of the experimental data. Based on an analysis of studies on determining the thermodynamic properties of PdO(cr.), the following values of absolute entropy, standard enthalpy, and Gibbs function of the formation of palladium oxide are recommended: S ^o(298.15) = 39.58 ± 0.15 J/(K mol), Δ_f H ^o(298.15) = −112.69 ± 0.32 kJ/mol, Δ_f G ^o(298.15) = −82.68 ± 0.35 kJ/mol. The stability of Pd(OH)₂ (amorph.) with respect to PdO(cr.) was estimated.     

Heat capacity of MnAs0.88P0.12 from 10 to 500 K: Thermodynamic properties and transitions

The heat capacity of MnAs_0.88P_0.12 has been measured by adiabatic shield calorimetry from 10 to 500 K. It is shown that very small energy changes are connected with two magnetic order-order transitions, indicating that these can be regarded as mainly “noncoupled” magnetic transitions. At higher temperatures contributions to the excess heat capacity arises from a magnetic order-disorder transition, a conversion from low- to high-spin state for manganese, and a MnP- to NiAs-type structural transition. The observed heat capacity is resolved into contributions from the different physical phenomena, and the character of the transitions is discussed. In particular it is substantiated that the dilational contribution, which includes magnetoelastic and magnetovolume terms as well as normal anharmonicity terms, plays a major role in MnAs_0.88P_0.12. The entropy of the magnetic order-disorder transition is smaller than should be expected from a complete randomization of the spins, assuming a purely magnetic transition. Thermodynamic functions have been evaluated and the respective values of C_p, {S^O_m(T) - S^O_m(0)}, and -{G^O_m(T) - H^O_m(0)}/T at 298.15 K are 68.74, 72.09, and 32.30 J K⁻¹ mole⁻¹, and at 500 K 56.05, 108.12, and 56.64 J K⁻¹ mole⁻¹.     

Thermodynamics of a seventh generation carbosilane dendrimer with phenylic substituent on the initial branching center and terminal butyl groups

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of carbosilane dendrimer of the seventh generation of series 3 × 3 with phenylic substituent on the initial branching center and terminal butyl groups was studied by the methods of precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry over the temperature range T = 7–580 K for the first time. Physical transformations in the above temperature range were detected and their standard thermodynamic characteristics estimated and analyzed. The experimental results were used to calculate standard thermodynamic functions C _p ^∘(T), H ^∘(T)-H ^∘(0), S ^∘(T)-S ^∘(0), and G ^∘(T)-H ^∘(0) (0) over the range T → 0–580 K and standard entropy of formation of dendrimer at T = 298.15 K. The thermodynamic properties of carbosilane dendrimers of the seventh generation of series 4 × 3 with terminal butyl groups and the samples studied in this work were compared.     

Thermodynamic properties of carbynoid structures in the 0—340 K range

The temperature dependences of the heat capacity (C _p°) of carbynoid structures prepared by alkaline dehydrochlorination of poly(vinylidene chloride) and 1,1,2- and 1,2,3-polytrichlorobutadienes were studied by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry between 5 and 340 K with an accuracy of 0.2%. The low-temperature relaxation transitions and abnormal patterns of the C _p° vs. T dependences were identified and characterized. The experimental results were used to calculate the thermodynamic functions C _p°(T), H°(T) – H°(0), S°(T) – S°(0), and G°(T) – H°(0) for 0—340 K. These data were compared with the corresponding data for carbyne produced by oxidative dehydropolycondensation of acetylene, which is a mixture of amorphous - and -forms with a minor impurity of crystals of both forms.     

Carbosilane dendrimer of second generation with terminal methoxyundecylenate groups

The thermodynamic properties of carbosilane dendrimer of second generation with terminal methoxyundecylene groups were studied between 6 and 340 K by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry: the temperature dependence of the molar heat capacity C_p ⁰ was measured, the physical transformations were established and their thermodynamic characteristics were obtained. The experimental data were used to calculate the thermodynamic functions C_p ⁰ (T), H ⁰(T)-H ⁰(0), S⁰(T), G ⁰(T)-H ⁰(0) of the compound in the range 0 to 340 K. from the relation C_p ⁰ (T) the fractal dimension of the dendrimer was experimentally determined. The heat capacity of the dendrimer was compared with the corresponding additive values calculated from the properties of its constituents - a dendritic matrix (carbosilane dendrimer of second generation) and the corresponding amount of moles of methyl ester of 11-(tetramethyldisiloxy)undecanoic acid serving as terminal groups. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of undecanolactone,tridecanolactone, and pentadecanolactone from 0 to 340 K

The heat capacities C_p^o of undercanolactone, tridecanolactone, and pentadecanolactone have been measured between 10 and 370 K in a vacuum adiabatic calorimetric cryostat within about 0.2 per cent. The temperatures and enthalpies of physical transitions have been also estimated. The enthalpies of combustion of the compounds have been measured in an isothermal calorimeter with an accuracy of 0.05 per cent. From the results the functions {H (T) ? H (0)}, S^o(T), and {G^o(T) ? H^o(0)} have been calculated over the range 0 to 340 K, and the values of ΔH_f^o, ΔG_f^o and ΔS_f^o have been evaluated at T = 298.15 K.     

Thermodynamic properties of poly[<Emphasis Type="Italic">bis</Emphasis>(trifluoroethoxy) phosphazene] in the range from <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>→0 TO 620 K

By adiabatic vacuum and dynamic calorimetry, heat capacity for poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] has been determined over the 6–620 K range. Physical transformations of the polymer on its heating and cooling have been detected and characterized. Smoothed heat capacity C _p⁰(T) and standard thermodynamic functions (H ⁰(T)-H ⁰(0), S ⁰(T) and G ⁰(T)-H ⁰(0)) of poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] have been evaluated for the temperature range from T→0 to 560 K. The standard entropy of formation Δ_f S ⁰ at T=298.15 K has been also determined. Fractal dimensions D in the heat capacity function of the multifractal variant of Debye’s theory of heat capacity of solids characterizing the heterodynamics of the tested polymer have been determined.     

Thermodynamics of tetraphenylantimony acetophenoneoxymate

In the present research for the first time, the heat capacity C_\textp ^° C_{\text{p}}^{ \circ } of crystalline tetraphenylantimony acetophenoneoxymate Ph₄SbONCPhMe has been measured using the methods of precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry over the range from 6 to 350 K, the standard thermodynamic functions: heat capacity C_\textp ^° (T ) C_{\text{p}}^{ \circ } (T ) , enthalpy H°(T) − H°(0), entropy S°(T), and Gibbs function G°(T) − H°(0) have been calculated over the range from T → 0 K to 350 K. Low-temperature (20 K ≤ T ≤ 50 K) heat capacity data have shown a chain-layered structure topology of the compound under study. The energy of combustion of the compound has been determined in the isothermal combustion calorimeter with a stationary bomb. The standard thermodynamic functions of formation of crystalline Ph₄SbONCPhMe at 298.15 K have been calculated. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis studies have shown the compound melts with decomposition and its melting temperature has been estimated. Thermodynamic properties of Ph₄SbONCPhMe, Ph₅Sb and Ph₄SbONCPh₂ have been compared.     

Low-temperature thermodynamic properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>-cysteine

Heat capacity C _p(T) of the orthorhombic polymorph of L-cysteine was measured in the temperature range 6–300 K by adiabatic calorimetry; thermodynamic functions were calculated based on these measurements. At 298.15 K the values of heat capacity, C _p; entropy, S _m⁰(T)-S _m⁰(0); difference in the enthalpy, H _m⁰(T)-H _m⁰(0), are equal, respectively, to 144.6±0.3 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, 169.0±0.4 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ and 24960±50 J mol⁻¹. An anomaly of heat capacity near 70 K was registered as a small, 3–5% height, diffuse ‘jump’ accompanied by the substantial increase in the thermal relaxation time. The shape of the anomaly is sensitive to thermal pre-history of the sample.     

Thermodynamic properties of rubidium niobium tungsten oxide

In the present work temperature dependence of heat capacity of rubidium niobium tungsten oxide has been measured first in the range from 7 to 395 K and then between 390 and 650 K, respectively, by precision adiabatic vacuum and dynamic calorimetry. The experimental data were used to calculate standard thermodynamic functions, namely the heat capacity ^ (T), C_{\text{p}}^{\text{o}} (T), enthalpy H^\texto (T) - H^\texto (0) H^{\text{o}} ({\rm T}) - H^{\text{o}} (0) , entropy S^\texto (T) - S^\texto ( 0 ) S^{\text{o}} (T) - S^{\text{o}} \left( 0 \right) , and Gibbs function G^\texto (T) - H^\texto (0) G^{{^{\text{o}} }} ({\rm T}) - H^{{^{\text{o}} }} (0) , for the range from T→0 to 650 K. The high-temperature X-ray diffraction and the differential scanning calorimetry were used for the determination of temperature and decomposition products of RbNbWO₆.