Molecular dynamics simulations of microscopic structure of ultra strong shock waves in dense helium

Hydrodynamic properties and structure of strong shock waves in classical dense helium are simulated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods. The shock speed in the simulation reaches 100 km/s and the Mach number is over 250, which are close to the parameters of shock waves in the implosion process of inertial confinement fusion. The simulations show that the high-Mach-number shock waves in dense media have notable differences from weak shock waves or those in dilute gases. These results will provide useful information on the implosion process, especially the structure of strong shock wave front, which remains an open question in hydrodynamic simulations.     

二维颗粒流通道宽度效应的分子动力学模拟

通过用分子动力学方法对颗粒物质流的计算机模拟，研究发现增大通道宽度可以使二维颗粒流从稀疏流转变为密集流状态.通过对不同通道宽度下，固定开口为9.5d的颗粒流和 漏斗口以上9.5d×8d区域记录的模拟结果分析，发现随通道宽度增大，密度变大、温 度降低.当“颗粒温度”T较低时(T/m<0.05 J/kg),颗粒流内部接触数开始超过1.2 ，同时出现较为牢固的横向链状颗粒团簇，是造成流量突变以及密集流的原因. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流 计算机模拟     

稠密颗粒射流撞击壁面颗粒膜表面波纹特征

采用高速摄像仪对稠密颗粒射流撞击有限尺寸壁面的流动过程进行了实验研究,重点研究了颗粒膜及其表面波纹特征,考察了颗粒粒径、射流速度和固含率等因素对颗粒膜形态和表面波纹的影响.研究结果表明,随着颗粒粒径增大,稠密颗粒撞壁流由颗粒膜向散射模式转变.与液体射流撞壁液膜相比,颗粒膜扩展角较大,射流速度对其影响不显著.稠密颗粒射流撞壁颗粒膜表面波纹存在明显的叠加现象,颗粒膜表面波纹频率比液膜大约低一个数量级.颗粒膜表面波纹主要由射流脉动引起,表面波纹频率与射流脉动频率具有相同的数量级.     

颗粒速度在颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变中的作用

用实验和计算模拟的方法研究了颗粒流中的颗粒速度与颗粒流特性的关系.实验研究发现当入口流量固定时，在出口上方高速运动的颗粒会使颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的临界出口尺寸变小.当颗粒流转变为密集流后，颗粒速度的作用被出口上方的颗粒堆积区所消耗，最终变得与颗粒速度无关.二维分子动力学模拟计算得到了与实验相同的结论.通过二维分子动力学模拟计算，还给出了不同颗粒速度下体系的密度和速率在空间的分布图.这些分布图显示随着颗粒到达出口上方的瞬间速度的不同，颗粒堆积区的密度和高度均会改变，并最终导致颗粒流流动状态的改变. 关键词： 颗粒流 颗粒气体 分子动力学模拟     

Characteristic boundary conditions for simulations of compressible reacting flows with multi-dimensional,viscous and reaction effects

A generalized formulation of the characteristic boundary conditions for compressible reacting flows is proposed. The new and improved approach resolves a number of lingering issues of spurious solution behaviour encountered in turbulent reacting flow simulations in the past. This is accomplished (a) by accounting for all the relevant terms in the determination of the characteristic wave amplitudes and (b) by accommodating a relaxation treatment for the transverse gradient terms with the relaxation coefficient properly determined by the low Mach number asymptotic expansion. The new boundary conditions are applied to a comprehensive set of test problems including: vortex-convection; turbulent inflow; ignition front propagation; non-reacting and reacting Poiseuille flows; and counterflow cases. It is demonstrated that the improved boundary conditions perform consistently superior to existing approaches, and result in robust and accurate solutions with minimal acoustic wave interactions at the boundary in hostile turbulent combustion simulation conditions.     

Nonlinear dynamics of density waves in granular flows through narrow vertical channels

We study granular flows through narrow channels driven by gravity in the framework of the kinetic theory for dissipative dense gases. We derive equations of motion for quasi-one-dimensional systems. In a certain range of flow density, the steady homogeneous regime is found to be unstable against the formation of density waves. We show moreover that near the onset of the instability, the governing equation for the flow density is a mixture of the Korteweg-de-Vries equation, which leads to soliton, and the Bürger equation which exhibits spatio-temporal chaos. The competition between chaos and solitons may lead either to regular spatially ordered density waves or to chaotic dynamics. We argue that these two types of dynamics can be encountered experimentally according to the channel width and the dissipative properties of the granular media. Received: 11 March 1998 / Revised and Accepted: 3 July 1998     

开口角度对二维颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变的影响

用计算机模拟的方法研究了开口角度对二维颗粒流稀疏流—密集流转变的影响.在固定入口流量和固定颗粒数两种条件下,均发现当开口角度大于零时,开口角度的增大可以提高颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的最大出口流量.在稀疏流状态下,出口流量与开口角度无关;而在密集流状态下,出口流量随开口角度的增大而增大.进一步的计算还发现增加开口角度可以提高颗粒流出开口的流动速度,且最大出口流量与颗粒的流动速度呈线性关系. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流 分子动力学模拟     

Phase transition and bistable phenomenon of granular flows down a chute with successive turnings

This paper studies the granular flow down a chute with two successive turnings, which play the role of bottlenecks for the granular flow system and determine the granular flow state in main section between them. With the increase of main section width D, phase transition from dilute to dense granular flow is observed: When the main section width D is small (large), the granular flow at upper (lower) bottleneck is dense and the granular flow is dilute (dense) in the main section. More interestingly, a bistable region is exhibited, in which either dilute flow or dense flow may occur and continue for the entire run. In this region, the packing in the reservoir will affect initial flow rate and then affect the flow pattern. This study can be viewed as a paradigm for the jamming and unjamming transitions under shear due to gravity.     

Kinetic theory for sheared granular flows

Rapid granular flows are far-from-equilibrium-driven dissipative systems where the interaction between the particles dissipates energy, and so a continuous supply of energy is required to agitate the particles and facilitate the rearrangement required for the flow. This is in contrast to flows of molecular fluids, which are usually close to equilibrium, where the molecules are agitated by thermal fluctuations. Sheared granular flows form a class of flows where the energy required for agitating the particles in the flowing state is provided by the mean shear. These flows have been studied using the methods of kinetic theory of gases, where the particles are treated in a manner similar to molecules in a molecular gas, and the interactions between particles are treated as instantaneous energy-dissipating binary collisions. The validity of the assumptions underlying kinetic theory, and their applicability to the idealistic case of dilute sheared granular flows are first discussed. The successes and challenges for applying kinetic theory for realistic dense sheared granular flows are then summarised.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of fluid flows in two-dimensional channel with complex geometries

Boundary conditions (BCs) play an essential role in lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations. This paper investigates several most commonly applied BCs by evaluating the relative L₂-norm errors of the LB simulations for two-dimensional (2-D) Poiseuille flow. It is found that the relative L₂-norm error resulting from FHML's BC is smaller than that from other BCs as a whole. Then, based on the FHML's BC, it formulates an LB model for simulating fluid flows in 2-D channel with complex geometries. Afterwards, the flows between two inclined plates, in a pulmonary blood vessel and in a blood vessel with local expansion region, are simulated. The numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical predictions and clearly show that the model is effective. It is expected that the model can be extended to simulate some real biologic flows, such as blood flows in arteries, vessels with stenosises, aneurysms and bifurcations, etc.     

Phase Transition and Critical Phenomenon Occurring in Granular Matter

We investigate the granular flow states in a channel with bottleneck by molecular dynamics simulations.Our study is restricted only on a selected key area rather than on the whole system to focus on the flow properties of a single granular state.A random force field is introduced to control the granular temperature.It is also pointed out that the flow rate in the granular flow can be correlated with the pressure,which leads us to carry out a comprehensive study similar to the classical study for general liquid-gas phase transition.Our results show that the dilute flow state and the dense flow state of the granules are similar to the gas state and the liquid state of general substances,respectively,and the properties of phase transition and critical phenomenon are also similar to those occurring in general substances.     

Fluctuating velocity and momentum transfer in dense granular flows

We show experimentally that in a free-surface granular flow the fluctuating velocity brings about momentum transfer at a considerable rate only very close to the free surface. Away from the free surface, where the flow is dense and stratified (or laminar), the fluctuating velocity plays no prominent dynamic role and stems passively from a kinematic constraint: The strata of particles must shake laterally as they slip past one another in the direction of the mean flow. Based on this insight, we formulate a simple model for the fluctuating velocity of dense granular flows. The predictions of the model agree well with our experimental measurements.     

Nonlinear stage of the Benjamin-Feir instability: three-dimensional coherent structures and rogue waves

A specific, genuinely three-dimensional mechanism of rogue wave formation, in a late stage of the modulational instability of a perturbed Stokes deep-water wave, is recognized through numerical experiments. The simulations are based on fully nonlinear equations describing weakly three-dimensional potential flows of an ideal fluid with a free surface in terms of conformal variables. Spontaneous formation of zigzag patterns for wave amplitude is observed in a nonlinear stage of the instability. If initial wave steepness is sufficiently high (ka>0.06), these coherent structures produce rogue waves. The most tall waves appear in turns of the zigzags. For ka<0.06, the structures decay typically without formation of steep waves.     

On the behavior of suspension of drops on an inclined surface

The flow of drops suspended on an inclined surface, are studied by numerical simulations at finite Reynolds numbers. The flow is driven by the acceleration due to gravity, and there is no pressure gradient in the flow direction. The effect of the Reynolds number, the Capillary number and density ratio on the distribution of drops and the fluctuation energy across the channel are investigated. It is found that drops tend to stay away from the channel floor, which is consistent with the behavior observed in the granular flow regime. Drops that are less deformable will stay further away from the channel floor. Also, drops appear at a larger distance from the floor as the Reynolds number increases. Simulations at large density ratios show that results are more compatible with computer simulations of granular flows. The behavior observed here resembles more the granular flow regime when the restitution coefficient is low.     

微尺度振荡Couette流的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用有效多松弛时间-格子Boltzmann方法(Effective MRT-LBM)数值模拟了微尺度条件下的振荡Couette和Poiseuille流动. 在微流动LBM中引入Knudsen边界层模型,对松弛时间进行修正. 模拟时平板或外力以正弦周期振动,Couette流中考虑了单平板振动、上下板同相振动这两类情况. 研究结果表明,修正后的MRT-LBM模型能有效用于这类非平衡的微尺度流动模拟;对于Couette流,随着Kn数的增大,壁面滑移效应变得越明显. St越大,板间速度剖面的非线性特性越剧烈;两板同相振荡时,若Kn,St均较小,板间流体受到平板拖动剪切的影响很小,板间速度几乎重叠在一起;在振荡Poiseuille流动中,St数增大到一定值时,相位滞后现象减弱;相对于Kn数,St数对振荡Couette 和Poiseuille流中不同位置处速度相位差的产生有较大影响. 关键词： 格子Boltzmann方法 有效MRT模型 Knudsen层 振荡流     

Lattice-BGK approach to simulating granular flows

Many continuum theories for granular flow produce an equation of motion for the fluctuating kinetic energy density (granular temperature) that accounts for the energy lost in inelastic collisions. Apart from the presence of an extra dissipative term, this equation is very similar in form to the usual temperature equation in hydrodynamics. It is shown how a lattice-kinetic model based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) equation that was previously derived for a miscible two-component fluid may be modified to model the continuum equations for granular flow. This is done by noting that the variable corresponding to the concentration of one species follows an equation that is essentially analogous to the granular temperature equation. A simulation of an unforced granular fluid using the modified model reproduces the phenomenon of clustering instability, namely the spontaneous agglomeration of particles into dense clusters, which occurs generically in all granular flows. The success of the continuum theory in capturing the gross features of this basic phenomenon is discussed. Some shear flow simulations are also presented.     

Features of the generation of a collisionless electrostatic shock wave in a laser-ablation plasma

The appearance of a density bump is experimentally revealed in an electrostatic shock wave during the ablation of an aluminum foil by a femtosecond laser pulse. The numerical simulation shows that this phenomenon can be explained by the generation of a packet of ion acoustic waves under the action of high-energy electron flows in a collisionless plasma. It is found that, for the formation and maintenance of the dense plasma layer in the shock wave, the contributions of accelerated ions overtaking it and wave-captured ions of the background plasma formed by a nanosecond laser prepulse in the process of ablation are significant.     

Spontaneous generation of self-organized solitary wave structures at earth's magnetopause

Spontaneous formation of solitary wave structures has been observed in Earth's magnetopause, and is shown to be caused by the breakup of a zonal flow by the action of drift wave turbulence. Here we show matched observations and modeling of coherent, large-scale solitary electrostatic structures, generated during the interaction of short-scale drift wave turbulence and zonal flows at the Earth's magnetopause. The observations were made by the Cluster spacecraft and the numerical modeling was performed using the wave-kinetic approach to drift wave-zonal flow interactions. Good agreement between observations and simulations has been found, thus explaining the emergence of the observed solitary structures as well as confirming earlier theoretical predictions of their existence.     

Formation and synchronization of autocatalytic noise-sustained structures under Poiseuille flow

The formation and synchronization of 2D noise-sustained structures are investigated for Gray–Scott kinetics in packed-bed reactors under Poiseuille flows, when identical systems are submitted to independent spatiotemporal Gaussian white noise sources. A finite-wavelength instability is theoretically predicted and numerically confirmed for uncoupled reactors. In particular, noise-sustained structures that flow with viscous boundary conditions are numerically observed above threshold. When the systems are coupled in master–slave configuration, the numerical simulations show that the slave system replicates to a very high degree of precision the convective patterns arising in the master one due to the selective amplification of noise. The nature of the synchronization and the stability of the synchronization manifold are elucidated.     

稠密颗粒射流倾斜撞击颗粒膜特征

采用高速摄像仪对稠密颗粒射流倾斜撞击形成的类液体颗粒膜特征进行实验研究,考察了颗粒粒径、射流速度以及射流含固率等因素对颗粒膜形态及动态特征的影响.结果表明:随着颗粒粒径增大,稠密颗粒倾斜撞击流由颗粒膜向散射模式转变;随着射流速度增加,气固不稳定增强,射流流量出现脉动,正面与侧面分别表现为颗粒膜的非轴对称振荡和表面波纹结构;颗粒膜非轴对称振荡的振荡频率和振荡幅度随射流速度的增大而增大;表面波纹速度和波长沿传播方向增大,波纹间存在叠加现象.颗粒膜出现非轴对称振荡主要是因为喷嘴出口由气固不稳定性引起的射流流量脉动,射流流量脉动频率与撞击面振荡频率基本相当.