初始微观结构缺陷和断裂的温度依赖及相关性

纳米线(NW)结构内的微观结构缺陷对NW的机械性能存在一定的影响。NW断裂位置的预测关系着纳米器件应用的寿命,进而引起了人们的广泛关注。在本工作中,基于统计分析,分别研究了单晶铜纳米线(Cu NW)拉伸过程中出现的断裂位置以及在应力屈服点处产生的初始微观结构缺陷(初始缺陷)的位置对温度的依赖性,进一步探究了两者之间的联系。利用分子动力学(MD)模拟了单晶Cu NW在20~300 K的温度范围内的拉伸状态,共包含6个体系,各温度体系包含300个独立的样本。基于机器学习,采用density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN)算法,将hexagonal close-packed (hcp)原子划分为各个初始缺陷以进一步确定其位置。统计结果显示,当温度低于50 K时,初始缺陷的位置集中在NW的两端。随着模拟温度的上升,MD模拟结果展现了单晶Cu NW的拉伸过程中的杨氏模量、平均屈服应力、平均势能等机械性能对温度的依赖性。温度的升高进一步促使了更多初始缺陷的产生,并使得初始缺陷的位置由统计分布的两端向中间平均化。与初始缺陷相比,各温度下的断裂位置集中在两端。统计结果表明,模拟的温度范围对NW的断裂位置无明显影响,但对初始缺陷的产生具有明显影响。当温度低于100 K时,初始缺陷的位置分布与断裂位置分布呈现了一致性。由于两者具有不同的温度依赖,其差异随着温度的上升逐渐显现。对不同温度下的微观结构形变行为观察发现,断裂失效明显受到NW两端的表面效应和阻挡效应的影响。最终的断裂位置受塑性形变中后期的影响,与应力屈服区产生的初始缺陷无直接联系。     

初始微观结构缺陷和断裂的温度依赖及相关性

纳米线(NW)结构内的微观结构缺陷对NW的机械性能存在一定的影响。NW断裂位置的预测关系着纳米器件应用的寿命,进而引起了人们的广泛关注。在本工作中,基于统计分析,分别研究了单晶铜纳米线(Cu NW)拉伸过程中出现的断裂位置以及在应力屈服点处产生的初始微观结构缺陷(初始缺陷)的位置对温度的依赖性,进一步探究了两者之间的联系。利用分子动力学(MD)模拟了单晶Cu NW在20~300 K的温度范围内的拉伸状态,共包含6个体系,各温度体系包含300个独立的样本。基于机器学习,采用density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN)算法,将hexagonal close-packed (hcp)原子划分为各个初始缺陷以进一步确定其位置。统计结果显示,当温度低于50 K时,初始缺陷的位置集中在NW的两端。随着模拟温度的上升,MD模拟结果展现了单晶Cu NW的拉伸过程中的杨氏模量、平均屈服应力、平均势能等机械性能对温度的依赖性。温度的升高进一步促使了更多初始缺陷的产生,并使得初始缺陷的位置由统计分布的两端向中间平均化。与初始缺陷相比,各温度下的断裂位置集中在两端。统计结果表明,模拟的温度范围对NW的断裂位置无明显影响,但对初始缺陷的产生具有明显影响。当温度低于100 K时,初始缺陷的位置分布与断裂位置分布呈现了一致性。由于两者具有不同的温度依赖,其差异随着温度的上升逐渐显现。对不同温度下的微观结构形变行为观察发现,断裂失效明显受到NW两端的表面效应和阻挡效应的影响。最终的断裂位置受塑性形变中后期的影响,与应力屈服区产生的初始缺陷无直接联系。     

中空铜纳米线的拉伸断裂分布与初始滑移分布的关系

构建了系列球形中空结构的纳米线(NW),采用分子动力学(MD)对每个模型300个不同初始态的样本开展拉伸形变模拟。并利用基于密度的噪声应用空间聚类(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN)机器学习算法,获得了初始滑移面的位置。基于大数据统计,分析了初始滑移位置分布以及断裂位置分布两者之间的相关性。研究结果表明：当内部中空半径较小时,断裂位置分布形成于塑性形变阶段,初始滑移分布与断裂位置分布之间无显著的相关性;但是对于脆性特征明显的大中空半径的NW,高能内表面诱导产生的滑移面迅速积累,产生颈缩并导致最终的断裂。因此当内部中空结构达到一定尺寸时初始滑移位置的分布与最终断裂位置的分布之间有明确的因果关系。     

中空铜纳米线的拉伸断裂分布与初始滑移分布的关系

构建了系列球形中空结构的纳米线(NW)，采用分子动力学(MD)对每个模型300个不同初始态的样本开展拉伸形变模拟。并利用基于密度的噪声应用空间聚类(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise，DBSCAN)机器学习算法，获得了初始滑移面的位置。基于大数据统计，分析了初始滑移位置分布以及断裂位置分布两者之间的相关性。研究结果表明：当内部中空半径较小时，断裂位置分布形成于塑性形变阶段，初始滑移分布与断裂位置分布之间无显著的相关性；但是对于脆性特征明显的大中空半径的NW，高能内表面诱导产生的滑移面迅速积累，产生颈缩并导致最终的断裂。因此当内部中空结构达到一定尺寸时初始滑移位置的分布与最终断裂位置的分布之间有明确的因果关系。     

不同孪晶界密度银纳米线拉伸形变行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同孪晶界密度银纳米线的拉伸形变行为, 分析了孪晶界密度对多晶银纳米线屈服强度、弹性模量和塑性变形机理的影响. 在弹性形变区域, 孪晶界的存在对杨氏模量变化的作用不明显. 在塑性形变阶段, 首先从表面边缘开始产生位错成核, 然后延伸并受阻于孪晶界. 在进一步拉伸载荷作用下, 孪晶界将作为位错源产生新的位错. 模拟结果表明, 银纳米线的强度与孪晶界和晶粒的尺寸有关. 孪晶界密度较小(即晶粒的长径比大于1)时, 此纳米线的屈服应力比单晶纳米线还要小, 只有当孪晶界密度较大时(即晶粒的长径比小于1), 孪晶界使得纳米线得到强化. 综合分析了孪晶界和晶粒尺寸对银纳米线的影响, 为构建高强度金属纳米线打下基础. 最后讨论了温度和拉伸速度对孪晶纳米线屈服应力所产生的影响, 随着温度的升高, 孪晶纳米线与单晶纳米线的屈服应力差先升高后趋于稳定; 当拉伸速度逐渐增大, 孪晶纳米线与单晶纳米线的屈服应力差先稳定后增大.     

不同孪晶界密度银纳米线拉伸形变行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同孪晶界密度银纳米线的拉伸形变行为,分析了孪晶界密度对多晶银纳米线屈服强度、弹性模量和塑性变形机理的影响.在弹性形变区域,孪晶界的存在对杨氏模量变化的作用不明显.在塑性形变阶段,首先从表面边缘开始产生位错成核,然后延伸并受阻于孪晶界.在进一步拉伸载荷作用下,孪晶界将作为位错源产生新的位错.模拟结果表明,银纳米线的强度与孪晶界和晶粒的尺寸有关.孪晶界密度较小(即晶粒的长径比大于1)时,此纳米线的屈服应力比单晶纳米线还要小,只有当孪晶界密度较大时(即晶粒的长径比小于1),孪晶界使得纳米线得到强化.综合分析了孪晶界和晶粒尺寸对银纳米线的影响,为构建高强度金属纳米线打下基础.最后讨论了温度和拉伸速度对孪晶纳米线屈服应力所产生的影响,随着温度的升高,孪晶纳米线与单晶纳米线的屈服应力差先升高后趋于稳定;当拉伸速度逐渐增大,孪晶纳米线与单晶纳米线的屈服应力差先稳定后增大.     

金属纳米线中凸凹微结构对初始形变的影响

构建了具有代表性的系列凸纳米线和凹纳米线,利用分子动力学模拟研究了2种微结构对拉伸形变的影响.结果表明,微凸纳米线与单晶纳米线表现出类似的行为,其能量和应力应变曲线等均无显著差异.改变不同的凸起高度未发现显著差别.沿z轴的应力分布分析表明凸微结构使局域应力降低,不能诱导产生初始位错滑移;微凹纳米线表现更明显的塑性形变特征,小应变时能量上升的幅度低于单晶和凸纳米线,但大应变条件下能量上升更高,微凹纳米线的第一屈服点早于单晶和凸纳米线,且其屈服应力不是最大应力,沿z轴的应力分布表明凹陷处产生增加的局域应力,凹陷附近可以诱导产生初始位错滑移.原子排布位图从微观上进一步阐述了上述形变特征.     

温度对Al2O3吸附诺氟沙星的影响及其分子动力学模拟

采用批量吸附实验及分子动力学(MD)模拟,分别从实验和理论角度研究了温度对氧化铝(Al2O3)吸附诺氟沙星(NOR)性能的影响。结果表明,NOR分子与Al2O3晶体表面存在相互作用,使得Al2O3可有效吸附NOR;对于不同的Al2O3初始投加浓度,在所设定的三个实验温度(293K,298K,303K)中,298K下NOR的吸附去除效率r298K最高,不同温度条件下的吸附去除效率依次为:r298Kr293Kr303K;MD模拟发现NOR分子与Al2O3的(012)晶面间的结合能(Eb)及NOR分子形变能(ΔEdeform)均有以下顺序:NOR-Al2O3(298K)NOR-Al2O3(293K)NOR-Al2O3(303K),该规律与吸附实验结果一致。通过对MD模拟的对关联函数分析,理论上揭示了Al2O3对NOR的吸附主要为非键相互作用。通过对该体系293~303K间各温度的MD模拟,得出Al2O3吸附NOR的理论最佳温度为298K。研究结果为明晰土壤中抗生素在Al2O3界面的微观吸附过程提供了理论依据。     

CL-20热分解反应机理的ReaxF F分子动力学模拟（英文）

为探究固相CL-20热分解反应机理,本文采用反应分子动力学ReaxFF MD模拟研究了含有128个CL-20分子的超胞模型在800–3000 K温度下的热分解过程。借助作者所在课题组研发的反应分析及可视化工具VARxM D得到了热分解过程中多种反应中间物和较为全面的反应路径。氮氧化物是CL-20初始分解的主要中间产物,其中NO_2是数量最多的初始分解产物,观察到的中间物NO_3的生成量仅次于NO_2。统计CL-20初始分解的所有反应后发现,在所有考察温度下CL-20初始分解路径主要是N―NO_2断裂反应和C―N键断裂引起开环的单分子反应路径。N―NO_2断裂反应数量在高温下显著增多,而C―N键断裂引起的开环反应数量随温度升高变化不大。在低温热分解模拟中还观察到CL-20初始分解阶段生成的NO_2会发生双分子反应—从CL-20分子中夺氧生成NO_3。对CL-20热分解过程中环结构演化进行分析后发现,CL-20分解的早期反应中间物主要为具有3元或2元稠环结构的吡嗪衍生物,随后它们会分解形成单环吡嗪。吡嗪六元环结构在热分解过程中非常稳定,这一模拟结果支持Py-GC/MS实验中提出吡嗪存在的结论。CL-20中的咪唑五元环结构相对不稳定,在热分解过程中会发生开环分解而较早消失。由ReaxFF MD模拟得到的3000 K高温热分解产物N_2,H_2O,CO_2和H_2的数量与爆轰实验的测量结果定量吻合。本文获得的对CL-20热分解机理的认识表明ReaxFF MD结合VARxM D有可能为深入了解热刺激下含能材料复杂化学过程提供一种有前景的方法。     

CL-20热分解反应机理的ReaxFF分子动力学模拟

为探究固相CL-20热分解反应机理,本文采用反应分子动力学ReaxFF MD模拟研究了含有128个CL-20分子的超胞模型在800–3000 K温度下的热分解过程。借助作者所在课题组研发的反应分析及可视化工具VARxMD得到了热分解过程中多种反应中间物和较为全面的反应路径。氮氧化物是CL-20初始分解的主要中间产物,其中NO₂是数量最多的初始分解产物,观察到的中间物NO₃的生成量仅次于NO₂。统计CL-20初始分解的所有反应后发现,在所有考察温度下CL-20初始分解路径主要是N―NO₂断裂反应和C―N键断裂引起开环的单分子反应路径。N―NO₂断裂反应数量在高温下显著增多,而C―N键断裂引起的开环反应数量随温度升高变化不大。在低温热分解模拟中还观察到CL-20初始分解阶段生成的NO₂会发生双分子反应—从CL-20分子中夺氧生成NO₃。对CL-20热分解过程中环结构演化进行分析后发现,CL-20分解的早期反应中间物主要为具有3元或2元稠环结构的吡嗪衍生物,随后它们会分解形成单环吡嗪。吡嗪六元环结构在热分解过程中非常稳定,这一模拟结果支持Py-GC/MS实验中提出吡嗪存在的结论。CL-20中的咪唑五元环结构相对不稳定,在热分解过程中会发生开环分解而较早消失。由ReaxFF MD模拟得到的3000 K高温热分解产物N₂,H₂O,CO₂和H₂的数量与爆轰实验的测量结果定量吻合。本文获得的对CL-20热分解机理的认识表明ReaxFF MD结合VARxMD有可能为深入了解热刺激下含能材料复杂化学过程提供一种有前景的方法。     

Organic‐Stabilizer‐Free Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Electrode Applications

The polyol reduction of a Ag precursor in the presence of an organic stabilizer, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone), is a widely used method for the production of Ag nanowires (NWs). However, organic capping molecules introduce insulating layers around each NW. Herein we demonstrate that Ag NWs can be produced in high yield without any organic stabilizers simply by introducing trace amounts of NaCl and Fe(NO₃)₃ during low‐temperature polyol synthesis. The heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Ag NWs on initially formed AgCl particles, combined with oxidative etching of unwanted Ag nanoparticles, resulted in the selective formation of long NWs with an average length of about 40 μm in the absence of a capping or stabilizing effect provided by surface‐adsorbing molecules. These organic‐stabilizer‐free Ag NWs were directly used for the fabrication of high‐performance transparent or stretchable electrodes without a complicated process for the removal of capping molecules from the NW surface.     

Amorphization and recrystallization study of lithium insertion into manganese dioxide

Various polymorphs of MnO(2) are widely used as electrode materials in Li/MnO(2) batteries. Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is the most electrochemically active form of MnO(2) and is very difficult to characterize. Their structural details are still largely unknown owing to the poor quality of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns obtained from most MnO(2) samples. Simulated amorphisation and crystallization technique was used to derive microstructural models for Li-MnO(2) which included most microstructural details that one would expect to find in the real material. Specifically, pyrolusite-MnO(2), comprising about 25,000 atoms, was amorphised (strain-induced) under molecular dynamics (MD) and different concentrations of lithium ions were inserted. Each system was then crystallized under MD simulation. The resulting models conformed to the pyrolusite polymorph, with microstructural features including: extensive micro-twinning and more general grain-boundaries, stacking faults, dislocations and isolated point defects and defect clusters. Molecular graphical images, showing the atom positions for the microstructural features together with simulated XRD patterns they give rise to, are presented and compared with measured XRD. The calculated XRD are in accord with experiment thus validating the structural models.     

Superconducting fullerene nanowhiskers

We synthesized superconducting fullerene nanowhiskers (C(60)NWs) by potassium (K) intercalation. They showed large superconducting volume fractions, as high as 80%. The superconducting transition temperature at 17 K was independent of the K content (x) in the range between 1.6 and 6.0 in K-doped C(60) nanowhiskers (K(x)C(60)NWs), while the superconducting volume fractions changed with x. The highest shielding fraction of a full shielding volume was observed in the material of K(3.3)C(60)NW by heating at 200 °C. On the other hand, that of a K-doped fullerene (K-C(60)) crystal was less than 1%. We report the superconducting behaviors of our newly synthesized K(x)C(60)NWs in comparison to those of K(x)C(60) crystals, which show superconductivity at 19 K in K(3)C(60). The lattice structures are also discussed, based on the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses.     

Real‐Time Probing of Nanowire Assembly Kinetics at the Air–Water Interface by In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Scattering

Although many assembly strategies have been used to successfully construct well‐aligned nanowire (NW) assemblies, the understanding of their assembly kinetics has remained elusive, which restricts the development of NW‐based device and circuit fabrication. Now a versatile strategy that combines interfacial assembly and synchrotron‐based grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) is presented to track the assembly evolution of the NWs in real time. During the interface assembly process, the randomly dispersed NWs gradually aggregate to form small ordered NW‐blocks and finally are constructed into well‐defined NW monolayer driven by the conformation entropy. The NW assembly mechanism can be well revealed by the thermodynamic analysis and large‐scale molecular dynamics theoretical evaluation. These findings point to new opportunities for understanding NW assembly kinetics and manipulating NW assembled structures by bottom‐up strategy.     

Enhanced UV photosensing properties of ZnO nanowires prepared by electrodeposition and atomic layer deposition

A new process enabling the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and Al-doped ZnO nanowires (NWs) for photosensing applications is reported. By combining atomic layer deposition (ALD) for the seed layer preparation and electrodeposition for the NW growth, high-quality ZnO nanomaterials were prepared and tested as ultraviolet (UV) sensors. The obtained NWs are grown as arrays perpendicular to the substrate surface and present diameters between 70 and 130 nm depending on the Al doping, as seen from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Their hexagonal microstructure has been determined using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. An excellent performance in UV sensing has been observed for the ZnO NWs with low Al doping, and a maximal photoresponse current of 11.1 mA has been measured. In addition, initial studies on the stability have shown that the NW photoresponse currents are stable, even after ten UV on/off cycles.     

Surfactant-free, large-scale, solution-liquid-solid growth of gallium phosphide nanowires and their use for visible-light-driven hydrogen production from water reduction

Colloidal GaP nanowires (NWs) were synthesized on a large scale by a surfactant-free, self-seeded solution-liquid-solid (SLS) method using triethylgallium and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine as precursors and a noncoordinating squalane solvent. Ga nanoscale droplets were generated in situ by thermal decomposition of the Ga precursor and subsequently promoted the NW growth. The GaP NWs were not intentionally doped and showed a positive open-circuit photovoltage based on photoelectrochemical measurements. Purified GaP NWs were used for visible-light-driven water splitting. Upon photodeposition of Pt nanoparticles on the wire surfaces, significantly enhanced hydrogen production was observed. The results indicate that colloidal surfactant-free GaP NWs combined with potent surface electrocatalysts could serve as promising photocathodes for artificial photosynthesis.