基于MRI的绝经后女性腰椎退行性病变程度与骨质疏松的相关性研究

本研究探讨基于磁共振成像(MRI)的绝经后女性腰椎退行性病变程度与骨质疏松的关系。选取经骨密度检查确诊的骨质疏松绝经后女性患者50例为骨质疏松组、非骨质疏松症绝经后妇女50例作为对照组,两组妇女均接受MRI检查。结果显示,骨质疏松组的L1/L2、L2/L3、L3/L4、L4/L5、L1~S1椎间盘Pfirrmann分级评分均高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);骨质疏松组患者的腰椎L1/L2、L2/L3、L3/L4、L4/L5、L1~S1之间的BMD与椎间盘Pfirrmann分级评分呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05);多元线性回归模型结果显示:绝经时间、年龄、腰椎BMD值与患者椎间盘Pfirrmann分级评分呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。绝经后女性采用MRI检查评估的腰椎退行性病变程度Pfirrmann分级评分与骨质疏松程度有关,同时与患者的年龄、绝经时间长度有关。     

Association of ADIPOR1 polymorphisms with bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women

Adiponectin may affect bone through interactions with two known receptors, adiponectin receptors (ADIPOR) 1 and 2. We examined the association between polymorphisms of ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Korean women. Six polymorphisms in ADIPOR1 and four polymorphisms in ADIPOR2 were selected and genotyped in all study participants (n = 1,329). BMD at the lumbar spine and femur neck were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lateral thoracolumbar (T4-L4) radiographs were obtained for vertebral fracture assessment and the occurrence of non-vertebral fractures examined using self-reported data. P values were adjusted for multiple testing using Bonferroni correction (P(corr)). ADIPOR1 rs16850799 and rs34010966 polymorphisms were significantly associated with femur neck BMD (P(corr) = 0.036 in the dominant model; P(corr) = 0.024 and P(corr) = 0.006 in the additive and dominant models, respectively). Subjects with the rare allele of each polymorphism had lower BMD, and association of rs34010966 with BMD showed a gene dosage effect. However, ADIPOR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes were not associated with BMD at any site. Our results suggest that ADIPOR1 polymorphisms present a useful genetic marker for BMD in postmenopausal Korean women.     

Global variations in peak bone mass as studied by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

In 1994, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) initiated a 5-year Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) to determine geographical and racial differences in peak bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women aged 15-49 years. The study demonstrates that there are distinct global differences in BMD at the hip and spine in both men and women approximating to one population standard deviation between populations with the highest and lowest BMD. These differences persist following adjustments for age, sex and body size. Such information is valuable in understanding the reasons for global differences in fracture rate and predicting future trends in fracture incidence. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Parathyroid hormone and bone mineral content in male and female patients receiving hemodialysis

Relative bone mineral content in the lumbar spine was measured by phantom B-MAs with the apparatus of computerized tomography in order to study the relationships between bone mineral content with age and parathyroid hormone in sera of randomized out- and in-patients and the hemodialysis patients. There exists a significant difference between male and female in the loss of bone mineral content of three groups.     

氢质子MR波谱及双回波同反相位成像评价腰椎骨质疏松的研究

为探究氢质子MR波谱(MRS)的脂肪分数(FF)、脂水比(LWR)及双回波同反相位信号比值(SIR)与腰椎定量CT(QCT)骨矿物质密度(BMD)的相关性,并评估MRS、双回波同反相位成像对腰椎骨质减低及骨质疏松的诊断价值,本研究对因腰腿痛就诊的120名患者资料进行了回顾性分析,根据QCT分类标准将患者分为正常组、骨量...     

Association of Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms with osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal Korean women

There is increasing evidence of a biochemical link between lipid oxidation and bone metabolism. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and metabolizes biologically active phospholipids in oxidized LDLs. Here, we performed association analyses of genetic variation in PON1 to ascertain its contribution to osteoporotic fractures (OFs) and bone mineral density (BMD). We directly sequenced the PON1 gene in 24 Korean individuals and identified 26 sequence variants. A large population of Korean postmenopausal women (n=1,329) was then genotyped for eight selected PON1 polymorphisms. BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lateral thoracolumbar (T4-L4) radiographs were obtained for vertebral fracture assessment, and the occurrence of non-vertebral fractures (i.e., wrist, hip, forearm, humerus, rib, and pelvis) was examined using self-reported data. Multivariate analyses showed that none of the polymorphisms was associated with BMD at either site. However, +5989A>G and +26080T>C polymorphisms were significantly associated with non-vertebral and vertebral fractures, respectively, after adjustment for covariates. Specifically, the minor allele of +5989A>G exerted a highly protective effect against non-vertebral fractures (OR=0.59, P=0.036), whereas the minor allele of +26080T>C was associated with increased susceptibility to vertebral fractures (OR=1.73, P=0.020). When the risk for any OFs (i.e., vertebral or non-vertebral) was considered, the statistical significance of both polymorphisms persisted (P=0.002-0.010). These results suggest that PON1 polymorphisms could be one of useful genetic markers for OF risk in postmenopausal women.     

Elemental composition of hair and bone density measurements at diagnosis in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease

A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) system has been employed to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) at diagnosis. The results of the study indicate that even at diagnosis, a significantly reduced bone mineral density measured in terms of the Z-score, was observed in the lumbar spine and whole body of the IBD subjects. This was found to be more pronounced in Crohn's disease than in the ulcerative colitis subjects. Furthermore, the study was extended to investigate the elemental composition of hair of IBD subjects and age matched controls using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The concentrations of 11 elements; Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na and V were determined. A significantly reduced concentration of Ca, Cu, K, Mn, and V were observed in the hair of IBD subjects as compared to the control group. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of gender, season, and vitamin D status on bone biochemical markers in Saudi diabetes patients

Biochemical bone turnover markers (BTMs) provide important information on the diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of metabolic bone diseases. They are evident before measurable changes in bone mineral density (BMD) take place. A total of 35 adult Saudi patients (23 males; 12 females) with type 2 diabetes and diagnosed to be vitamin D deficient were recruited in this prospective study. Here we investigated the effects of gender, season, and vitamin D status on bone biochemical markers of bone remodeling. Anthropometry and blood samples were collected at different intervals. Metabolic parameters and bone biomarkers were measured routinely and by ELISA. Both males and females had a significant increase in their vitamin D status over time, but no significant changes in the bone biomarkers were observed in females. In males there was a significant increase in circulating levels of corrected calcium and OPN (p = 0.004 and 0.01 respectively) and a significant decrease in crosslaps (p = 0.005). In all subjects there was a modest but significant positive relationship between vitamin D status and OC (R = 0.34; p = 0.04). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that changes in bone remodeling markers are affected by season, gender, and possibly vitamin D status. This gender difference may well reflect the physiologic pathway responsible for the higher peak bone mass achieved in males compared to females.     

Ultraviolet radiation exposure of children and adolescents in Durban,South Africa

The solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of 30 children and adolescents in three age groups (4-6 years, 7-9 years and 13-14 years) was measured for 1 week in late summer (February-March) in Durban, South Africa, using UVR-sensitive polysulfone film badges (PSFB) attached to the lapel region of the body. The mean and median values for all ages over the study period were 2.0 and 1.2 standard erythemal dose (SED) units, respectively, where 1 SED = 100 J x m(-2). Individual PSFB doses were analyzed as a function of age, gender and behavior. No significant statistical differences were found between different age groups; however, there was a statistical difference between males and females, with males generally receiving higher PSFB doses. Subjects completed UVR exposure journals documenting their time outdoors, shade versus sun conditions, nature of their activities, clothing worn and their use of sunscreen for each day of the study. Activity patterns were noted as the most important factor influencing individual UVR dose. Ambient erythemal UVR was measured by a Yankee Environmental Systems UVB pyranometer, and a relationship between ambient UVR and individual UVR dose was derived. On average, subjects received a dose of 4.6% of the total daily erythemal UVR. Based on this factor, the potential dose of an individual over a full annual cycle was estimated. Accordingly, there were 139 days during the year when an individual with skin type I (light skin) would be likely to experience minimal erythema and 97 and 32 days for individuals with skin types II and III, respectively.     

How well does dual photon absorptiometry predict osteoporosis? A comparison between neutron activation analysis and DEXA

The accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for measurement of bone mass carried out by quantitative digital radiography (Hologic Inc.) was compared to results with neutron activation analysis (NAA) on 106 subjects. The accuracy with DEXA was further investigated by measurements on aluminium samples of known composition. DEXA measured 4 lumbar vertebrae by spine scan. The central third of the skeleton also was measured by whole body scan to obtain data on the same large part of the skeleton as measured by NAA. Results suggested that DEXA spine scans were more reliable than whole body scans. In addition, the measurement of total mineral content (BMC) was more reliable than the normalization of BMC to bone surface area (BMC/Area) or bone mineral density (BDM). Since the proportion of bone below detection would increase with development of osteoporosis, with osteoporosis the BMC would be increasingly underestimated, but to only a small extent, while the BMD would be more significantly overestimated.     

Determination of bone mineral density in selected residents by DEXA

Bone mineral density (BMD) determination has been performed in 210 selected Shanghai residents of both sexes of age range 15–50 using Hologic QDR-2000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The results showed that in female groups the peak value of L1-L4 BMD was 1.023 g/cm² at the age of 31–35, but in the male groups it was 0.971 g/cm² aged 26–30 and the peak period lasted till the group aged 46–50. The similar conclusion has also obtained by further statistics.     

Age-dependent survival, reproduction and photorepair activity in Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) after exposure to artificial ultraviolet radiation

We examined age-related vulnerability of Daphnia magna to UV-B (ultraviolet-B radiation, 280-320 nm), the age-related relationships between UV-B dosage and reproduction, and the effects of duration of PRR (photorecovery radiation) on survival and fecundity. Animals were exposed to 0, 6, 9 or 12 h UV-B (peak emission 312 nm) at 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of age and followed to 12 days. Survival decreased with increasing exposure to UV-B, but increased with age at exposure. Duration of UV-B, but not age at exposure, decreased offspring production. Survival increased with an increase in duration of PRR for animals of all ages; however, the effect was not age related. Three-day-old animals were exposed to 6 h of UV-B followed by 0-600 min of PRR. Survival was greatest in controls, lowest in the group that received no PRR and similar for all other groups. Most mortality occurred within the first 72 h postirradiation. Offspring production was highest in light controls, lowest in the UV-B-exposed group that received no PRR and not significantly different among other groups. This study demonstrates the need to consider age when examining the effects of UV-B on zooplankton and the need to monitor responses over a sufficient length of time.     

L-ergothioneine level in red blood cells of healthy human males in the Western province of Saudi Arabia

Ergothioneine is widely distributed in biological systems, particularly in red blood cells of animals. However, it's functional role in human body is not well understood. In order to investigate the biochemical effect of L-ergothioneine, its concentration changes in human blood with respect to ages in healthy individuals was first investigated. L-ergothioneine concentrations in the blood of Saudi males from western province at different stages of life were measured by the procedure of Carlsson et al., 1974. At early stages of life (1-10 years), the concentrations of LER is 1.5-2.0 mg/100 ml. It increases gradually at the age of 11-18 years where it reaches the maximum value of 3.7 mg/100 ml. Then, it declines gradually to 3.0-2.3 mg/ 100 ml during the period of 19-50 years. An increase in the level of LER (2.8 mg/100 ml) was seen at the age of 51+.     

Comparison of the determination of body calcium by in-vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

The measurement of total body calcium is an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases associated with bone. This measurement is done by IVNAA or DEXA. A knowledge of normal bone mineral mass for a given person, is necessary to determine whether or not a measured quantity is normal or low. The factors that determine bone mineral mass in a person are not clearly known. IVNAA indicates that bone mineral mass is a function of height but not the age whereas the reverse is indicated by DEXA. In this work, we have measured the bone mineral mass of over 200 normal volunteers by IVNAA and DEXA and have developed a methametical model for DEXA (for lumbar spine and femoral neck) as a function of height, age, weight and years after menopause. In determining the bone mineral mass, height is the predominant factor under 20 years of age and age appers to be the dominant factor for over 20 years. The equation derived is useful in calculating the normal bone mineral mass in a patient against which the measured value can be compared.     

Physical and chemical characterization of iris and choroid melanosomes isolated from newborn and mature cows

Bovine iris and choroid melanosomes at two ages (<1 week and >2 years) were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). When iris and choroid melanosomes at the same age were compared, the quantification of metal elements by ICP-MS revealed that choroid melanosomes had a higher binding capacity for the carboxylate-binding metal ions (e.g. Na+ K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+). Elemental analysis showed a higher O:N ratio in choroid melanosomes. Both observations suggested that choroid melanosomes have a higher content of carboxylate-containing monomer than iris melanosomes. IR spectrometric analysis showed a red shift (approximately 8 cm(-1)) of the absorption peak of aromatic C=C, C=N and C=O at approximately 1630 cm(-1) in the IR spectrum of iris melanosomes relative to choroid melanosomes. Increased conjugation in the molecular structure of the pigment is proposed to contribute to this peak shift. It is also notable that although the elemental analysis showed different C, N and O contents in the two types of melanosomes, XPS showed almost the same elemental compositions on the surface of two types of iris and choroid melanosomes studied. When the melanosomes from the same tissues at different ages were compared, ICP-MS analysis suggested that the number of carboxylate groups in the melanosomes decreased with age. Both elemental analysis and XPS showed that C:N ratio decreased with age, which was proposed to be due to both a decrease in carboxylate groups in mature samples and to the fissure of phenol rings caused by age-associated oxidation. Such age-related oxidative damage diminishes conjugation and is manifested by blue shifts of absorption peaks for aromatic double bonds in the IR spectra of mature melanosomes. XPS analysis showed that the ratio of C-O:C=O decreased with age. These tissue-related and age-related chemical differences between samples affected the optic density and metal binding properties of melanosomes, which are believed to be closely associated with the biological functions of melanins.     

Macro distributions of plutonium in the femur of the general population and comparisons to occupational cases and animal studies

The femur samples obtained from the general populations were dissected into five different parts: the distal end (DE), distal shaft (DS), middle shaft (MS), proximal shaft (PS) and proximal end (PE). The dissections were performed in the same manner as for the persons exposed to plutonium occupationally. The concentrations of plutonium in these sections were determined by a radiochemical procedure utilizing solvent extraction and alpha-spectrometry. The preliminary results indicate that the distribution of plutonium in the femur was nonuniform and was highest in the proximal end followed by distal end.     

学龄期儿童头发铅水平的调查

采用原子吸收光谱法测定南城县小学 541名学龄期儿童头发中铅的水平。调查所得资料属非正态性资料。儿童发铅中位数为 7 4 5× 10 - 6 ;四分位数间距为 10 0 5× 10 - 6 ;发铅 >10× 10 - 6 者占 37 33% ;男女发铅“超标流行率”有显著性差异 ;无论男女年龄与发铅值均无相关。     

Characterization of Collagen from Three Genetic Lines (Gray,Red and F1) of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) Skin in Young and Old Adults

From tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming, the by-products have been identified as a source of collagen that could be used for the development of dermocosmetics or pharmaceutical products. However, the characteristics of collagen related to a specific strain or culture must be well defined prior to its application. Collagen was extracted from the skin of three strains of tilapia: red YY males (YY: two Y-type sex chromosomes), XX gray females, and the F1: offspring of crossing red YY males with XX gray females; at different ages in the adult phase, using acetic acid and pepsin enzyme. The characteristics of acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) were shown by SDS-PAGE band profiles to be similar to bovine collagen type I (SIGMA), the PSC of gray tilapia being more fragile to temperature changes, consistent with the results of fractional viscosity. The characteristics of the F1 progeny were prioritized for being a commercially productive and sustainable source for the extraction of collagen, and the ASC form, being the one with the greatest stability and advantage over PSC, of importance to our investigations, leads to a controlled digestion as in the case of peptide induction, and also in the development of natural products in the pharmaceutical and/or dermocosmetic industry. Evaluations of the triple helix structure by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction and UV–visible spectroscopy give similar results between the strains: red, gray, and F1, and between ages in the adult form F1 (15, 24, and 36 months of age). Consequently, the skin of tilapia in adult form is recommended sustainably for up to 24 months of age where the collagen is obtained with the use of acetic acid without enzymatic treatment.     

Heat Dissipation of Flying Wax Moths (Galleria Mellonella) Measured by Means of Direct Calorimetry

Heat production rates and flight speed of adult wax moths (Galleria mellonella) were investigated by means of direct calorimetry at T_A=20 and 30°C. Specific heat production rates were not significantly different between males and females at T_A=20°C (p_TH=747±123.7 mW g^-1, n=5 for males and p_TH=791±169 mW g^-1, n=5 for females) even with females having a higher body mass (M_B=83.8±21.6 mg, n=9 for males and M_B=146.4±25.7 mg, n=11 for females) and wing load. In females, heat production rates were dependent on temperature with higher heat production rates at T_A=20°C (p_TH=791±169 mW g^-1, n=5) than at T_A=30°C (p_TH=441±74 mW g^-1, n=6). Flight speed was also clearly correlated with T_A. Both males and females flew more slowly at T_A=20 than at 30°C. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.