多爆源云雾爆炸波相互作用的三维数值研究

从三维全N S方程出发,用二阶迎风TVD格式,针对贴地和近地三种不同的爆源位置,研究了两团云雾爆炸后爆炸场的相互作用。计算结果表明:本文的方法可模拟多爆源爆炸后冲击波的传播和爆炸场复杂的波系结构。压力分布可确定爆炸场任意位置的压力时间变化历程。     

空气中爆炸时爆炸波的超压函数

用解析方法对空气中爆炸时爆炸波超压的变化规律进行了理论分析。引入超压传递的矢量速度函数 ,根据超压的连续性变化条件得到了超压变化过程的基本方程 ,运用所得到的基本方程 ,给出了一维爆炸波正相函数的一般形式 ,所给出的几个常用的爆炸波压力函数式表明了此超压函数具有一般性。此外 ,还对一级近似条件下的超压函数作了应用分析。     

弱冲击波对人员内脏损伤的危险性估计

本文通过对绵羊TNT化爆试验,生物激波管试验和火炮现场试验资料的分析和数据处理,探讨了冲击波物理参数与人员内脏损伤的关系,制定了弱冲击波对人员内脏损伤的安全限值,该限值可作为部队作战、训练的依据,也可作为武器研究、论证、设计、试验和弱冲击波防护的依据,对判定各种爆炸物爆炸引起的人员内脏损伤情况亦有参考价值。     

Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges

Schlieren photographs and shadowgrams have been evaluated to provide the radius-time histories of the shocks generated by explosions of silver azide charges with masses in the milligram range. Series of photographs of the flow field produced by a single explosion were obtained with an image converter camera, to yield a time history of the shock trajectory. These data were used to determine the shock Mach number and subsequently the peak hydrostatic overpressure as a function of radius. The pressure-radius profile was compared with that from a unit charge of TNT to determine the TNT equivalence of silver azide as a function of peak pressure and of distance from the centre of a silver azide charge. The shock radius and time were also determined from single-shot visualizations of silver azide explosions. A new method of analysis was developed so that the charge mass and the TNT equivalence of an explosion could be derived from such a single radius-time measurement. The TNT equivalence factor for silver azide was shown to vary from 0.3 to 1.4, depending on the distance from the centre of the explosion. This agrees well with the generally reported equivalence factor of about 0.4 (Baker et al. 1983), which was probably based on the chemical composition of the material. Procedures are described by which the TNT equivalence factor can be calculated at any specified distance from a silver azide charge of known mass, or from a measurement of the shock radius and time, even when the charge mass is not known. This factor can then be used to determine the physical properties of the TNT blast wave which best describe those from the silver azide charge at the specified distance. A further result of these studies was that the scaling laws for blast waves, whose validity has been verified for charge masses ranging from a few grams to hundreds of tons, i.e., for charge masses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude, also apply for charges with masses of the order of one milligram.Received: 7 April 2003, Accepted: 1 July 2003, Published online: 5 August 2003     

Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges

Laboratory-scale experiments with gram-range explosive charges are presented. Optical shadowgraphy and high-speed digital imaging are used to measure the explosive-driven shock-wave position as a function of time. From this, shock Mach number-versus-distance from the explosion center can be found. These data then yield the peak overpressure and duration, which are the key parameters in determining the potential damage from an explosion as well as the TNT equivalent of the explosive. Piezoelectric pressure gage measurements of overpressure duration at various distances from the explosive charges compare well with theoretical calculations. A scaling analysis yields an approach to relate the gram-range blast to a large-scale blast from the same or different explosives. This approach is particularly suited to determining the properties and behavior of exotic explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Results agree with previous observations that the concept of a single TNT equivalence value is inadequate to fully describe an explosive yield, rather TNT equivalence factor and overpressure duration should be presented as functions of radius.      

Height of burst explosions: a comparative study of numerical and experimental results

In the current work, we use the Constant Volume model and the numerical method, Regularized Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (RSPH) to study propagation and reflection of blast waves from detonations of the high explosives C-4 and TNT. The results from simulations of free-field TNT explosions are compared to previously published data, and good agreement is found. Measurements from height of burst tests performed by the Norwegian Defence Estates Agency are used to compare against numerical simulations. The results for shock time of arrival and the pressure levels are well represented by the numerical results. The results are also found to be in good agreement with results from a commercially available code. The effect of allowing different ratios of specific heat capacities in the explosive products are studied. We also evaluate the effect of changing the charge shape and height of burst on the triple point trajectory.      

化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波对生物致伤效应的对比研究

通过TNT化爆和火炮现场试验,探讨了化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波的异同点,结果发现两者的频谱大致相似。但化爆冲击波只有一次激波,而炮口冲击波有两次激波,有时甚至可见到三次激波。生物效应致伤的靶器官也有所不同,化爆冲击波以肺损伤较为多见,而炮口冲击波似乎以上呼吸道更为敏感,结果提示化爆可以模拟炮口冲击波,但又不完全等同于炮口冲击波,必要的火炮现场试验是必不可少的。     

高电压点火有效能量的测量及相关问题

建立了测量高电压点火产生的爆炸波参数装置,利用PCB压力传感器测定了在空气中高压电火花产生的爆炸波压力及其到达时间。改变点火能量和测试距离,得到了爆炸波的变化趋势和传播规律,并探讨了爆炸波各参数的标度尺寸。结果表明,电火花产生的爆炸波符合Hopkinson-Sachs爆炸相似律。把1/4周期放电能量与数值模拟结果进行比较,得知初始1/4周期放电能量(点火能量)与爆炸波能量基本吻合;因此,1/4周期放电能量可被视为作用于直接起爆引起爆轰的有效能量。进一步探讨了高电压点火各能量的分布;结果表明,储存于电容的总能量1/2CU2中约91%消耗于能量损失和欧姆损耗,初始1/4周期放电能量仅约占2%,其余的点火能量只起到加热混合物的作用。     

FAE爆炸波对地面目标作用的三维数值研究

利用二阶迎风TVD格式 ,对多组分全N S方程进行全耦合数值求解 ,研究了近地空中环氧丙烷 (C3H6 O)形成的圆柱形云雾爆炸波和地面作用问题 ,得到了对目标作用前、后冲击波的传播和波系结构的演化以及不同时刻爆源组分的分布。对目标表面计算单元的压力进行面积加权平均 ,得到目标各表面平均超压随时间变化的曲线。压力值的动画显示表明了目标表面所受载荷的大小和分布随时间变化的规律。修改初、边值条件 ,本文的方法和开发的软件可对任意形状云雾爆炸波与目标作用问题进行综合数值分析。     

球形装药动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型

为获得球形装药动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型,对静态爆炸冲击波超压Baker计算公式加入修正因子进行修正,并建立了构造包含装药运动速度、对比距离和方位角的修正因子函数的方法。为获得修正因子的函数表达式,采用高精度显式欧拉流体动力学软件SPEED针对具有典型运动速度的球形装药空中爆炸过程进行了数值模拟,得到了沿装药不同对比距离和方位角处的动态爆炸冲击波超压峰值。在对数值模拟结果处理的基础上,经过数据拟合获得了动态爆炸冲击波超压场计算模型。校验结果表明,该模型能较准确描述动态爆炸冲击波超压分布,具有普适性。     

Blast wave mitigation by dry aqueous foams

This paper presents results of experiments and numerical modeling on the mitigation of blast waves using dry aqueous foams. The multiphase formalism is used to model the dry aqueous foam as a dense non-equilibrium two-phase medium as well as its interaction with the high explosion detonation products. New experiments have been performed to study the mass scaling effects. The experimental as well as the numerical results, which are in good agreement, show that more than an order of magnitude reduction in the peak overpressure ratio can be achieved. The positive impulse reduction is less marked than the overpressures. The Hopkinson scaling is also found to hold particularly at larger scales for these two blast parameters. Furthermore, momentum and heat transfers, which have the main dominant role in the mitigation process, are shown to modify significantly the classical blast wave profile and thereafter to disperse the energy from the peak overpressure due to the induced relaxation zone. In addition, the velocity of the fireball, which acts as a piston on its environment, is smaller than in air. Moreover, the greater inertia of the liquid phase tends to project the aqueous foam far from the fireball. The created gap tempers the amplitude of the transmitted shock wave to the aqueous foam. As a consequence, this results in a lowering of blast wave parameters of the two-phase spherical decaying shock wave.     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.     

多点云雾爆炸波相互作用的数值模拟

为研究多点云雾爆炸超压场的分布特性,利用LS-DYNA程序,对4个非圆柱体云雾的爆炸超压的相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比。得到了中心区域冲击波相互作用演化过程与中心竖直方向0~20 m处的超压变化规律,以及0°、90°、135°和180°等4个方向的地面峰值超压随水平距离变化的规律。结果表明:中心区域地面依次出现3重冲击波;地面整体超压场强度向中心区域倾斜。在45°方向竖直截面上冲击波波系由入射波、反射波与马赫波构成。     

Experiments on the interaction of a pair of cylindrical weak blast waves in air

This paper reports the results of experiments and computations on the interaction of a pair of cylindrical blast waves in air. The waves were generated by exploding wires, and both symmetrical and unsymmetrical interactions were observed. The experimental data includes schlieren photographs of the wave interactions, their radii, shock Mach number and pressure versus time, as well as various cross plots and data on the shock regular/irregular interaction transition condition. The flow fields were computed with the help of the Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) method, and appear to represent the experimental results reasonably well. Some attention is also given to the blast scaling laws of the type discussed by Sakurai (1965) and Oshima (1960).This article was processed using Springer-Verlag TEX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

神经网络状态方程在强爆炸冲击波数值模拟中的应用

强爆炸数值模拟的主要挑战在于如何准确地描述爆炸产物状态方程。利用BP神经网络和强爆炸产物状态数据对神经网络产物状态方程进行训练,并将得到的状态方程植入自编的一维球对称数值模拟程序,对强爆炸冲击波参数进行了计算。结果显示,计算得到的冲击波峰值超压、冲击波到时、正压时间与标准值吻合较好,证明将神经网络状态方程应用于强爆炸冲击波数值模拟是可行的。研究结果对确定强爆炸数值模拟方法具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Analysis of reflected blast wave pressure profiles in a confined room

To understand the blast effects of confined explosions, it is necessary to study the characteristic parameters of the blast wave in terms of overpressure, impulse and arrival time. In a previous study, experiments were performed using two different scales of a pyrotechnic workshop. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the TNT equivalent for solid and gaseous explosives in terms of mass to define a TNT equivalent in a reflection field and to validate the similitude between real and small scales. To study the interactions and propagations of the reflected shock waves, the present study was conducted by progressively building a confined volume around the charge. In this way, the influence of each wall and the origins of the reflected shock waves can be determined. The purpose of this paper is to report the blast wave interactions that resulted from the detonation of a stoichiometric propane-oxygen mixture in a confined room.     

新型发射药爆炸TNT当量系数的实验研究

TNT当量系数是危险品工程抗爆设计和安全距离确定的重要依据。为确定H1和H2两种新型高能发射药的TNT当量系数,分别开展了10 kg TNT和新型发射药的空气自由场静爆实验。基于修正的当量系数计算方法和测量得到的不同爆心距离处冲击波超压时程曲线,确定了不同比例距离处两种高能发射药的超压和比冲量TNT当量系数。研究结果表明,发射药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律与TNT炸药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律相同,符合爆炸相似律,相同质量发射药爆炸产生的冲击波超压和比冲量都显著高于TNT的。随着比例距离的增大,H1的超压当量系数先增大后减小,最大值为1.34;H2的超压当量系数逐渐减小,最大值为1.26。两种新型发射药的比冲量TNT当量系数均随比例距离的增大先减小后增大,H2的比冲量TNT当量系数大于H1的,最大值为1.38。本文中修正的计算方法能更准确计算被试样品的TNT当量系数,实验结果可为提高抗爆结构安全性设计提供参考。     

装药动爆冲击波特性研究

导弹、炮弹等战斗部爆炸时具有一定的速度,较大的运动速度会使爆炸冲击波场分布发生变化,进而对弹药的毁伤威力产生影响。本文中采用AUTODYN软件对速度分别为0、272、340、680、1 020和1 700 m/s的TNT球形裸装药在空气中爆炸的冲击波场进行了仿真计算,定量研究装药在动爆条件下的峰值超压、比冲量和正压作用时间等威力参数特性。结果表明,方位角小于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成正相关,与正压作用时间成负相关;方位角大于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成负相关,与正压作用时间成正相关。超压峰值大小沿方位角成正弦变化。最后,分析了冲击波峰值超压数据,建立了动爆冲击波超压的计算模型,该模型计算结果与仿真和实验结果吻合较好。     

Dynamic expansion of a spherical cavity within a rate-dependent compressible porous material

The problem of shock expansion of cavities in geological or geologically derived media is of fundamental interest because it is closely related to the blast problem (propagation of waves from an explosion source) as well as to crater formation by hypervelocity projectile impact. Since rock and cementitious materials exhibit very strong high-rate and high-confinement sensitivities, those effects cannot be neglected in a realistic analysis of penetration events. In this paper a new model for the shock expansion of a spherical cavity in an infinite medium that displays very strong high-rate and high-confinement sensitivities is proposed. Waves are generated by an instantaneous rise of the pressure at the surface of the cavity.