浅海内波环境下声场时间相关特性

浅海内波是导致声场时间相关半径减小的一个重要原因.利用2015年南中国海声传播起伏实验,对比分析了线性内波以及孤立子内波环境下声场时间相关半径的统计特性.实验数据(175～225 Hz)表明,大振幅孤立子内波的存在极大地降低了声场的时间相关半径,声场时间相关半径从线性内波环境下的1～3 h,降低为孤立子内波环境下的小于...     

负梯度声速剖面的浅海混响平均强度的垂直结构

声速剖面是影响声场能量重新分配的主要参量。混响包含有双程传播和反向散射过程,文中根据全波动混响理论,从声速剖面对简正模态的垂直结构的影响出发,通过数值仿真和理论分析研究了负梯度声速剖面对双程传播损失和反向散射强度的垂直结构的影响,进而得到声速剖面对混响平均强度的垂直结构的影响。数值仿真结果表明,传播距离近的条件下,混响平均强度的垂直结构受声速剖面的影响在实际应用中可以忽略不计;传播距离足够远,并且相对声速梯度在10^-4 m^-1量级时,混响平均强度的垂直结构才会受声速剖面的影响有明显的变化。负声速梯度下的混响实验也表明,在有限的混响时间内,混响平均强度的垂直结构保持稳定。     

界面混响的耦合简正波理论研究

利用耦合简正波理论分析了粗糙界面散射引起的混响。引入了粗糙海底以及海面引起的各个模态间的耦合系数表述粗糙界面对声场的散射过程。结合风浪谱Pierson模型,仿真了不同海况下的海面混响,重点在于分析不同海况下海面起伏对海底混响的影响。利用耦合系数的求解从粗糙海面引起模态间能量耦合的角度对这种影响进行了机理性的探究。结果表明,尽管在浅海中海底混响占支配性地位,但随着海况等级的增加,海面散射对海底混响是有影响的,而这种影响可以从粗糙界面对声波模态间的耦合进行机理分析。      

浅海孤子内波对水平纵向相关性的影响*

基于理论和模型仿真对孤子内波存在下的水平纵向相关系数的变化进行了研究。理论上推导出浅海孤子内波存在情况下的声场水平纵向相关系数随时间的变化规律,并且运用二维抛物方程模型（Ram）验证理论推导结果。结果表明,孤子内波会导致水声纵向相关系数的变化,并且水平纵向相关系数的变化是由于简正波的干涉所导致。我们给出特定环境下的水平纵向相关系数随时间变化的结果,当环境中第一、二号简正波占主导地位时,水平纵向相关系数会呈现出周期变化的结果。     

声速剖面对不同深度声源定位的影响

在对一次试验数据进行匹配场定位处理时发现, 选取声速剖面有轻微失配的情形下, 水面弱声源显现, 水下强声源反而消失. 基于该现象研究了声速剖面失配对不同深度声源定位的影响. 首先通过仿真试验排除海上试验中不确定因素的影响, 进一步得出深处声源定位受声速剖面失配影响较大的结论, 并针对夏季负跃层情形进行跃层深度失配的仿真, 初步得出在跃层下边界以下10 m附近处的声源对声速剖面失配最敏感. 最后从简正波的角度进行理论分析, 分两点对这一现象进行了合理解释.     

南中国海海域存在孤立子内波条件下的声场统计特性

利用南中国海浅海海域低频声传播起伏实验中获取的水文数据,结合二维平流模型重构出声传播路径上的动态声速场,使用蒙特卡洛方法研究了有无孤立子内波经过时声传播路径上的声传播损失统计特性,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。仿真和实验结果表明:当孤立子内波经过声传播路径时,声传播损失起伏剧烈;与"下发上收"相比,"下发下收"情况下传播损失的概率分布更加分散。     

声速剖面对深海远程声脉冲结构的影响

利用东印度洋和南海海域进行的深海远程声传播实验数据,比较分析了声道轴附近深度发射的声信号在两个海域不同声速剖面结构下的远程传播损失和脉冲时间到达结构。通过对比观测发现,两海域的深海声传播损失特性存在一定的差异,声脉冲时间到达结构差异性显著。首先,在东印度洋实验中观测到潜标垂直阵同一接收距离上,靠近声道轴传播的声能量较大,且声道轴附近声速较小但沿其传播的声信号却最先到达,而偏离声道轴传播的声信号延后到达,在整个接收深度上呈现出声道轴附近接收波形早于其他深度到达的分支结构,这与南海典型深海环境下的脉冲时间到达结构存在显著差异。其次,结合深海声道的参数化数学模型,分析了声速剖面对远程脉冲传播时间到达结构的影响机理,并理论解释了两个海域实验中观测到的脉冲声信号时间到达结构现象,其形成原因在于深海声道中决定声速剖面结构的声道轴系列参数的差异。该研究结果对通信声呐在不同海域深海远程环境下的应用具有一定的参考意义。     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

内波、潮导致的声简正波幅度起伏及其深度分布

分析2005黄海声传播—内波实验传播起伏数据,观察（1）号声简正波幅度起伏及其深度分布特征。非线性内波（IW）通过接收阵可以导致脉冲峰值约5 dB起伏,幅度起伏垂向分布与简正波本征函数的微分分布吻合良好,（M2）潮致信号幅度起伏也满足相同深度分布特性。然而内波和潮致起伏的垂向相位变化明显不同:前者本征函数峰值两侧起伏信号反相,而后者近乎同相。前者由接收器与简正波分布的相对移动决定,而后者取决于简正波和水听器位置变化的复合效应。     

浅海近程混响的振荡现象*

研究浅海近程混响特性对于评估和提高主动声纳性能具有重要意义。多次浅海混响实验显示,近程混响强度存在稳定的振荡现象,脉宽基本对振荡的幅度和周期没有影响。为解释这一现象,本文基于射线理论和小斜率近似给出了浅海近程混响模型,仿真与实测数据结果基本吻合。数值仿真结果表明：海底反射声场对单站声纳接收到回声信号的贡献远小于海底近垂向大掠射角散射声场的作用;混响强度振荡现象是海底近程散射声场的多途现象造成的,并由此给出了振荡周期与海深及收发深度的关系。     

浅海混响的垂直相干性

浅海混响垂直相干特性是海洋混响研究中一个重要的课题。在射线简正波混响理论的基础上,给出了浅海混响垂直相关的一般表达式,并推导出了在均匀层浅海中混响垂直相关的简化解析表达式。同时,通过对数值计算及实验结果的讨论,研究了浅海混响垂直相关与混响时间、频率、声源深度、接收器深度、海底衰减特性及海底散射系数等参数的变化关系。研究表明,在海底散射满足可分离性的条件下,浅海海底混响的垂直相关与声源位置无关,随着混响时间和海底衰减的增加、或随频率、接收器间隔和海深的减小,混响的垂直相关增大。     

Interference structure of low-frequency reverberation signals in shallow water

Using numerical simulation, an analysis was conducted of the interference structure of a bottomscattered sound field generated by a wideband point source in shallow water under winter and summer conditions. The scattered signals were received from the place where the source was located and were subjected to Fourier transform with a sliding window. The paper demonstrates the possibility of estimating the waveguide invariant for backscattered signals when processing the sound intensity distributions in wide frequency and distance ranges up to the scattering area. A technique is proposed for reconstructing the twodimensional field of internal waves using variations of the interference pattern of reverberation signals. The influence of wind surface waves on the degree of interference band contrast is illustrated.     

Normal-mode theory of average reverberation intensity in shallow water

In this paper, the general expressions of long-range reverberation intensity in shallow water have been developed on the basis of the normal mode theory. Because the effects of the complex eigenvalues on the mode incident field have been considered, the results are more accurate than those in previous former normal mode theories of reverberation. In addition, for the sake of simplifying the calculations and making the results convenient to compare with experiments, the reverberation intensity has been smoothed by space averaging. The expressions obtained have obvious physical meaning and concise form so that they can be used for numerical calculation and analytical discussion. These expressions are suitable for wider types of velocity profile, bottom-reflection and scattering coefficients. As an example, the average reverberation intensity in shallow water with a thermocline is evaluated. The result shows that when both the source and receiver are located above the thermocline, the long-range reverberation intensity is proportional to r⁻⁵. This result is in agreement with the experimental data.     

浅海平均混响强度的数值模拟

海中混响是回声探测的严重干扰。利用本文给出的混响模型可较快地计算分层海洋中平均混响强度的衰减规律及深度结构。
对于近程混响,由于海水非均匀性的影响较小,使用均匀层的射线方法计算。对于远程混响,使用简正波方法计算,它保持了平滑平均后的深度结构。在中等距离上两者能很好地衔接起来,由于考虑了复本征值对简正波入射场的影响,提高了计算精度,通过比较不同散射模型对混响强度计算的影响,提出以分离型二元散射模型作为混响数值模拟的基础,使能由界面反向散射系数估算二元后向散射系数,并大大简化混响强度的数值计算。     

Interference structure of shallow water reverberation in time-frequency distribution

The striations of the reverberation spectrum in the time-frequency distribution were observed in a shallow water acoustic experiment in 2002. A model following the coherent reverberation model developed in 2002 is presented to explain the observed striations. To examine the consistency between the measured data and numerical predictions, we have used a method based on Radon transform for determining the slope of the striations to the measured reverberation data and numerical predictions. The results indicate that the previously developed coherent reverberation model can predict the interference structure of the reverberation intensity in the time-frequency distribution.     

Observable parameters from multipath bottom reverberation in shallow water

Multipath ocean reverberation originating from the seabed in shallow isovelocity water, with particular attention to its information content in the cylindrical spreading and mode stripping regions, is considered. The reverberation is evaluated using Weston's flux integral method, both analytically with various simplifying approximations and numerically with all but one of these approximations rescinded. The functional form of the analytical solution is used to infer which physical seabed parameters can be extracted from measurements of reverberation. Coarse- and fine-grained sediments (sand and clay) are both considered. The main purpose of the numerical solutions is to check the accuracy of the analytical approximations; they also serve as a convenient surrogate for measured reverberation.     

Surface reverberation at sound field focusing in shallow water

A numerical experiment is carried out to study the long-range surface reverberation in the presence of intense surface waves for the case of using vertical transmitting arrays providing sound field focusing at different depths. To focus the field, a phase conjugation of acoustic waves from a probe source positioned at the focusing point is used. It is demonstrated that surface waves considerably affect the focusing quality at a distance of several tens of kilometers from the transmitting array. This prevents the efficient suppression of long-range reverberation by increasing the focusing depth.     

Rogue internal waves in the ocean: Long wave model

Rogue waves can be categorized as unexpectedly large waves, which are temporally and spatially localized. They have recently received much attention in the water wave context, and also been found in nonlinear optical fibers. In this paper, we examine the issue of whether rogue internal waves can be found in the ocean. Because large-amplitude internal waves are commonly observed in the coastal ocean, and are often modeled by weakly nonlinear long wave equations of the Korteweg-de Vries type, we focus our attention on this shallow-water context. Specifically, we examine the occurrence of rogue waves in the Gardner equation, which is an extended version of the Korteweg-de Vries equation with quadratic and cubic nonlinearity, and is commonly used for the modelling of internal solitary waves in the ocean. Importantly, we choose that version of the Gardner equation for which the coefficient of the cubic nonlinear term and the coefficient of the linear dispersive term have the same sign, as this allows for modulational instability. From numerical simulations of the evolution of a modulated narrow-band initial wave field, we identify several scenarios where rogue waves occur.