接触缺陷的振动调制超声导波检测技术研究

针对常规线性超声检测方法无法实现板结构接触类缺陷(如微裂纹、脱粘等)检测问题,将超声导波技术与振动声调制技术相结合,利用稀疏分布传感器发展了一种板结构中接触缺陷非线性超声检测方法。通过低频振动改变缺陷的接触状况,使得通过接触面的高频导波信号的相位和幅值受到调制。对受低频振动调制的超声导波二维时间序列进行时频分析,由于接触类缺陷的存在,在振动调制超声导波序列的时频分布上出现明显的低频振动频率分量。利用提取出的低频振动频率下的超声导波信号,进行了结构接触缺陷成像处理。检测试验表明,基于振动声调制的超声导波缺陷成像方法可以实现结构中的接触类缺陷检测。     

各向异性固体板中的非线性超声导波

将超声导波的非线性视为线性波动响应的一个二阶微扰,采用二阶微扰近似和导波的模式展开分析方法,从理论上研究了各向异性固体板中超声导波的二次谐波发生效应,给出了超声导波二次谐波声场的一般形式解。板材的各向异性可从多个方面对二次谐波发生效应产生影响,尤其是板材各向异性引起的导波模式相速度的改变,可显著地影响到构成导波二次谐波声场的二倍频导波模式随传播距离的积累增长程度。根据理论分析和数值计算结果可知,在不同传播方向上超声导波的非线性效应存在较显著的差异,伴随基频导波模式的传播所发生的二次谐波对固体板材的各向异性表现出更为敏感的性质,这一结果可为准确定征板材的弹性各向异性提供一种理论依据。     

焊缝散射对板中超声水平剪切导波直线合成孔径阵列成像的影响

为探讨焊缝散射与板中超声导波阵列成像之间的关系,提出了将散射渡越时间矩阵作为分析工具用来开展焊缝散射对板中超声水平剪切(Shear horizontal,SH)导波直线合成孔径阵列成像影响的研究。运用散射因子和散射渡越时间矩阵描述焊缝散射,结合分析超声SH导波直线阵列信号所特有的圆锥曲线特征和合成孔径成像算法,从导波阵列信号和阵列成像机理出发,重点研究了焊缝散射因子和散射渡越时间矩阵在阵列成像中的作用。结果显示,焊缝散射易造成同一成像散射体反射声波的阵列信号形成\     

采用超声导波特征参量的骨质疏松识别方法

骨质的定期检测对骨质疏松的防治至关重要。本文研究了骨质疏松对超声导波在人体长骨中传播的影响。提出采用多尺度小波变换方法对接收到的导波信号进行处理,通过分析在不同传播距离下高阶小波细节分量所占信号总能量的变化,来判断是否患有骨质疏松症。在13位志愿者的小腿胫骨上进行超声测量,得到导波信号。经多尺度小波变换方法的分析处理结果显示在13位志愿者中,有7位志愿者的超声导波信号随着传播距离的改变,其主要频率成分发生了明显的变化,显示这7位志愿者患有骨质疏松症。这一诊断结果与X射线技术诊断结果相比,准确率可以达到92.3%,表明本文所提出的利用小波多尺度变换方法对长骨进行超声诊断具有较好的潜力。     

铝制焊接容器超声导波成像检测

针对中厚板铝制焊接容器的安全评价需要,论文研究了超声导波成像检测技术。通过对铝制焊接容器中不同模态超声导波的频散曲线及波结构分析,选择激励频率为2 MHz的S1模态作为中厚板铝制焊接容器健康监测的导波模态,并研制了适合铝制容器检测的2 MHz/S1模态压电晶片换能器,建立了超声导波成像系统。实验结果表明,该方法仅需经过有限次的扫查,就可以得到容器全壁厚范围内健康信息的超声导波图像,从而清晰地识别容器内的缺陷。该研究为中厚板铝制焊接容器的健康监测提供可行的技术方案。     

钢-混凝土结构弱粘接界面缺陷的超声导波检测

钢-混凝土结构是土木工程中的一种常用结构形式,钢与混凝土粘接处可能出现弱粘接甚至完全脱粘的缺陷,严重影响结构的安全性。该文提出利用空气耦合超声导波衰减的方法实现钢-混凝土结构粘接状态的非接触无损检测方法,分析不同厚度粘接界面对超声导波衰减的影响。基于全局矩阵技术对钢-混凝土结构求解理论频散方程和衰减曲线,得到界面层不同粘接条件下的理论参数及衰减特性。建立不同粘接条件的有限元模型,定量分析不同模态对粘接缺陷的检测敏感度。研究界面层厚度分别为1 mm和2 mm两种情况下S0能量的衰减情况。研究结果表明:S0模态可有效判断粘接结构的粘接状态,对于同一界面层厚度,随着界面粘接条件变弱,S0最大幅值与A0最大幅值比不断增大;不同厚度同一粘接条件下,2 mm相较于1 mm该值更大。该方法在钢-混凝土结构粘接界面缺陷的检测方面具有良好的应用价值和发展前景。     

周向超声导波对管道纵向缺陷检测的研究

在弹性动力学理论的基础上,研究了管道中周向超声导波的传播及其频散特性,并数值计算了周向导波的频散曲线。通过所建立的超声导波实验系统,在理论上与实验上研究了斜探头的入射角、频率及周向导波模态的关系,并在外径为88.8 mm、内径为80.8 mm的管道中激励出特定的单一模态周向导波;同时,利用单一模态周向导波对该管道表面上长25 mm、宽1 mm、深0.7 mm的人工缺陷进行了检测。结果表明,同在板中激励单一Lamb波模态类似,选用特定角度的斜探头与特定频率可在管道中激励出单一周向导波模态并有望应用于管道缺陷的检测。     

基于弹性模量检测骨疲劳的超声导波方法研究

研究早期诊断骨疲劳的方法是当前骨质评价方面的研究热点之一. 本文对不同弹性模量下长骨中超声导波的传播特性进行了理论分析和仿真研究.首先, 通过数值计算得到导波在管状长骨中的理论解析解.然后对管状长骨进行了时域有限差分(FDTD) 仿真, 并验证了它与理论解析解的一致性, 同时得到长骨中不同模式导波群速度、 中心频率和衰减与弹性模量的关系.研究结果表明各个导波模式的群速度和中心频率均随弹性模量的增加而增加, 而衰减随弹性模量的增加而减小.说明超声导波的传播特性参量可以反映长骨弹性模量的变化, 从而为长骨的早期疲劳诊断提供理论依据.     

番茄蛋白酶类劣变因子荧光传感器阵列检测技术研究

基于荧光光谱法原理,结合免疫荧光法和荧光探针法,建立了番茄蛋白酶类劣变因子荧光传感器阵列检测技术。该研究合成了能被果胶酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶抗体识别的量子点荧光探针,基于抗原抗体特异性识别原理建立了果胶酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的免疫荧光光谱分析法,并对其反应参数进行了优化,在最优条件下,通过研究其相应的荧光光谱变化规律,发现果胶酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性检测范围分别为0.05～500, 0.02～800和0.5～900U·mL~(-1),且其免疫荧光强度与果胶酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0.989 4, 0.993 8和0.981 9,最低检测限分别为5.0×10~(-3), 2.0×10~(-3)和5.0×10~(-2) U·mL~(-1),与现有的分析法相比,该方法操作简单,线性范围宽,检测限低。针对多酚氧化酶和羧酸酯酶的活性检测,合成了能被羧酸酯酶和多酚氧化酶特异性识别的水溶性荧光探针,并对其响应机制和反应参数进行探究。在37℃pH 7.4条件下通过研究其相应的荧光光谱变化规律,发现羧酸酯酶和多酚氧化酶的存在可催化荧光团与探针中识别部分的价键裂解,释放出近红外荧光团,且荧光基团的释放量与羧酸酯酶(0.01～0.3U·mL~(-1))及多酚氧化酶(10～70U·mL~(-1))的活性呈线性相关,其相关系数分别为0.991 0和0.997 2,最低检测限分别为3.4×10~(-3)和1.1×10~(-2) U·mL~(-1)。与现有的近红外荧光探针法相比,合成的近红外荧光探针具有较好的水溶性,且特异性较高。基于荧光光谱法原理,利用荧光免疫法和荧光探针法相结合的荧光分析方法,通过荧光酶标仪可针对不同荧光物质设置相应的激发波长和发射波长,实现多个样品中多种酶活性的同时可视化阵列检测。通过样品加标回收实验,结果表明回收率在90.0%～102.3%范围内,变异系数15%,且具有较好的特异性,说明所建立方法准确度好,可应用于实际样品的检测。     

超声阵列方法在层状结构损伤检测中的应用*

层状钢筋混凝土结构常见的裂缝、层间离缝等损伤具有尺度小、隐蔽的特点,常规检测方法无法对其精确查明与定量评价。以高铁层状无砟轨道结构为研究对象,使用阵列式超声装备采集半矩阵数据,利用全聚焦算法对轨道内部结构及损伤成像,通过线性旅行时插值射线追踪算法计算超声波在层状介质中传播的最短到达时间代入全聚焦成像公式,具有深度准确、分辨率高、聚焦性好的特点。提出一种层间密实度评价方法,以表面超声直达波能量为基准分析反射波能量差异计算密实指数,可定量分析无砟轨道层间状态。文中层状介质的检测和层间损伤定量评价方法有效查明层状无砟轨道层内裂缝和层间离缝,对使用超声波检测层状结构及层间损伤具有借鉴意义。     

Guided wave arrays for high resolution inspection

The paper describes a general approach for processing data from a guided wave transducer array on a plate-like structure. The raw data set from such an array contains time-domain signals from each transmitter-receiver combination. The technique is based on linear superposition of signals in the frequency domain with some amplitude and phase factors and can be applied to any array geometry and any types of array elements. The problem of finding optimal coefficients, which allow the best resolution to be achieved with the minimum number of array elements, is investigated. It is shown that improvements in resolution are obtained at the expense of sensitivity to noise. A method of quantifying this sensitivity is presented. Results are shown that illustrate the application of the technique to a linear array and an array of circular geometry (containing a single ring of elements). Experimental data obtained from a guided wave array containing electromagnetic acoustic transducer elements for exciting and detecting the S0 Lamb wave mode in a 5-mm-thick aluminum plate are processed with different algorithms and the results are discussed. Generalization of the technique for the case of multimode media is suggested.     

Guided wave propagation in multilayered piezoelectric structures

A general formulation of the method of the reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM) based on the state space formalism and plane wave expansion technique is presented for the analysis of guided waves in multilayered piezoelectric structures. Each layer of the structure is made of an arbitrarily anisotropic piezoelectric material. Since the state equation of each layer is derived from the three-dimensional theory of linear piezoelectricity, all wave modes are included in the formulation. Within the framework of the MRRM, the phase relation is properly established by excluding exponentially growing functions, while the scattering relation is also appropriately set up by avoiding matrix inversion operation. Consequently, the present MRRM is unconditionally numerically stable and free from computational limitations to the total number of layers, the thickness of individual layers, and the frequency range. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the good performance of the proposed formulation for the analysis of the dispersion characteristic of waves in layered piezoelectric structures. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10725210 and 10832009), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20060335107), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB623204), and the Scientific Research Foundation for Tsuiying Talents of Lanzhou University     

Vibro-modulation and Guided wave techniques for contact defect detection in plate

A nonlinear acoustic technique for detection of contact defects in plates was developed associating guided waves with vibro-modulation techniques.The low frequency vibration varies the interface area within the contact defect;then the amplitude and phase of high frequency guided waves reflected from the contact defect will be modulated.Due to the exiting of contact defects,there was obvious low frequency component in the time-frequency distribution of modulated guided wave series.Furthermore the nonlinear responses at frequency of vibration were extracted out and used for defect imaging.It was shown that the nonlinear guided wave imaging method based on vibration modulation can effectively characterize and locate the nonlinear contact defects.     

Guided wave polaritons in the ir range in three-layered structures

The properties of guided wave polaritons of E- and H-types are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The ranges of existence, field spatial structure, dispersion dependence, attenuation and absorption factors, of guided wave polaritons in three-layered structures are investigated.     

Guided plate wave scattering at vertical stiffeners and its effect on source location

This paper examines guided wave transmission characteristics of plate stiffeners and their influence on the performance of acoustic noise source location. The motivation for this work is the detection of air leaks in manned spacecraft. The leaking air is turbulent and generates noise that can be detected by a contact-coupled acoustic array to perform source location and find the air leak. Transmission characteristics of individual integral stiffeners are measured across a frequency range of 50-400 kHz for both high and low aspect-ratio rectangular stiffeners, and comparisons are made to model predictions which display generally good agreement. It is demonstrated that operating in frequency ranges of high plate wave stiffener transmission significantly improves the reliability of noise source location in the plate. A protocol is presented to enable the selection of an optimal frequency range for leak location.     

Guided wave phase velocity measurement using multi-emitter and multi-receiver arrays in the axial transmission configuration

This paper is devoted to a method of extraction of guided waves phase velocities from experimental signals. Measurements are performed using an axial transmission device consisting of a linear arrangement of emitters and receivers placed on the surface of the inspected specimen. The technique takes benefit of using both multiple emitters and receivers and is validated on a reference wave guide. The guided mode phase velocities are obtained using a projection in the singular vectors basis. The singular vectors are determined by the singular values decomposition (SVD) of the response matrix between the two arrays in the frequency domain. This technique enables to recover accurately guided wave phase velocity dispersion curves. The SVD based approach was designed to overcome limitations of spatio-temporal Fourier transform for receiver array of limited spatial extent as in the case of clinical assessment of cortical bone in axial transmission.     

Specially generated photo-cell arrays in inspection

This paper describes a technique for the inspection of twodimensional components which offers an alternative to conventional approaches and which allows realisation of a rugged low-cost system capable of incorporation into an integrated manufacturing system. An experimental programme has been undertaken to assess the performance of the critical parts of such a system.     

Guided wave measurements for characterization of sol-gel layers

Sol-gel applications require very thick layers with a good understanding of the interfaces. To address this problem, we have installed at CEA Le Ripault a characterization bench using guided waves with assistance from the IM2NP lab in Marseille. This bench allows us to measure the thickness and the refractive index and determine the extinction coefficient of a thin layer. We can distinguish losses at interfaces from those in the bulk according to the chosen propagation mode. This allows us to know if we can stack elementary layers to make thick layers without incurring problems.     

Toward a theory of wave energy transport in large irregular structures

An ansatz is proposed by which the energy transport behavior observed at early times in a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a large irregular structure may be extrapolated to arbitrary times. In the slow-transport limit, this ansatz leads to a diffusion-like equation, similar to that of time-domain statistical energy analysis (SEA), but it does not require substructuring. The model is successfully used to extract diffusion parameters from simulated data of unambiguously diffusive character. The model is then successfully used to extract diffusion parameters from data obtained in a DNS of a simple undamped two-room structure of a kind typically analyzed by SEA or room acoustics.     

Guided wave helical ultrasonic tomography of pipes

Ultrasonic guided waves have been used for a wide variety of ultrasonic inspection techniques. We describe here a new variation called helical ultrasound tomography (HUT) that uses guided ultrasonic waves along with tomographic reconstruction algorithms that have been developed by seismologists for what they call "cross borehole" tomography. In HUT, the Lamb-like guided waves travel the various helical criss-cross paths between two parallel circumferential transducer arrays instead of the planar criss-cross seismic paths between two boreholes. Although the measurement itself is fairly complicated, the output of the tomographic reconstruction is a readily interpretable map of a quantity of interest such as pipe wall thickness. In this paper we demonstrate HUT via laboratory scans on steel pipe segments into which controlled thinnings have been introduced.