Intercomparison of Effective Erythemal Irradiance Measurements from Two Types of Broad-Band Instruments during June 1995

The biologically effective global solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) measurements from a multiband UVR monitor and a conventional broadband UVR monitor are compared. The measurements were performed during the varied weather conditions of June 1995. We compared the daily total exposures measured by both instruments, as well as the ratio of the measured doses throughout the course of each day. The daily total exposures agreed within approximately 11% throughout the month. The ratio between the measured doses held at 1.12 between 0900 and 1700 h (solar zenith angles ?16-52°). The ratio decreased from 1.12 to 0.90 during the next 90 min outside that period (solar zenith angles ?52-72°) and decreased further beyond that point. Spectral response and cosine response mismatch between the instruments are discussed as the possible cause of discrepancies between the measured doses. Implications for erythemal irradiance monitoring and suggestions for further study are discussed.     

Diffuse Ultraviolet Erythemal Irradiance on Inclined Planes: A Comparison of Experimental and Modeled Data

Values of measured and modeled diffuse UV erythemal irradiance (UVER) for all sky conditions are compared on planes inclined at 40° and oriented north, south, east and west. The models used for simulating diffuse UVER are of the geometric-type, mainly the Isotropic, Klucher, Hay, Muneer, Reindl and Schauberger models. To analyze the precision of the models, some statistical estimators were used such as root mean square deviation, mean absolute deviation and mean bias deviation. It was seen that all the analyzed models reproduce adequately the diffuse UVER on the south-facing plane, with greater discrepancies for the other inclined planes. When the models are applied to cloud-free conditions, the errors obtained are higher because the anisotropy of the sky dome acquires more importance and the models do not provide the estimation of diffuse UVER accurately.     

Monitoring of Solar Irradiance in the High Andes

Solar radiation has been measured in the high Andes near Laguna Lejia (latitude 23° 26′ 23.30" S, longitude 67° 38′ 14.29" W) at an elevation of 4715 m between December 2016 and December 2017. Irradiances were monitored in four wavelength channels: PAR (400–700 nm), UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (295–315 nm) and short-wavelength UV-B (295–310 nm) with a new radiometer. In addition, ambient temperatures were recorded. Record values have been found for PAR (exceeding 600 W m⁻²), UV-A (close to 95 W m⁻²), UV-B (3.13 W m⁻²) and short-wavelength UV-B (0.144 W m⁻²) during Austral spring. The winter irradiance values slightly exceeded 50% of these values. Maximal cloud effects due to multiple reflections were 45, 38, 32 and 35% higher than values under cloudless skies for PAR, UV-A, UV-B and short-wavelength UV-B, respectively. Record irradiance for this site shows a UV index reaching and exceeding 20, which is due to low solar zenith angles, the altitude, low water vapor and aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere as well as low total column ozone concentrations.     

Erythemal Ultraviolet Insolation in New Zealand at Solar Zenith Angles of 30° and 45°

Solar UV radiometers with spectral responsivities that are close to the erythemaVcarcinogenic action spectrum of skin have been installed at several centers of population in New Zealand, including Auckland, 37°S, Wellington, 41°s and Christchurch, 43.5°S. The data set covers the period from the time the radiometry program commenced in 1988/1989 to the end of the southern summer, March 1995. The radiometers were recalibrated annually and the data were corrected for changes in the absolute responsivity of the radiometers. Erythemally effective UV irradiances at solar zenith angles of 30° and 45° were then extracted from the data set. No monotonic trend in these data is apparent, although there are statistically significant differences in mean irradiances from one year to the next. An example of this is the decrease observed in all sites following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in June 1991. The maximum erythemally effective insolations at solar zenith angles of 30° and 45° were consistently lower in Christchurch than in the other two New Zealand sites. This could arise from higher levels of atmospheric turbidity andlor tropospheric ozone at this location. Also, a seasonal increase in erythemally effective UV insolation from spring to autumn was observed each year in all three New Zealand sites.     

Determination of Polymer Molecular Weight by GPC in the Low Molecular Weight Region

Abstract

In order to determine the molecular weight of a polymer by GPC in the low MW region, a secondary calibration method can be established when polymer standards of the analysed polymer are not available (1). The efficiency of this method has been checked for the system poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) using polystyrene (PS) standards. When the solvent is poor for one of the polymers, limitations arise due to the secondary separation effects. Furthermore, a GPC method is proposed for the determination of the Dondos-Benoīt constants (A₁ A₂) which must be known for the above-mentioned calibration. This method uses either two or at least one polydisperse polymer sample.     

Light Diffraction and Attenuation in Magnetic Emulsions with Low Interfacial Tension

Colloid Journal - The work is devoted to studying the phenomena of light diffraction and attenuation in magnetic emulsions with low interfacial tension based on AMG-10 hydraulic oil under the...     

高纯金属的快速分析-强激光溅射电离飞行时间质谱法

随着现代材料行业的发展,高纯金属纯度分析日趋重要。本研究建立了一种基于强激光溅射电离飞行时间质谱（LAI-TOFMS）检测高纯金属纯度新方法。为消除高价离子和多原子离子等干扰峰的影响,在离子源内引入了氦气。通过分析高纯阴极铜的系列标准样品,建立了其中16种痕量元素的固体直接定量分析方法,在4个动态范围内（10-7 – 10-3 μg/g）的线性相关度优于0.97,检出限低至0.1 μg/g。该方法几乎无需样品处理、分析时间短、操作简便、灵敏度高、谱峰干扰小,可用于高纯金属材料纯度及其痕量杂质的快速分析。     

Comparison of Different High and Low Index Materials in the Manufacture of High Laser Damage Threshold Mirrors at the 351 nm Wavelength

Sol-gel material based mirrors have been produced by forming alternate layers of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films. These mirrors have proven to have a high laser induced damage threshold [LIDT]. Using nitric acid stabilized zirconia derived from zirconium-n-propoxide and base catalyzed silica, a 16 layer mirror with a reflectivity of better than 94% at 351 nm and 45° angle of incidence was fabricated. This had an LIDT of 7.7 J/cm2 at 351 nm with a 0.7 ns pulse width. Crazing prevented further layers being deposited. Both spin and dip coating were attempted with dip coating yielding the best results.The coating structure has been analyzed using XPS depth profiling and AES. The bulk materials have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TGA. High refractive index layers using Hafnia with nitric or acetic acid have also been investigated as prospective high LIDT mirrors.Alternative acidic routes to silica have been studied as a possible low index material and a route to preventing crazing.     

Infrared Spectral Assignment of Pyrimidine and Pyrazine in the CH Stretching Region by an Effective Spectroscopic Hamiltonian

Mid-Infrared spectra of pyrimidine (PM) and pyrazine (PZ) were recorded in the gas phase using a multi-pass long path gas cell. The IR band structure of these compounds above and below 3000 cm⁻¹ is very broad and contains many humps and shoulders. These humps and shoulders are due to various higher quantum excitation of low-frequency vibrational modes, which participate in Fermi resonance with the nearby CH stretch fundamentals and appears in this region. We constructed an Effective Spectroscopic Hamiltonian (ESH) in a mixed local mode (LM) normal mode (NM) basis to assign the various overtone and combination bands in the CH stretching region of these compounds. The CH stretching vibrations of both PZ and PM were treated as symmetrized anharmonic Morse oscillators in local coordinates and the in-plane deformations down to 1000 cm⁻¹ were treated as normal coordinates. The ESHs were diagonalized and the resulting eigenvalues were subsequently fitted in a given parameter space with the experimentally observed bands. The eigenvalues of the converged Hamiltonian are the anharmonic frequencies and the transition intensities were obtained by summing the squared eigenvector components. The overtone and combination transitions near 3000 cm⁻¹ of both PM and PZ were identified and assigned from the eigenvector coefficients of the ESH matrix. The wavefunctions of a pure CH stretch, overtone of the HCC in-plane bend and due to Type 1 Fermi coupling (resonance between a fundamental with an overtones of a low frequency mode, in this case resonance between the CH strech and the overtone of HCC in-plane bending modes) has been demonstrated pictorially.     

Low Effective Activation Energies for Oxygen Release from Metal Oxides: Evidence for Mass‐Transfer Limits at High Heating Rates

Oxygen release from metal oxides at high temperatures is relevant to many thermally activated chemical processes, including chemical‐looping combustion, solar thermochemical cycles and energetic thermite reactions. In this study, we evaluated the thermal decomposition of nanosized metal oxides under rapid heating (～10⁵ K s^?1) with time‐resolved mass spectrometry. We found that the effective activation‐energy values that were obtained using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa isoconversional method are much lower than the values found at low heating rates, indicating that oxygen transport might be rate‐determining at a high heating rate.     

利用知识竞赛实现中学化学STS知识的有效教学

从当前中学化学STS知识的教学现状出发,借鉴有效教学的理论,以化学知识竞赛为教学载体,对中学化学中STS知识的有效教学进行了研究,构建了化学STS知识的有效教学的框架,并对其进行了教学实践的研究,以期能为中学化学STS知识的教学提供一定的参考。     

高速逆流色谱分离纯化芦荟中的活性物质

1　实验部分1.1　仪器与试剂　　GS10A高速逆流色谱仪、8823A紫外检测器、S1007泵、3057记录仪、进样器(北京市新技术应用研究所)。　　氯仿、甲醇、丙酮、环己烷和乙酸乙酯均为分析纯。1.2　色谱条件　　以溶剂系统的上相为固定相、下相为流动相。以9.99mL/min的流速将上相泵入,以2mL/min的流速将下相泵入。螺旋管转子转速800r/min。检测器量程0～100mA,紫外检测波长254nm;记录仪走纸速度6cm/h。图1　以氯仿 甲醇 丙酮 水(体积比为9∶8∶1∶8)为溶剂系统的芦荟样品色谱图1.芦荟大黄素甙;4.芦荟大黄素.1.3　样品及其处理　　称取开普芦…     

High Yields of Methanol from Methane by C−H Bond Activation at Low Temperatures

Activation, oxidation, and functionalization are the essential steps in the direct selective conversion of methane into liquid chemicals such as methanol, formaldehyde, higher paraffins, and olefins. In the best process so far for the synthesis of methanol from methane, the reagent is converted with 90% conversion and 81% selectivity into methyl bisulfate in 102% sulfuric acid at 220°C and in the presence of Pt complexes that contain very stable ligands. The desired product can be trapped by esterification and thus be protected from nonselective consecutive reactions.     

Polymerization of Hexyl Methacrylate in Nanoemulsions Made by Low and High Energy Methods

The synthesis of poly(hexyl methacrylate) nanoparticles in nanoemulsions containing squalane as hydrophobe is reported here. A comparison of the polymerization kinetics of nanoemulsions prepared by Phase Inversion Temperature (low energy method) and microfluidization (high energy method), as well as polymer characteristics are presented. Nanoemulsion polymerizations carried out a 20°C were extremely fast using a par redox especially for the low-energy nanoemulsions. The particles obtained were only slightly larger than the original nanoemulsion droplets, indicating that the droplets acted as templates, and that squalane diminished substantially monomer diffusion between reacting and non-reacting monomer droplets. Molar masses and glass transition temperatures of the poly(hexyl methacrylate) obtained here were practically independent of conversion and surfactant concentration, as well as of the nanoemulsification method used.     

高温高浓度溴化锂溶液对低合金钢的电化学行为作用

通过电化学测式技术和化学浸泡方法 ,在高温 55%LiBr +0 .0 7mol/LLiOH溶液中研究了MoO4 2 - 对低合金钢的电化学行为作用 .结果表明 ,MoO4 2 - 作为阳极型缓蚀剂能促进钝化 ,阻滞了阳极和阴极反应 .Na2 MoO4 浓度达到 2 0 0mg/L时 ,可有效地抑制低合金钢的活性溶解 .低合金钢中添加Cr和Ni元素可改善耐蚀性能 ,而AI元素则使耐蚀性能变劣 .Mo元素参与成膜过程 ,Cr和Mo元素的协调作用 ,使A钢能在较低Na2 MoO4 浓度下进入钝态     

Proteomic Analysis for Low and High Nitrogen-Responsive Proteins in the Leaves of Rice Genotypes Grown at Three Nitrogen Levels

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants. Increase in crop production is associated with increase in N fertilizers. Excessive use of N fertilizers and the low nitrogen utilization efficiency by crop plants is a major cause for environmental damage. Therefore, to reduce the N-fertilizer pollution, there is an urgent need to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Identification and/or development of genotypes which can grow and yield well at low nitrogen levels may provide a solution. Understanding the molecular mechanism of differential nitrogen use efficiency of the genotypes may provide some clues. Keeping the above facts in mind, in this study we have identified the high N-responsive and low N-responsive contrasting rice genotypes, out of 20 genotypes that were grown at low (1?mM), moderate (10?mM), and high (25?mM) levels of N (KNO₃). Proteome analysis of leaves revealed that the proteins involved in the energy production/regulation and metabolism in plant leaf tissues are differentially expressed under N treatments. Moreover, some disease-resistant and stress-induced proteins were found to be overexpressed at high levels of N. The present study could be useful in identifying proteins responding to different levels of nitrogen fertilization, which may open new avenues for a better understanding of N use efficiency, and for developing new strategies to enhance N efficiency in cereal crops.     

Differential Responses of Growth and Photochemical Performance of Marine Diatoms to Ocean Warming and High Light Irradiance

Diatoms have relatively high biomass in mid- to high-latitude oceans, which is also the most sensitive region to climate change. Photoautotrophs are thus predicted to become exposed to both higher temperatures and increased solar irradiance. In this study, we examined the consequences of such changes for the growth and photo-physiology of two diatoms by mimicking the scenarios that correspond to present day and that predicted for the end of this century. Elevated light induced higher rates of damage to photosystem II (PSII) that significantly reduced photochemical yields of both diatoms. Treatments including UV radiation induced ~ 50% inhibition of PSII under present PAR levels. Generally, warming alleviated UVR inhibition, resulting in higher photochemical yields, and faster recovery during dim light exposure. Therefore, concurrent increase of irradiance and temperature mitigated UV inhibition of PSII by 8–15%. The growth was stimulated by warming under PAR treatment, while less stimulation, or even decreased growth rates were found under the PAR + UVR treatment. Results suggest that ocean warming could fully offset the inhibition of high light on PSII. However, under the latter higher UVR stress scenario, the energetic expenditure required by the diatoms to repair damage could lead to their lower overall growth in future oceans.     

低温Suzuki反应合成联苯及三联苯化合物

发展了一个低温下无配体钯催化溴代芳烃与芳基硼酸的Suzuki反应体系。该体系以醋酸钯为催化剂,无水碳酸钾为碱,乙醇水溶液为溶剂,无需加入任何配体,在0oC下即可高效催化溴代芳烃与芳基硼酸的Suzuki反应;反应的底物容忍性好,产品分离收率最高达97%。以溴代芳基N-甲基亚氨基二乙酸硼酸酯为砌块分子,通过调控反应温度,实现了砌块分子选择性Suzuki反应,从而一锅合成了不对称三联苯化合物,产品收率最高为81%。