Some results about the spectrum of commutative Banach algebras under the weak topology and applications

LetA be a commutative Banach algebra with a nonempty spectrum A. By weak we denote the relative weak topology induced on A by (A ^*,A ^**). In this note we study some properties of the topological space (A, weak) and present some applications of the results obtained and tools used to amenability, weakly compact homomorphisms, weakly compact subsets of the spectrum of the uniform algebras and to a characterization of the synthesizable ideals of the algebraA.     

4-Dimensional compact projective planes with small nilradical

We consider 4-dimensional compact projective planes with a solvable 6-dimensional collineation group and with orbit type (2, 1), i.e. fixes a flagv W, acts transitively onL \{W} and fixes no point in the setW\{v}. We We prove a series of lemmas concerning the action of invariant subgroups of . These lemmas are applied to prove that the maximal connected nilpotent invariant subgroup of has dimension at least 4.Dedicated to Prof. H. Salzmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Fourier series of additive vector measures and their term-by-term differentiation

On a measurable space (T, , ) we choose an additive measure: Z (Z is a Banach space) with the following property: for alle , we have ; this measure defines an indefinite integral over the measure onL ² (T, ,). We prove that if { _n (t)} _n ^=1/ is an orthonormal basis inL ² and _n (e)=e _n (t) d, then any additive measure: Z whose Radon-Nikodým derivatived/d belongs toL ² is uniquely expandable in a series(e)= _n ^=1/ _n n(e) that converges to(e) uniformly with respect toe can be differentiated term-by-term, and satisfies _n ^=1/ _n ^/2 <. In the caseL ²[0,2],Z=, the Fourier series of a 2-periodic absolutely continuous functionF(t) such thatF'(t) L ²[0, 2] is superuniformly convergent toF(t).Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 180–184, August, 1998.     

C k -B-splines with Square Support on a Three-Direction Mesh of the Plane

Let be the uniform triangulation generated by the usual three-directional mesh of the plane and let ₁ be the unit square consisting of two triangles of . We study the space of piecewise polynomial functions in C ^k (R ²) with support ₁ having a sufficiently high degree n, which are symmetrical with respect to the first diagonal of ₁. Such splines are called ₁-splines. We first compute the dimension of this space in function of n and k. Then, for any fixed k0, we prove the existence of ₁-splines of class C ^k and minimal degree. These splines are not unique. Finally, we describe an algorithm computing the Bernstein–Bézier coefficients of these splines, and we give an example.     

Embedding a non-embeddable stable plane

In [4], K. Strambach describes a 2-dimensional stable plane admitting =SL₂ as a group of automorphisms such that there exists no -equivarient embedding into a 2-dimensional projective plane. R. Löwen [3] has given a 4-dimensional analogue , admitting =SL₂. He posed the question whether there are embeddings of Strambach's plane into . We show that such embeddings exist, in fact we determine all -equivariant embeddings of 2-dimensional stable planes admitting as atransitive group of automorphisms.     

Spectral Properties of Hamiltonians of Charged Systems in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field: I. General Characteristic of the Spectrum

We study the spectrum of Hamiltonians of charged multiparticle systems in a homogeneous magnetic field with a fixed sum P of the pseudomomentum components and without it. We prove that if P is fixed, then the spectrum of Hamiltonians is independent of the value of P , while the spectrum without fixation of P coincides with the spectrum with fixation and differs from the latter only by some additional infinite degeneration (this is a principal difference between problems with a homogeneous magnetic field and problems without any field in which the absence of any fixation of the total angular momentum results in covering the spectrum of the relative motion by a continuous spectrum). We find the continuous spectrum of the Hamiltonians and characterize the spectrum of Hamiltonians of two-cluster mutually noninteracting systems obtained by decomposing the original system in the state with a fixed value of P . The last result is necessary for the study of the purely point spectrum.     

Entropy loss and risk of improved estimators for the generalized variance and precision

Let the distributions of X(p×r) and S(p×p) be N(, I _r) and W _p(n, ) respectively and let them be independent. The risk of the improved estimator for || or {ei329-1} based on X and S under entropy loss (=d/|| –log(d/||)–1 or d||–log(d||)–1) is evaluated in terms of incomplete beta function of matrix argument and its derivative. Numerical comparison for the reduction of risk over the best affine equivariant estimator is given.Dedicated to Professor Yukihiro Kodama on his 60th birthday.     

On the Ershov Upper Semilattice

We find some links between -reducibility and T-reducibility. We prove that (1) if a quasirigid model is strongly -definable in a hereditarily finite admissible set over a locally constructivizable B-system, then it is constructivizable; (2) every abelian p-group and every Ershov algebra is locally constructivizable; (3) if an antisymmetric connected model is -definable in a hereditarily finite admissible set over a countable Ershov algebra then it is constructivizable.     

Spreads admitting net generating regulizations

We say a spread S carries a regulization , if is a collection of reguli contained in S and if each element of S, except at most two lines, is contained either in exactly one regulus of or in all reguli of . Replacement of each regulus of by its complementary regulus (exceptional lines remain unchanged) yields the complementary congruence S^c of S with respect to . If S^c is a hyperbolic or parabolic or elliptic linear congruence of lines, then is called a net generating, in particular, a hyperbolic or parabolic or elliptic regulization, respectively. For hyperbolic and parabolic regulizations we also give other geometric characterizations.     

On the corona theorem for almost periodic functions

LetAP ⁺ (R ⁿ ) denote the Banach algebra of all continuous almost periodic functions onR ⁿ whose Bohr-Fourier spectrum is contained in an additive semi-group [0, ) ⁿ . We show that the maximal ideal space ofAP ⁺ (R ⁿ ) may have a nonempty corona and we characterize all for which the corona is empty. Analogous results are established for algebras of almost periodic functions with absolutely convergent Fourier series.     

Four-dimensional compact projective planes with doubly transitive action on the fixed pencil

We consider a four-dimensional compact projective plane =( , ) whose collineation group is six-dimensional and solvable with a nilradical N isomorphic to Nil × R, where Nil denotes the three-dimensional, simply connected, non-Abelian, nilpotent Lie group. We assume that fixes a flag pW, acts transitively on _p \{W}, and fixes no point in the set W{p}. We study the actions of and N on and on the pencil _p \{W}, in the case that does not contain a three-dimensional elation group. In the special situation that acts doubly transitively on _p {W}, we will determine all possible planes . There are exactly two series of such planes.     

On some formalized conservation results in arithmetic

I _n andB _n are well known fragments of first-order arithmetic with induction and collection for _n formulas respectively;I _n ⁰ andB _n ⁰ are their second-order counterparts. RCA₀ is the well known fragment of second-order arithmetic with recursive comprehension;WKL ₀ isRCA ₀ plus weak König's lemma. We first strengthen Harrington's conservation result by showing thatWKL ₀ +B _n ⁰ is ₁ ¹ -conservative overRCA ₀ +B _n ⁰ . Then we develop some model theory inWKL ₀ and illustrate the use of formalized model theory by giving a relatively simple proof of the fact thatI ₁ provesB _n+1 to be _n+2-conservative overI _n . Finally, we present a proof-theoretic proof of the stronger fact that the _n+2 conservation result is provable already inI ₀ + superexp. ThusI _n+1 proves 1-Con (B _n+1) andI ₀ +superexp proves Con (I _n )Con(B _n+1).The first author was partially supported by NSF Grant #DCR-860615     

On a projective representation of chain geometries

We define a distance d on the set of r-spaces of an n-space. By the transfer of d to the GraßmannianG=G(n, r) we obtain a distinguished class of normal rational curves of order 1, the 1-distance lines, 1=1,..., r, which are in 1–1-correspondence to the so-called generalized reguli of type (r, 1).To every chain geometry there are subspaces T and Z of the surrounding space ofG, such that forV=GT andW = VZ we have a projective representation of on V\W as pointset, where the chains of are exactly the r-distance lines on V\W.Dedicated to Prof.A. Barlotti on occasion of his 60 birthday     

Existence and Construction of Simple B-Splines of Class C k on a Four-Directional Mesh of the Plane

In this paper we present a study of spaces of splines in C ^k (R ²) with supports the square ₁ and the lozenge ₁ formed respectively by four and eight triangles of the uniform four directional mesh of the plane. Such splines are called ₁ and ₁-splines. We first compute the dimension of the space of ₁-splines. Then we prove the existence of a unique ₁-spline of minimal degree for any fixed k0. By using this last result, we also prove the existence of a unique ₁-spline of minimal degree. Finally, we describe algorithms allowing to compute the Bernstein–Bézier coefficients of ₁-spline and ₁-spline of minimal degree.     

Weighted Polynomial Approximation for Weights with Logarithmic Singularities in the Extremal Measure

Let w : [0, ) be a weight function on a set R. We assume that the associated extremal measure has density function v(t) with finitely many singularities of logarithmic type. We show that any continuous function f on which vanishes outside the set where v is positive or has a logarithmic singularity, is the uniform limit on of a sequence of weighted polynomials of the form wⁿ P_n, where P_n is of degree n. This extends previous results for continuous densities to densities having logarithmic singularities.     

Hecke Algebras of Classical Groups over p-adic Fields II

In the previous part of this paper, we constructed a large family of Hecke algebras on some classical groups G defined over p-adic fields in order to understand their admissible representations. Each Hecke algebra is associated to a pair (J , ) of an open compact subgroup J and its irreducible representation which is constructed from given data = (, P₀, ). Here, is a semisimple element in the Lie algebra of G, P₀ is a parahoric subgroup in the centralizer of in G, and is a cuspidal representation on the finite reductive quotient of P₀. In this paper, we explicitly describe those Hecke algebras when P₀ is a minimal parahoric subgroup, is trivial and is a character.     

ESTIMATION OF SCATTER MATRIX BASED ON i．i．d． SAMPLE FROM ELLIPTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS

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The Symmetry of 2-Flat Homogeneous Spaces

A Riemannian manifold M is called 2-flat homogeneous if every geodesic is contained in some 2-flat , and if the group of isometries of M acts transitively on the set of pairs (p, ) with p . By a 2-flat we mean a closed, connected, flat, totally geodesic, 2-dimensional submanifold of M. It is proved in the paper that 2-flat homogeneous spaces are symmetric.     

Four-Dimensional Compact Projective Planes with a Solvable Collineation Group

We consider a four-dimensional compact projective plane whose collineation group is six-dimensional and solvable with a nilradical N isomorphic to Nil×R, where Nil denotes the three-dimensional, simply connected, non-Abelian, nilpotent Lie group. We assume that fixes a flag p W, acts transitively on and fixes no point in the set W\p. Under these conditions, we will prove that either contains a three-dimensional group of elations or acts doubly transitively on .