Optimization of Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers Based on Arrayed Waveguide Gratings with Fabrication Errors for Transparent Optical Networks

A transparent optical network (TON) composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with fabrication errors is optimized for 10 Gbit/s per channel and channel spacing of 25 GHz. The optimization takes into account the effect of inter-symbol interference, amplified spontaneous emission noise accumulation, and coherent and incoherent homodyne crosstalk. Numerical results reveal that AWG fabrication errors can have a high influence on the TON performance; however, in all investigated situations, they do not affect the AWG parameters values corresponding to the optimum AWG frequency response. This surprising behavior is due to the fabrication errors affect mainly the AWG response outside the passband for the required AWG crosstalk level. It is shown that the optimum AWG frequency response is a flat-top response with a mean amplitude response outside the passband lower than ?30 dB and the switch isolation should exceed 30 dB.     

一种有效提高薄膜滤光片型密集波分复用器器件性能的方法及其实验研究

对光梳状滤波器加薄膜滤光片型模块制作密集波分复用器(DWDM)的两种应用方案进行了研究,提出了一种提高插损一致性、信道隔离度及减小串扰的结构方案。对新结构方案与常规结构方案进行了理论分析及实验研究,结果表明新结构可将级联次级峰由大于-30dB降至-50dB以下。用16波50GHz的密集波分复用器件拼接进行的实验表明最终器件的插损减小0．869dB,插损一致性减小2．005dB,相邻信道隔离度提高1．004dB,非相邻信道隔离度提高42．903dB．总串扰提高1．68dB。该方案不仅可以应用到光梳状滤波器与薄膜滤光片型模块拼接高性能的超密集波分复用器件．同样也可适用于阵列波导光栅等类型的密集波分复用器件中以降低工艺难度,提高性能指标。     

Evaluation of Transparent Optical Network Performance in Presence of Incoherent Homodyne Crosstalk

A simple method to evaluate the performance of transparent optical networks (TON) that takes into account the incoherent homodyne crosstalk, signal distortion, inter-symbol interference (ISI), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and arbitrary optical and electrical filters is proposed. This method combines the effect of the incoherent homodyne crosstalk with an exhaustive Gaussian approximation for the influence of ASE noise, signal distortion, and ISI. It is shown that the incoherent homodyne crosstalk penalty depends on the ASE noise accumulated in the TON, ISI, and extinction ratio. The proposed method estimates are compared with experimental results published by other authors. Good agreement is observed for one, two, and four incoherent homodyne crosstalk signals, revealing that the proposed method provides accurate estimates even when the methods based on a Gaussian approximation for the incoherent homodyne crosstalk fail. The proposed method is used to assess the performance of a TON composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. Results reveal that incoherent homodyne crosstalk, ASE noise, and ISI impair the TON performance and, therefore, none can be neglected in the TON design.     

Evaluation of Transparent Optical Network Performance in Presence of Incoherent Homodyne Crosstalk

Abstract

A simple method to evaluate the performance of transparent optical networks (TON) that takes into account the incoherent homodyne crosstalk, signal distortion, inter-symbol interference (ISI), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and arbitrary optical and electrical filters is proposed. This method combines the effect of the incoherent homodyne crosstalk with an exhaustive Gaussian approximation for the influence of ASE noise, signal distortion, and ISI. It is shown that the incoherent homodyne crosstalk penalty depends on the ASE noise accumulated in the TON, ISI, and extinction ratio. The proposed method estimates are compared with experimental results published by other authors. Good agreement is observed for one, two, and four incoherent homodyne crosstalk signals, revealing that the proposed method provides accurate estimates even when the methods based on a Gaussian approximation for the incoherent homodyne crosstalk fail. The proposed method is used to assess the performance of a TON composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. Results reveal that incoherent homodyne crosstalk, ASE noise, and ISI impair the TON performance and, therefore, none can be neglected in the TON design.     

Calculation of the spectral response of an arrayed-waveguide gating demultiplexer with a wide-angle beam propagation method in a cylindrical coordinate system

The spectral response of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) demultiplexer is calculated by simulating the field propagation in the output section of an AWG with a wide-angle beam propagation method (BPM) in a cylindrical coordinate system. As in a practical design of an AWG demultiplexer, each output waveguide consists of two straight sections connected by a bending section. The spectral response obtained by the present algorithm is more accurate than those obtained with two popular approximate methods, namely, the conventional overlapped integral method and the standard BPM for radially straight and infinitely long output waveguides. With the present algorithm, the dependence of the spectral response on the parameters of the output section is analyzed. The channel crosstalk and the 3 dB passband width of the spectral response depend mainly on the length of the first straight section, the end separation and the angular separation of the output waveguides. The bending section results in an asymmetrical spectral response with remarkable sidelobes which can be reduced by increasing the bending radius.     

Design and characterization of arrayed waveguide gratings using ultra-low loss Si3N4 waveguides

Planar waveguides with ultra-low propagation loss are necessary for integrating optoelectronic systems that require long optical time delay or narrowband optical filters. In this paper, we review an ultra-low loss planar waveguide platform that uses thin (<150 nm) Si₃N₄ cores and thick (>8 μm) SiO₂ cladding layers. In particular, we discuss the performance of arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) fabricated with the platform. We propose the use of a practical design method that takes the statistical nature of worst-case crosstalk into account. We also demonstrate the measurement of amplitude and phase error distributions in an AWG using an optical backscatter reflectometer. We show that the waveguides have phase errors small enough to achieve AWG crosstalk below ?30 dB, while crosstalk below ?40 dB should also be possible with optimization of the component design.     

Transmission passband,optical crosstalk and cascadability of free-space concave grating demultiplexer for dense WDM networks

We describe the performance of a 100 channel free-space concave grating demultiplexer with 1dB transmission passband of ±7GHz (FWHM 14–22GHz). The influence of optical aberrations and defocusing on the transmission spectrum is demonstrated. Crosstalk between neighbouring channels separated by >0.3nm is lower than –25dB and no penalty due to crosstalk is observed using 2.6Gbit/s directly modulated DFB lasers. Penalty-free transmission through a cascade of 30 demultiplexers is demonstrated in an optical fibre recirculating loop experiment, and the permitted tolerances on the laser frequency misalignments for a larger number of cascaded demultiplexers are investigated.     

Dispersion resulting from phase and amplitude errors in arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers-demultiplexers

We report dispersion resulting from phase and amplitude errors in arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexers-demultiplexers. We measure the phase- and amplitude-error distributions of two different types of AWG and discuss their effects on the dispersion. The results show that the origin of the dispersion in the AWG is the low-order Fourier components of the symmetric phase and the antisymmetric amplitude errors. We also discuss the dependence of the dispersion on the passband shape in the presence of the same fabrication errors.     

一种基于斜光栅辅助的非对称耦合器型光分插复用器

提出了一种基于斜光栅辅助的非对称耦合器型光分插复用器。运用复合波导的三维正交模式,对器件的三种可能的结构进行了理论分析,选出粗波导光栅型结构。利用耦合模理论,模拟了斜光栅的耦合特性并对其倾斜角进行优化设计。通过回波峰值设计法,将器件的工作波长放在波分复用信道之内,回波峰值波长放在波分复用信道之外,使得器件的性能大有提高。模拟结果表明器件的串扰可达到-30 dB,回波损耗可达到-25 dB。同时,器件的关键工艺容差较大,易于批量化生产。当斜光栅的倾斜角度在2.5°到4.5°之间时,器件的串扰低于-28 dB,回波损耗低于-22 dB。     

Analysis for fabrication errors of arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers

Based on the transmission theory, parameter optimization is performed, and effects of fabrication errors on transmission characteristics are analyzed for a 33×33 polymer arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1550.918 nm with the wavelength spacing of 0.8 nm. Simulated results show that fabrication errors result in the shift of the transmission spectrum, and lead to the increase of the crosstalk compared with the device theoretically designed. Furthermore, accumulation and compensation of fabrication errors are investigated. In order to realize the normal demultiplexing of the fabricated AWG device, the allowed fabrication errors are discussed.     

Performance Evaluation and Characterization of Hybrid Optical Amplifiers for Dwdm Systems at Ultra Narrow Channel Spacing

We study hybrid optical amplifiers (HOAs) for dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems at reduced channel spacing (<0.2 nm). The Raman erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) (R-E) and EDFA-semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) (E-S) hybrid optical amplifiers (HOAs) are investigated for the first time at 0.05 and 0.1 nm of the channel spacing. We show that the R-E HOA provides better gain (23.9 dB) and induces lesser crosstalk (-14.1 dB) with minimum utilization of the bandwidth. We report that 70 km is the optimum span distance at which the R-E HOA achieves a 2450 km transmission distance with acceptable performance. The theoretical results are found to be in accordance with numerical simulations in terms of the amplifier gain and induced crosstalk.     

Design and tolerance analysis of optical interleaver based on retardant crystals

A set of recursion equations was developed for the design of an optical interleaver based on retardant crystals and a third-order optical interleaver with maximally flat passband was designed accordingly. The fabrication tolerance for the retardant crystals was simulated based on crosstalk consideration. Given crosstalk requirement of −25 dB, the tolerance for the crystal thickness and axis orientation was obtained as 0.91 μm and 0.51°, respectively.     

行波电极偏振无关干涉型光开关

提出并实现了一种Ｘ切ＬｉＮｂＯ３上的行波电极偏振无关干涉型光开关。达到的指标为：串间地－１４ｄＢ，偏振无关的开关电压为１９Ｖ，带宽达到６ＧＨｚ以上。进一步减小定向耦合器部分中光波导间距的分级步距，串音可达到－２０ｄＢ以下 。     

Transmission Characteristics of Several Kinds of Filters for WDM Optical Networking

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｘｉｎｇ（ＷＤＭ）ｉｓａｃｏｓｔｅｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｗａｙｔｏｍａｋｅｆｕｌｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｂｒｏａｄｂａｎｄｗｉｄｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｃａｌｆｉｂｅｒｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｔｒ...     

Fabrication of Triplexers Based on Flattop SOI AWG

A triplexer is fabricated based on SOI arrayed waveguide gratings （AWGs）. Three wavelengths of the triplexer operate at different diffraction orders of an arrayed waveguide grating. The signals of 1490nm and 1550nm, which are input from central input waveguide of an AWG, are demultiplexed and the signal of 131Onto, which is input from central output waveguide of an AWG, is uploaded. The tested results show that the downloaded and uploaded signals have fiat-top response. The insertion loss is 9 dB on chip, the nonadjacent crosstalk is less than -30 dB for 1490nm and 1301 nm, and is less than -25 dB for 1550nm, the 3dB bandwidth equates that of the input light source.     

通过以太无源光网的射频电视传送技术

论述了1550 nm射频电视(CATV)通道与1490 nm数据通道的相互干扰问题。针对1490 nm光波通过光纤中受激拉曼效应对1550 nm光波的非线性串扰和1550 nm光波通过粗波分复用(CWDM)分波器对1490 nm光波的线性串扰提出了理论计算公式,进行了定量分析和计算。结果表明,数据非线性串扰可使射频电视系统低频端的载噪比下跌9 dB;而在常规融锥型粗波分复用分波器情况下,射频电视线性串扰可使数据光接收机的光功率代价达到2.5dB。最后指出了克服串扰的方法,如以太空闲字符扰码和高隔离度粗波分复用等。     

低插损平坦谱响应阵列波导光栅解复用器优化设计

通过在输入波导与输入平板波导之间加入一种模式转换结构,获得了一个具有平坦光谱响应,低插损,光谱响应对称的阵列波导光栅型波分复用器,该模式转换结构由一个与输入波导的输出端连接的第一锥形波导,一个与此锥形波导输出端连接的细直波导,一个与细直波导输出端连接的第二个锥形波导以及一个连接输入平板波导和第二个锥形波导的梯形波导组成,通过优化设计梯形波导和第二个锥形波导的形状可以获得较宽的1dB通带带宽和较低的插损,同时光谱响应具有非常好的平坦性,而且通过对第一个锥形波导和细直波导的优化设计,在不引入明显的额外插损的条件下,能大大减小由于输入波导的弯曲引入的光谱响应的不平坦.     

基于数字相干叠加的相干光正交频分复用系统中光纤非线性容忍性研究

光正交频分复用系统中的光纤非线性效应制约着系统进一步的扩容. 针对此问题, 提出一种数字相干叠加的方法, 用于提高相干光正交频分复用系统对光纤非线性的容忍性. 仿真中, 5通道的波分复用下偏振复用相干光正交频分复用系统的每个通道传输四进制正交振幅调制映射的71.53 Gbit/s信号在光纤中传输400 km. 首先, 通道间隔为25 GHz, 与传统相干光正交频分复用系统相比, 色散补偿前后, 使用数字相干叠加的相干光正交频分复用系统的信噪比分别提升了6.02 dB和9.05 dB, 最佳入纤光功率均增大了2 dB; 其次, 通道间隔为50 GHz, 色散补偿前后, 信噪比分别提升了4.9 dB和8.75 dB. 通过理论推导及仿真, 验证了所提方法能有效消除相干光正交频分复用系统的一阶非线性失真, 进而提高系统对光纤非线性的容忍性.     

一种通带平坦的粗波分复用/解复用器件的研制

随着粗波分复用(CWDM)系统在城域网和接入网中日益广泛的应用,人们对粗波分复用／解复用器的研究也逐渐展开。报道了一种8通道波长间隔为20nm的粗复用／解复用器。该器件基于阵列波导光栅(AWG)原理设计,利用平面光波导技术(PLC)制作,采用多模干涉输入结构和“S”形阵列波导结构,实现了较宽的通带宽度和较低的串扰。实验测得1dB带宽大于10nm,相邻串扰大于24dB,非相邻串扰大于32dB。介绍了其设计原理和制作过程,给出了光束传播法(BPM)数值模拟结果,并和实验结果进行了对比。     

基于Harvey-Shack表面散射理论的光学误差测量

基于散射理论,不同频段的光学表面制造误差会对光学性能产生不同的影响,而常用的光学设计软件一般没有考虑。为此利用小波变换对误差进行了频段分割;然后基于Harvey-Shack表面散射理论,从频段误差的角度对光学表面的光学性能进行了评价,同时基于小波变换的特点,当光学性能不满足要求时,找到了需重点控制的频段误差在光学表面发生的区域,从而对下一步的加工进行指导。最后以一块口径500 mm的大镜实测数据及设计要求"在0.33 mrad内环绕能量大于70%"进行了实验验证。结果表明,利用此方法能有效的建立"表面频段误差光学评价光学加工"三者之间的联系。