气液两相绕流柱体时的涡街特性研究

本文以水空气两相流体为工质，研究了两相流体横向冲刷准三角形柱体时的涡街生成特性．试验段管子内径５０ｍｍ，水流速度２．２０ｍ／ｓ－３．７４ｍ／ｓ截面含气率为０．０２－０．３．得出了两相流体中涡街发生频率，水流量和截面含气率三者之间的相互关系。     

旋转流体斜压波三维温度结构实验研究

实验研究了负径向温度梯度下转坏系统中斜压流体的对流运动，获得了该系统中旋转流体斜压波的一般特征，通过对斜压波温度场多层次细网格测量，得到了斜压波三维温度结构和表面波状急流的温度分布，并就波－波转换的不稳定性问题作了初步分析．     

应用热色液晶测量射流撞击壁面温度分布

本文叙述了热色液晶测温技术的原理，对色度－温度关系进行了标定。并利用该技术测量了在射流撞击下的壁面温度分布。文中给出了在不同射流高度下壁面温度分布的等值线，并讨论了液晶测温技术的灵敏度及测试精度。     

气液两相绕流柱体时的锅街特性研究

本文以水空气两相流体为工质，研究了两相流体横向冲刷准三角形柱体时的涡街生成特性，试验段管子内径５０ｍｍ，水流速度２．２０ｍ／ｓ－７．７４ｍ／ｓ，截面含气率为０．０２－０．３。得出了两相流中涡街发生频率，水流量和截面含气率三者之间的相互关系。     

激光干涉测速技术

在材料的高压状态方程和动力学特性研究中,经常利用冲击波加载。这类实验需要高精度测量自由面速度,两种不同材料的界面速度及各种不同材料的粒子速度等。目前,世界上已有几十台激光干涉仪用于冲击波物理的研究,成功地测量了飞片速度,自由面速度,波后粒子速度及界面速度等。     

两相流场粒子成像测速技术(PTV-PIV)初探

在单相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ研究基础上，研究液固两相流场粒子成像图像数字测速技术．首次用ＰＴＶ技术得到直槽道中液固两相流场二维瞬时全场两相流速分布．初步探讨了两相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ技术中与单相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ测速技术的关键不同之处，提出两相ＰＴＶ－ＰＩＶ测速采样的两相相容性准则．为深入研究两相流场粒子成像测速技术奠定了基础．     

水平流动边界层内气固相间作用的试验研究

应用三维粒子动态分析仪（threedimensionalparticledynamicsanalyzer）,测量了含有230μm颗粒的气固两相水平流的特性,特别是壁面边界层内的两相流动特性．结果表明颗粒载荷比（质量流率）对相间作用有较大影响,随颗粒流率的增加颗粒对气流平均速度和湍流的影响增大,颗粒使气流速度边界展变薄．颗粒和气流相互作用在不同方向上呈各向异性,颗粒对气流垂直方向的脉动影响较大．颗粒与湍流边界层气流的作用行为大致可以分成三个区域：贴壁区、中间区和外流区．     

压力脉动信号相关三维烟速测量方法研究

利用互相关法测速无需正确测量信号绝对值的优点，研制了应有和电子微压计提取高温烟气压力脉动信号的水冷三维取压探针，及相关法三维高温烟气流速测量装置。实验室台架测试，在烟气温度500℃-800℃，流速10．22m/s-20.49m/s范围，速度相对误差在4．26％－8．61％之间，方向相对误差为－1．79％－3．47％，有较高的精度度。是实现炉内高温烟气速度场准连续测量的好方法。     

基于数字粒子图像的细水雾全场速度测量

水文通过利用激光片光照明细水雾喷雾场和采用数字成像系统获取了喷雾粒子的运动轨迹图像，进而通过研制相应的图像处理和分析软件，重建了细水雾雾场粒子的速度分布，本方法是直接对流场中的粒子成像。因而测量时无需施加示踪粒子对数字成像系统的图像获取速度要求不高，且在图像数据的分析处理方面不像DPIV技术的互相关算法，对示踪粒子的数密度有一定的限制，因此，本方法可用于不宜添加示踪粒子或流场中粒子数密度较低的喷雾场或其它两相流场中粒子速度场的测量。     

用三步相移法测量温度场

提出了一种采用双参考光光路，并在再现阶段引入相移的方法来测量火焰温度场，克服了在记录阶段引入相移的不足，采用这种方法不仅可以测量准静态场，而且可以测量瞬态场。本文在计算温度时还采用了新的求解方法，守验表明这种方法提高了测量的速度和精度。     

湍流相干结构的速度与温度特性

本文采用三分量热线同时测量温度和速度的新技术，测量了加热与制冷平板边界层的速度和温度分布，提出了提取相干结构的雷诺应力准则，根据湍流相干结构速度与温度的相关关系，运用子波分析方法首次确定了相干结构的温度特征尺度和波形。对于研究湍流结构相干结构的速度与温度特性，具有重要的意义。此外，本文还应用数字滤波方法对所分析的湍流相干结构进行了滤波处理，确定了相干结构的平均猝发周期，与条件采样方法相比，两者的结果基本一致。本文实验分析结果还表明：壁面温度对湍流相干结构有一定的影响。     

Combined two-dimensional velocity and temperature measurements of natural convection using a high-speed camera and temperature-sensitive particles

This paper proposes a combined method for two-dimensional temperature and velocity measurements in liquid and gas flows using temperature-sensitive particles (TSPs), a pulsed ultraviolet laser, and a high-speed camera. TSPs respond to temperature changes in the flow and can also serve as tracers for the velocity field. The luminescence from the TSPs was recorded at 15,000 frames per second as sequential images for a lifetime-based temperature analysis. These images were also used for the particle image velocimetry calculations. The temperature field was estimated using several images, based on the lifetime method. The decay curves for various temperature conditions fit well to exponential functions, and from these the decay constants at each temperature were obtained. The proposed technique was applied to measure the temperature and velocity fields in natural convection driven by a Marangoni force and buoyancy in a rectangular tank. The accuracy of the temperature measurement of the proposed technique was ±0.35–0.40°C.     

Scanning liquid-crystal thermometry and stereo velocimetry for simultaneous three-dimensional measurement of temperature and velocity field in a turbulent Rayleigh-Bérnard convection

In this paper, we report on an experimental technique for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and three components of velocity in a three-dimensional thermal flow using scanning liquid-crystal thermometry and stereo velocimetry. The temperature is measured by the color image analysis of the liquid-crystal particles suspended in a fluid, while the three velocity components are measured by stereo particle image velocimetry (stereo PIV) with the aid of tracer particles. The measurement is carried out by scanning the light-sheet plane while capturing the sequential color images of the liquid crystals and tracer particles. This measurement allows the reconstruction of the three-dimensional distribution of temperature and full velocity field simultaneously. The present experimental technique is applied to the horizontal fluid layer of a turbulent Rayleigh-Bérnard convection and the three-dimensional structures of thermal plumes are evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the structures of plumes are often correlated with the vertical velocity of the fluid, but they behave randomly in space, influenced by the large-scale turbulence evident in the middle of the fluid layer.     

On the motion of a solid sphere through a viscous medium with a vertical temperature gradient

In this paper, we report experiments conducted on the temperature distribution around a solid sphere that settles slowly in a thermally stratified viscous fluid. The temperature field has been obtained using interferometry. In some cases thermochromic liquid crystal tracers have been used to simultaneously obtain the velocity and the temperature fields. We also describe a theoretical analysis of the problem and compare experimental and theoretical findings and discuss the results. we find that natural convection has a significant influence in determining the nature of the temperature field away from the sphere.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics behind vortex generators - A benchmark dataset

The velocity field and wall heat transfer distributions for internal flows in the presence of longitudinal vortices have been experimentally investigated. A transient method based on temperature measurement with thermochromic liquid crystals was used to obtain the heat transfer distribution behind a tetrahedral, full-body vortex generator. With the focus on the longitudinal vortices, the flow field was captured by a three-component particle image velocimetry system. Mean values as well as velocity fluctuations have been assessed. The combined investigation of heat transfer and flow field describes in detail the physical conditions. For a channel Reynolds number of 300,000 a dataset has been obtained, which can be used for validation of numerical models.     

Experiments on the magnetic damping of an inductively stirred liquid metal flow

This work is concerned with the stabilisation of both bulk liquid metal flow and free surface shape in inductively heated melts. Static magnetic fields in different orientation were used to damp the fluctuations generated by the alternating magnetic field of an induction heater. This superposition of a driving alternating with a braking static magnetic field was investigated experimentally in a low temperature isothermal model utilising a rectangular fluid volume in an induction-furnace-like setup fed by a current of intermediate frequency. Local velocity measurements in the liquid metal showed different damping characteristics for static fields aligned either normal or parallel to the melt surface.     

强磁场影响下镓液滴撞击固壁的实验研究

在材料的电磁冶金过程及磁约束核聚变装置中, 金属液滴在磁场和壁面温度影响下的撞击过程表现出复杂的动力学特性. 本文对水平磁场作用下液态镓(Ga)液滴撞击等温和过冷壁面的铺展和回弹特性进行了实验研究. 采用高速相机拍摄液滴撞击过程中轮廓的变化, 通过图像处理获得不同磁场强度、不同撞击速度和不同底板温度下的最大铺展因子、回弹过程中的最大高度以及产生的二次液滴的半径和速度. 碰撞速度由0.45 ~ 1.8 m/s, 磁场强度从0 ~ 1.6 T, 底板温度为30 °C, ?20 °C和?10 °C. 基于实验结果分析了磁场和壁面温度对液滴铺展和回弹的影响规律. 实验结果表明, 液滴撞击等温壁面和过冷壁面的最大铺展因子随We的变化均与理论预测关系式一致. 液滴撞击等温壁面的情况下, 不同的We下, 出现不同的回弹现象. 磁场抑制了平行于磁场方向的液滴铺展和回弹过程中二次液滴的产生, 而对回弹过程中的液滴在平行磁场方向上有拉伸作用. 液滴撞击过冷壁面时, 在一定的We值范围内, 同样会出现二次液滴分离现象, 此时产生的二次液滴的速度较小. 磁场的增强和We的增大都会导致液滴在高度方向的振荡减弱, 加速凝固过程.      

Soot formation in a steady, nonpremixed, recirculating flame

An inverted step burner has been designed in which a steady ethylene, recirculating flame is established. The burner was housed within a vertical wind tunnel. Laser extinction was used to determine the soot volume fraction in the recirculation zone. Temperatures were determined by a thermocouple. One-dimensional laser-Doppler velocity (LDV) measurements were obtained with a frequency shift system to measure the flow field in the recirculating flame. All the measurements were obtained for a fixed ethylene flow rate; a low and a high velocity in the approach flow were investigated.

Variation in air velocity changed the structure of the flame. At low flow conditions, the soot loading has two distinct peaks at the lower and upper edge of the flame. At the higher air velocity, the upper part of the flame has a much lower relative soot loading as a result of the shorter residence time. The location of the peak values of the soot also changed with the residence time. The peak temperature was of the order of 1600°C. The soot loading was low in the regions of high temperature and relatively high in regions of low temperatures, reflecting the important role of thermal radiation in these luminous flames. The LDV measurements were used to reveal the nature of the flow field. The local soot loading in the flame increased as the approach flow velocity increased; this result suggests the possibility that soot may continue to grow when it is recirculated to regions of growth in a flame.     

Techniques of PIV in stratified two-phase headers

The stratification of two fluid phases, namely gas and liquid, within flow distribution devices, such as headers, that have side or bottom oriented fluid pipe connections, or discharges, has shown relevance to loss-of-coolant accidents in nuclear power plants. Under critical conditions the gas phase could entrain into the predominantly liquid discharge flow causing the fluid quality to be dramatically affected. This condition is referred to as the onset of gas entrainment (OGE) phenomenon and it occurs at a specific critical liquid height which changes with the Froude number. The liquid velocity field at the OGE is of importance, for example, to theorists who may find a semi-empirical approach to model this phenomenon. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is an excellent candidate for non-intrusively investigating the velocity field. The liquid-phase velocity field was investigated for three discharge Froude numbers at the OGE. It was found that the stereoscopic PIV could be used to extract the velocity field experimentally, yet a high degree of error was found in the region closest to the discharge. The relative error was determined through conservation of mass by comparing the flow rate obtained with the PIV data to that obtained using a flow meter. In summary it was found that the number of image planes used, the resolution of the image planes, and consequently the number of vectors used to calculate the flow rate, all contributed a great deal to the relative error.     

用自制仪器精确测定变温液体的粘滞系数

介绍了用恒流法自制仪器精确测定液体的粘滞系数.该自制仪器,能有效地保证底部的密封性、液体水位恒定和可操作性,还增设一个玻璃管连通器,附加一根标尺和游标使液体水位的测量精确度提高.并在接毛细管输出液体的量筒处加上光电计使测量液体流速的精确度提高,采用该仪器测定了水和乙醇两种液体在变温条件下的粘滞系数,经实验比对,所测得结果与理论值能较好地吻合.同时设计了可调换不同管径的毛细管,能快速准确地测量多种变温液体的粘滞系数.