粗骨料颗粒形态和体积分数对混凝土单轴压缩性能的影响研究

为了研究粗骨料形状与体积分数对混凝土单轴压缩性能的影响,运用离散元软件PFC3D中的刚性簇技术建立C30卵石粗骨料混凝土试件模型,通过将卵石混凝土单轴压缩数值模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与已有文献中卵石混凝土试验所得到的应力-应变曲线对比,标定出卵石混凝土中水泥砂浆间的细观参数、水泥砂浆与粗骨料薄弱接触面的细观参数。将标定出的细观参数运用到单一形状粗骨料混凝土中进行单轴压缩数值模拟研究。结果表明:在相同细观参数的情况下,椭球形骨料混凝土试件模型的应力-应变峰值大于扁球形骨料混凝土试件模型的应力-应变峰值,相较于扁球形骨料而言,椭球形骨料更接近成为混凝土的最佳粗骨料。在此基础上分析椭球形粗骨料体积分数对混凝土单轴抗压强度的影响,当椭球形粗骨料体积分数为57%时,混凝土抗压强度最高,且在第二阶段点时接触力最大值最大、裂纹数目最多,从而得出椭球形粗骨料在体积分数为57%时最佳。研究成果可为混凝土配合比设计提供理论支撑。     

三维椭球形缺陷启裂载荷随倾角和压缩度变化的规律

本文基于扩展有限元法模拟不同尺寸和倾角三维椭球形缺陷的启裂行为,随后引入压缩度描述缺陷扁平程度,最后讨论缺陷倾角和压缩度对其启裂载荷的影响。结果表明：当缺陷形状呈扁椭球形时,随倾角(缺陷倾向与力方向的夹角)增加,启裂载荷先减小后增加。当缺陷形状呈近球形时,启裂载荷随倾角增加变化轻微。当缺陷倾角为0°时,其启裂载荷随压缩度增加先减小后增加。当倾角为15°,30°,45°,60°和75°时,启裂载荷随压缩度增加而减小。     

刚性椭球对固定面的三维摩擦碰撞

讨论刚性椭球对固定面的三维摩擦碰撞．以法向冲量为自变量，建立碰撞过程中接触点切向速度的微分方程．利用相平面的奇点理论对碰撞过程中切向滑动的全局性态作定性分析，并导出切向滑动的解析积分．     

内压载荷作用下薄膜椭球的稳定性分析

超弹性橄榄状和南瓜状薄膜椭球在内压载荷作用下存在不同的分岔形式.对橄榄状薄膜椭球来说,细长比大于某一临界值时,在一定内压作用下会发生梨形分岔;小于该临界值时,薄膜椭球的分岔行为与圆管的局部起鼓现象相类似.对南瓜状薄膜椭球,无论圆扁,当内压达到某载荷值时都会发生梨形分岔.本文采用能量判据,分析了在压强控制和质量控制两种加载方式作用下,不同形状的薄膜椭球的均匀解及分岔解的稳定性.通过计算要考察的平衡状态及施加小扰动之后状态的能量差来判断当前状态是否稳定,结果表明,在压强控制下,P-V曲线下降段的均匀解和分岔解均为不稳定解.但在质量控制下,在P-V曲线下降段中只有均匀解出现时,均匀解为稳定解;而在均匀解和分岔解共存的区间内,均匀解为不稳定解,分岔解为稳定解.另外,P-V曲线两个上升段的均匀解则均为稳定解.     

整体壁板挤压模应力分析和提高强度的措施

 铝型材整体壁板断面宽高比大(50~100以上)、形状复杂、精度 高、壁薄以及外形轮廓与长度尺寸大等特点决定了其在大型挤压机上 采用扁挤压筒进行挤压的生产方式. 扁挤压筒的设计与制造是大型铝 合金型材挤压最为重要的关键技术，因此对其进行应力分析十分必要. 利用ANSYS有限元方法比较分析了扁挤压筒和圆挤压筒的受力特点，还 提出了提高扁挤压筒强度的具体措施.     

旋涡与水面相互作用研究

采用Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的有限差分数值解来研究水下生成的旋涡在浮升过程中与水面的相互作用，旋涡的初始模型为Ｏｓｅｅｎ涡。数值模拟给出了在旋涡与水面相互作用过程中，水面形状和涡量场的演化，还讨论了Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数、Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数和Ｗｅｂｅｒ数对水面变形的影响。     

高气液比垂直管流连续携液实验

在可视化管流实验架上, 采用压缩空气和雾化液体作为实验介质, 模拟连续携液过程并测试 实验参数; 采用高速摄像仪捕捉到气流中液滴实际形状------椭球体. 实验发现: 圆球体模型、 椭球体模型计算结果与实验值分别偏差10{\%}, 58.3{\%}. 分析椭球体受力状态并结合实验数据导出了新的椭球体数学模型, 按照新模型计算的结 果与7口产水气井生产情况一致.     

鲹科模式中前体对尾鳍推进影响的数值研究

自然界中鱼类尾鳍形状各种各样,但前体大部分都是扁平的椭圆形状.该文研究了不同形状的前体对尾鳍推进的影响.尾鳍统一采用月牙形状;前体采用了两种模型:A-鱼类扁平椭圆形状和B-潜艇水滴回转体形状.通过以Strouhal数为控制参数的FLUENT数值模拟,发现前体形状对于尾鳍的静止状态和运动状态有不同的作用,采用模型A的前体形状更有利于长时间巡游,故鱼类采用模型A这种前体形状是自然界优胜劣汰的进化必然选择.     

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自然界中鱼类尾鳍形状各种各样,但前体大部分都是扁平的椭圆形状. 该文研究了不同形状 的前体对尾鳍推进的影响. 尾鳍统一采用月牙形状; 前体采用了两种模型： A-鱼类扁平椭圆形状和B-潜艇水滴回转体形状. 通过以Strouhal数为控制参数的FLUENT数 值模拟,发现前体形状对于尾鳍的静止状态和运动状态有不同的作用,采用模型A的前体形 状更有利于长时间巡游,故鱼类采用模型A这种前体形状是自然界优胜劣汰的进化必然选择.     

扁挤压筒的等强度设计

本文仅就扁挤压筒的等强度设计计算方法及测试效果作简要介绍:(一)单层扁挤压筒的应力与变形分析单层扁挤压筒可看作是断面形状如图(1)所示的筒体,其断面外边界为一圆,内边界为两 ...     

Collision of water drop on water

A series of experiments are performed to study the collision of a water drop with various impact velocities, ranged from 0 to 600 cm/s, onto a water surface. Three kinds of phenomena have been recorded. Two of them named “penetration” and “cleavage”, were observed for low impact velocity (up to 100 cm/s). Their common characteristics are that no obvious disturbances on the surface were observed during the colliding process. Namely no splashing jets nor obvious crater were observed. By penetration we mean that a drop fallen into water becomes a ring, which penetrates the water smoothly with a velocity of several centimeters per second. During the penetrating process no obvious change of its configuration was observed. The falling height corresponding to penetration is proportional to volume of the original drop. Some periodicity of the falling heights (corresponding to penetration) was revealed. The phenomenon named “cleavage” occurs when the impact velocity is other than that corresponding to penetration, then the drop cleaves into an “inverted cauliflower” after falling below the surface of water. It almost does not decend. By diffusing and slowly expanding it vanishes in the vessel water several minutes after. These two kinds of phenomena, as we know, have not been reported before. As the impact velocity approaches or exceeds 100 cm/s, the third kind of phenomena, the splash, appears. The diameter and depth of the crater occuring in the case of splash, together with the time for the crater to reach its maximum size, and the time for the rebounding column to begin to rise are given as functions of the falling height of the drop.     

The optimal drop shape for vortices generated by drop impacts: the effect of surfactants on the drop surface

Subsurface vortices are frequently created when a falling drop strikes a flat water surface. Prior work has demonstrated that the shape of the drop at the point of impact is critical in determining how deep or how fast the resulting vortex will penetrate into the water bulk. In the present study, the details of this phenomena are explored by using surfactants to vary surface tension. Specifically, Triton X-100 monolayers are created on the surface of the drop, and on the flat water surface. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no single optimal drop shape resulting in best vortex penetration. Rather, the data suggest that the optimal shape depends on the surface tension of the falling drop. An attempt is made to reconcile contradictory results in the literature using this result.

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Hydrodynamics of contact of a falling drop with a liquid free surface

A fine structure of the flows developing during primary contact of freely falling drops with a deep quiescent fluid is studied using the macrophotography and high-speed video filming methods. Water drops falling in water, alcohol, and oil, as well as drops of oil, petroleum, and aqueous solutions of salt or alcohol falling in water are investigated. The work is focused on the visualization of the finespray scattering from the primary contact area. The collisions of small droplets with the surface of the submerging drop are first recorded. The direction of the spray and streamer scattering is determined by the surface tension coefficients of the coalescing liquids. The conditions under which the spray droplets collide with the drop surface are determined.     

The fate of soluble and insoluble surfactant monolayers subjected to drop impacts

Surfactant monolayers were formed on a water surface and subjected to water drops falling from a nozzle. Surface tension was measured during these experiments to determine the effect of the drop impacts on the surfactant monolayer. The purpose of this work was to determine whether monolayers can be altered by drop impacts without the formation of a splash. Accordingly, a small fall height was used to avoid drop splashes and concomitant surfactant loss by droplet ejection. The relevance of this work pertains to the fate of surfactant monolayers during rain events. Results are presented for a soluble and insoluble surfactant. The results show that the insoluble monolayer is virtually unaffected by the drops, indicating that the monolayer immediately reforms after the drop impact. The soluble monolayer shows significant changes in measured surface tension during droplet impact when the surfactant concentration is high.     

Shape and stability of a liquid drop moving at low Weber numbers

The equilibrium cross sectional shape and stability of a liquid drop moving in a gaseous medium is studied analytically. Such liquid drops appear as the final product in numerous industrial spraying and atomisation processes. Raindrops falling at their terminal speed can also be described by the present model. The equilibrium shape is formed by the interaction of two main factors; the dynamic pressure distribution in the gaseous medium which tends to deform the liquid drop into an oblate shape and the surface tension which tends to restore the spherical shape. The meridional shape of the liquid drop is obtained as a power series in the Weber number. The linear stability of the deformed shapes described above to small surface disturbances is studied. The stability analysis shows the effect of the surrounding gas flow on the natural frequencies of oscillation (vibration) of the liquid drop. The liquid drop is found to be stable in the region of low Weber numbers studied with a decrease in oscillation frequency proportional to the Weber number. This is in agreement with existing experimental data. Extrapolation of the results here lead to a Weber number of W=5.33 for breakup, again in agreement with experimental correlations.     

Hydrodynamics of a submerging drop: Lined structures on the crown surface

Macrophotography and high-speed videofilming are used to investigate the material transfer in a falling drop upon collision with the surface of a fluid at rest. In the experiments the drops of colored water, milk, mineral oil, and seed oil fell in pure or colored water. Emphasis was placed on recording the pattern of the drop material spreading over the surface of the receiving fluid. On the continuous surface of the primary cavity and the crown the drop material is concentrated in the form of thin fibers which form a regular streaky or netlike pattern in which triangular, quadrangular, and pentagonal cells are expressed. The cell rows are ordered in the form of layers on the lateral walls and the bottom of the cavity. The fiber dimensions and the degree of their expressiveness vary in the process of flow evolution. The upper row of structures on the crown surface is formed by vertical fibers.     

The mechanism of air bubble entrainment in self-aerated flow

The mechanism by which air bubbles are brought into a quick moving waterflow with free surface was studied. The processes taking place at the surface were visualized with a stroboscope. It shows, how the bubbles are generated by falling drops. The height of fall and the velocity with which a water drop must hit the surface in order to form an air bubble can be calculated by an energy balance. Measurements of diameter, height of fall and velocity of the drops as well as of the size of the bubbles coincide well with the obtained formulae. Results are valid for pure water and slightly dirty waste water. Such flows occur in steep smooth channels, spillways and strongly inclined partially filled conduits and pipelines.     

Dielectric liquid drop in a harmonic electric field

The problem of the shape of a liquid drop and flows inside and outside the drop in a harmonic electric field is theoretically considered using the small-parameter expansion method. Taking the second-order terms into account makes it possible to consider charge transport over the drop surface.     

Numerical simulations of large falling drops

The numerical simulation in a two‐phase medium of falling drops allows their velocities and shapes during the fall to be calculated. The terminal velocities and shapes for bromoform and chlorobenzene drops falling into water have been obtained. Although the method used calculates the flow inside and around the drop, it has not been possible to give results independent of the spatial discretization and the boundary effects. However, taking these influences into account, the numerical results agree with the experimental data given and the study consists of a good validation of the SURFER code used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.