The modelling of the influence of a corneal geometry on the pupil image of the human eye

In normal conditions, a pupil of the eye is observed through the optical system of the cornea. The cornea is the anterior surface of the eye and is the major refractive element of the human eye. The influence of the corneal shape should not be neglected in measurements of the pupil size. The purpose of this study was to estimate the influence of the corneal geometry, the diameter of the pupil and its position in the anterior chamber on the magnification and position of the image of the pupil. The numerical calculations presented in the paper assume infinitely thin cornea, and the corneal topography was approximated by the elongated ellipsoid. The ray tracing procedure was used in our numerical modelling. The magnification of the pupil image amounted to about 10% and increases with decrease of radius of curvature and eccentricity of the corneal profile and decreases for the largest pupil. The results show also that the pupil image is placed nearer the corneal apex than the real pupil. The image of the pupil is always blurred, which limits the sharp observation of the pupil.     

基于主观式测量人眼波前像差的眼模型研究

通过主观式光线追踪波前像差测量方法得到用Zernike系数描述的人眼波前像差;在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,引入用医用角膜地形图仪测量并用高次非球面函数拟合的实际人眼角膜形状数据,又引入角膜、前房及玻璃体厚度等个体化的眼结构参数;在光学建模软件Zemax中用所测Zernike系数建立评价函数,并对用Zernike矢高面描绘的晶状体表面进行优化.由此建立了个体化眼模型,并由此模型中可以计算得到与实际测量的波前像差值完全相同的各项Zernike系数值,从而可用于描述实际人眼的光学特性.     

Individual eye model based on wavefront aberration

Based on the widely used Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, the individual human eye model has been established here, which has individual corneal data, anterior chamber depth and the eyeball depth. Furthermore, the foremost thing is that the wavefront aberration calculated from the individual eye model is equal to the eye's wavefront aberration measured with the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor. There are four main steps to build the model. Firstly, the corneal topography instrument was used to measure the corneal surfaces and depth. And in order to input cornea into the optical model, high-order aspheric surface-Zernike Fringe Sag surface was chosen to fit the corneal surfaces. Secondly, the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor, which can offer the Zernike polynomials to describe the wavefront aberration, was built to measure the wavefront aberration of the eye. Thirdly, the eye's axial lengths among every part were measured with A-ultrasonic technology. Then the data were input into the optical design software–ZEMAX and the crystalline lens's shapes were optimized with the aberration as the merit function. The individual eye model, which has the same wavefront aberrations with the real eye, is established.     

The dependence of complex refractive index for four-level atom on radiation frequencies

The spectral analysis of refractive index for four-level configuration is done for dye molecules with a Gaussian form of coincident mirror-symmetric absorption and emission bands in both principal singlet?singlet and excited triplet?triplet channels. The optimum values of extinction coefficient in both channels are achieved at frequency tuning near the center of absorption band for each channel. The radiation frequencies in principal η₁₂ ? ±2 and in excited ?1 < η₃₄ < 1 channels are required to achieve the extreme values of refractive index in principal channel. The extreme values of refractive index in excited channel occur at frequencies ?1 < η₁₂ < 1 and η₃₄ ? ±1.4.     

Refractive indices of biaxial crystals evaluated from the refractive indices ellipsoid equation

The expressions of the refractive indices corresponding wave vector k(θ,) are given by using coordinate transformations for the refractive indices ellipsoid equation of biaxial crystals. The refractive index expression of the wave, whose velocity is slower, is given by

and that of the wave, whose velocity is faster, is given by

     

The use of defocussed position of a Ronchi grating for evaluating the refractive index of lens

This report describes a Ronchi-grating shearing interferometric collimation method for determining the refractive index of a lens. A new formula has been deduced for the refractive index of the lens, which is independent of lens parameters. This newly developed device has two lenses. One of them collimates the light from a point source while the other acts as a decollimator. The point source acting as a test target is situated in the front focal plane of the collimator. The test lens is placed inside a glass cell in the back focal plane of the collimator. The Ronchi grating is exactly placed in the back focal plane of the decollimator, and a fringe-free space is observed in the common region. When the test lens is immersed in a liquid cell, it disturbs the focal point and hence interference fringes are observed. The combined system consisting of the test lens and the decollimator is moved to bring the focal point on the Ronchi grating. Thus, the difference between the two settings gives the amount of defocusing.     

Construction of the refractive index profiles for few-mode planar optical waveguides

We present a nondestructive technique to predict the refractive index profiles of isotropic planar waveguides, on which a thin gold film is deposited to as the cladding. The negative dielectric constant of the metal results in significant differences of effective indices between TE and TM modes. The two polarized modes and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with abundant information of the surface index can be used to construct the refractive index profiles of single-mode and two-mode waveguides at a fixed wavelength.     

近地面层大气折射率结构常数的模式研究

 运用Bulk方法对东南沿海和合肥一水库附近的折射率结构常数进行了估算,为避免海边海盐对金属丝的污染,用高精度超声风速仪替代温度脉动仪测量折射率结构常数。模式主要输入的参数有气温、地表面温度、湿度、风速及测量点高度。结果表明：运用Bulk方法估算折射率结构常数是可行的,相似性函数分别采用Frederickson公式与Thiermann公式,差别不大;直接测量海面上折射率结构常数比较困难,通过输入海表面温度、海面上的粗糙度长度以及适合的相似性函数,可用于估算海面上的折射率结构常数。     

Investigation of material properties of thin copper films through finite element modelling of microindentation test

Technology processes of thin metal films deposition are entailed with changes in material’s microstructure. As a result, deposited films often are characterized with material properties, which are different from these of the original bulk material. Determination of these material characteristics is of big importance for practice. In the present work the material properties of thin bright copper film with known depth were investigated. The film was deposited electrochemically over substratum composed of metallurgic brass alloy (CuZn36). Based on the results from microindentation test the load-displacement curve is obtained after the indenter is unloaded and the imprint diameter is measured. Consequently the process of indentation was modelled numerically. The numerical simulation is based on the finite element model of the indentation process. As a result of the simulation the load-displacement curve was obtained numerically for a certain set of material parameters. The trial-error approach is applied to find most appropriate set which fit the experimental load-displacement curve. At the end results, which were obtained through numerical simulation give good coincidence with the experiment. Therefore the proposed method can be successfully applied for identification of material parameters of the accepted model. The proposed trial-error approach is appropriate for investigation of thin films with known thickness, deposited on a substrate with known material characteristics.     

Determination of the refractive index profile of polymer optical fiber preform by the transverse ray tracing method

In graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF), the refractive index profile is an important parameter in defining its bandwidth. However, direct determination of the refractive index profile of GI-POF is difficult due to its extreme thinness. In this study, the refractive index distribution of the GI-POF is indirectly determined by measuring the refractive index distribution of the GI-POF perform by applying the transverse ray tracing method to a simplified measurement system that we developed.In this system, a parallel tabular ray is irradiated transversely to a GI-POF preform. The transverse ray from the preform is then projected on a screen, and its digital image is processed to calculate the refractive index distribution. The calculation is based on a transverse ray simulation, a computer program that we developed in which the refractive index distribution of the preform is determined by comparing the displacement of the transverse ray projected on the screen with the actual measurement.The accuracy of this new measurement method is validated by comparing the refractive index distribution of a GI-POF preform with the refractive index distribution measured by the conventional method using an interferometer. We find that the refractive index distribution measured by this novel method agrees well with that measured by the conventional method.     

On the foundations of thermal radiation inside refractive media

In the effective geometry approach, the electromagnetic field experiences matter as a Gordon spacetime, which causes the appearing properties of light quanta to be modified. For problems involving time and space variations of the refractive index, we discuss and derive, in the geometrical optics limit, radiative transfer theory as a kinetic theory for photons in the Gordon spacetime.     

基于眼模型的折/衍混合眼底相机设计

本文应用二元衍射光学理论,设计了一个基于Gullstrand-Le Grand眼光学模型的折/衍混合免散瞳手持式数字眼底相机。该相机的视场角28°,摄影系统由五片透镜构成,其中包含一个二元面,在综合考虑人眼本身和外部系统的像差后,实现了全视场200万像素的高清晰成像。而且,具有较大调焦能力,对-10D至7D屈光度人眼普遍适用。结果显示,该系统成像分辨率高于120lp/mm,场曲值小于0.75mm,畸变仅为7.0%。同时,衍射光学元件的引入,有效地简化了系统,减小了重量和体积。     

Study of the structure and refractive parameters of diethylamine and triethylamine

The refractive index (n) and thermal coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dt) are measured at four wavelengths for the diethylamine and triethylamine. The measurements are carried out using the Bellingham+Stanley model 60/ED high-accuracy Abbe refractometer. The optical permittivity (ε) and its variation with temperature are calculated. Applying the Cauchy equation, the following refractive properties are obtained: the optical dispersion dn/dλ, the dielectric dispersion dε/dλ, the variation of -dn/dT, dε/dT, as a function of wavelength (λ), and Cauchy's constants against temperature. Additionally, molar refractivity versus temperature and wavelength are determined.     

Measuring the refractive index of crude oil using a capillary tube interferometer

A method for measuring the refractive index of low-transparent crude oils using a capillary tube interferometer is described. The method is based on analyzing the resulting transverse interference fringe patterns in terms of their positions with respect to the lens/capillary tube interferometer. The refractive indices of seven blended crude oils of low transparency were measured with accuracy of up to six decimal digits and were related to the API gravity of the oils. The ray tracing inside the capillary tube is explained and the transverse bell-shaped interference fringes are interpreted.     

Calculation of the absorption coefficients of optical materials by measuring the transmissivities and refractive indices

In this paper, a formula for accurate calculation of the absorption coefficient of optical material is deduced by the relationship of its transmissivity, refractive index and absorption coefficient. Because the values of transmissivity and refractive index of the optical material with a higher accuracy can be determined by the instruments or obtained directly from the references, the calculated results of the absorption coefficients with a higher accuracy is certified. The absorption coefficients of some optical materials are calculated with it, and the results are discussed.     

Determination of the refractive index of fibres using the modified area method: I. Homogeneous fibres

The mathematical formulae for determining the mean refractive indices and birefringence of homogeneous fibres are modified. This modification depends on calculating the area under the fringe shift and cross-sectional area of homogeneous fibres having nearly circular cross-sectional area taking the refraction of the incident light beam by the fibre into consideration. The mathematical analysis for two-beam and multiple-beam interferometric techniques is dealt with. These formulae are applied to polypropylene fibres with draw ratios of 3.5 and 4 using the two techniques. A comparison between the results when using the new formulae and when neglecting the refraction has been studied. The diffraction of a He–Ne laser beam is used for determining the shape of the cross-sectional area of these fibres. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.     

圆屋附近大气折射率结构常数的空间分布

 通过两点温度脉动法,测量了孤立建筑物圆屋附近不同位置的折射率结构常数,对比分析了气象塔8.0,6.0 m高度处的折射率结构常数。结果表明：圆屋附近8.2,8.5,9.0 m高度处的折射率结构常数要比非圆屋附近同高度的结果大;距离圆屋等距离垂直方向的折射率结构常数大于水平方向的测量结果;因此将圆屋附近认为是近地面的假设不成立;圆屋附近温度谱幂率基本符合“－5/3”定律。     

基于眼模型的折/衍混合眼底相机设计

应用二元衍射光学理论,设计了一个基于Gullstrand-LeGrand眼光学模型的折／衍混合免散瞳手持式数字眼底相机．该相机的视场角28&#176;,摄影系统由五片透镜构成,其中包含一个二元面．在综合考虑人眼本身和外部系统的像差后,实现了全视场200万像素的高清晰成像,具有较大调焦能力,对-10D至7D屈光度人眼普遍适用．结果显示,该系统成像分辨率高于120lp／mm,场曲值小于0．75mm,畸变仅为7．0％,色差小于3．5μm．衍射光学元件的引入,有效地简化了系统,减小了重量和体积．     

The refractive index enhancement at Eg in narrow-gap semiconductors: comparison between the interband absorption edge and the oscillator model

A comparison is made between the refractive index enhancement near the M₀-type absorption edge in direct narrow-gap semiconductors and the dispersive structure of a Lorentz oscillator. Phenomenologically, both absorptive structures can be described by three parameters, and the analogy between both models concerning n(E) is discussed. Examples for the predicted dependencies are given. With increasing energy gap the n(E) enhancement becomes related to discrete excitonic bands rather than to free-to-free transitions, thereby undergoing a spectral shift from energies above gap to energies below gap.