Reactivity of H. formed in the radiolysis of benzyl alcohol containing tetracycline hydrochloride at 77 K

The radiolysis of tetracycline hydrochloride dissolved in benzyl alcohol has been studied at 77 K by ESR. The H^. and e^– which are formed in the radiolysis of benzyl alcohol at 77 K migrate over a distance corresponding to about 95 and 995 molecules of solvent, respectively, before they are captured by the tetracycline hydrochloride solute. This distance corresponding to H^. is smaller than the distance that it migrates in a neopentane matrix. The migration of H^. in neopentane matrix is more favoured than in benzyl alcohol matrix. When the mole ratio between solute and solvent is 110000, the reactivity of H^. observed by ESR is the following: a) 20% of H^. reacts preferentially with solute because E_H(sin )² < (E_mp)_solvent; b) 80% of H^. reacts exclusively with the solvent in the firsst collision because E_H(sin )² > (E_mp)_solvent. The crystal structure of benzyl alcohol presents inherent factors which do not favour the migration of H^. at 77 K.From a thesis submitted by S. M. L. Guedes to the University of São Paulo in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Science Degree in Nuclear Technology.     

The reactivity of the electron formed in the radiolysis of aerated alkaline aqueous solutions containing tetracycline hydrochloride,at 77 K

The present study deals with the radiolysis of tetracycline hydrochloride dissolved in aerated alkaline aqueous solutions containing 0.1, 0.5 and 1M NaOH, at 77 K, as followed by ESR. The rate constants for the reactions between the electron and physical and chemical traps which are present in these solutions are calculated. These values are k_ph= =9.6·10¹⁵ l·mol^–1·s^–1 and k_ch=1.3·10¹⁰ l·mol^–1·s^–1. The reactivity of electrons that are formed in the radiolysis of water decreases in the following proportions: physical traps: chemical traps: molecules of water: 4.8·10¹⁴: 6.5·10⁸: 1.0. The electrons react preferentially with the solute instead of the solvent.From a thesis submitted by S.M.L.Guedes to the University of São Paulo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Science Degree in Nuclear Technology.     

Cobalt(III) α-Dimethylglyoximates [Co(DH)2(Py)2]2SiF6 · 10H2O and [Co(DH)2(Thio)2]2SiF6 · 2H2O · C2H5OH: Synthesis and Structure

[Co(DH)₂(Py)₂]₂SiF₆ · 10H₂O and [Co(DH)₂(Thio)₂]₂SiF₆ · 2H₂O · C₂H₅OH complexes are synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Two radicals of -glyoxime linked by hydrogen O–H···O bonds lie in the equatorial plane of the octahedral Co(III) complexes. Intramolecular (– and N–H···O) and intermolecular (O–H···F, O–H···O, N–H···F, N–H···O, N–H···S) interactions are discovered in the crystal. The influence of nonvalence interactions on the structures is discussed.     

Specifics of Interaction of Acetone Molecules with Quasi-free Electrons: Analysis of Positron Annihilation Characteristics in Aqueous and Alcoholic Acetone Solutions

The yields of formation of radiolytic hydrogen (H₂) and orthopositronium (o-Ps) in aqueous and alcoholic acetone solutions were experimentally determined. A decrease in the o-Ps yield with an increase in the acetone concentration is much weaker than the decline in the yield of solvated electrons (e^– _s) under picosecond pulse radiolysis conditions. In contrast, the decrease in the o-Ps yield is minimal in higher alcohols where the inhibiting action of acetone e^– _s is most pronounced. These findings seem to contradict the conventional concepts of Ps formation via the intratrack reaction of positron recombination with a track electron (e^–), which competes with the reaction of e^– scavenging by dissolved acetone molecules. This contradiction can be eliminated, assuming that the scavenging of e^– by acetone begins from the formation of the weakly bound transient state (CH₃)₂CO···e^– capable of donating e^– to a positron. This opens up an additional pathway for the formation of the Ps atom.     

Pulse radiolysis investigations on the reactions of primary radiolytic species of water with atropine

On pulse radiolysis of N₂O saturated aqueous solutions of atropine, an optical absorption band (_max at 320 nm,e=2.81·10³ dm³·mol^–1·cm^–1) was observed, which is assigned to the product of reaction of OH radicals with the solute. This absorption decayed following second order kinetics with a rate constant of 4.5·10⁸ dm³·mol^–1·s^–1. The rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with atropine as estimated by following the build-up kinetics is 2.7·10⁹ dm³·mol^–1·s^–1. The H atoms also reacted with this compound to produce a transient absorption band behaving similarly to the one observed in the case of reaction with OH radicals. The transient species formed in both cases is assigned to a radical derived by H atom abstraction by H/OH radicals from the parent compound. This radical was unreactive towards 2-mercaptoethanol. e _aq ^– was found to react with atropine forming a transient band with _max at 310 nm (=3.55·10³ dm³·mol^–1). Its decay was also second order with a rate constant of 1.64·10⁹ dm³·mol^–1·s^–1. The bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of e _aq ^– with atropine as estimated from the decay of e _aq ^– absorption at 720 nm is 3.9·10⁹ dm³·mol^–1·s^–1. Specific one-electron oxidizing and reducing agents (such as Cl ₂ ^– , Tl²⁺, SO ₄ ^– and (CH₃)₂COH, CO ₂ ^– , respectively) failed to oxidize or reduce this compound in aqoues solutions. The radical anion of atropine formed by its reaction with e _aq ^– was found to reduce thionine and methyl viologen with bimolecular rate constant of 3.8·10⁹ and 3.2·10⁹ dm³·mol^–1·s^–1, respectively.     

Interaction of Phosphorus Iminoilides with Metal Acetates. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Cu[(2-O–)(5-NO2)C6H3N–CH=CH–+PPh3]2 · 2CHCl3

The structure of the Cu[(2-O^–)(5-NO₂)C₆H₃N–CH=CH–⁺PPh₃]₂ complex with the CuN₂O₂ coordination core of distorted square-planar geometry was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecules in the crystal structure of the Cu[(2-O^–)(5-NO₂)C₆H₃N–CH=CH–⁺PPh₃]₂ · 2CHCl₃ solvate are bound via hydrogen bonds of two types, namely, C(sp ²)–H···O and C(sp ³)–H···O.     

Radiational centers in barium hydroxide and its crystal hydrates

The formation and stabilization of hole and electron centers at 77 K in -irradiated polycrystalline samples of Ba(OH)₂·H₂O, where x=7.4, 1, and O are studied. Several types of O^– radical ions with different short-range order, electronic centers of the F_A-center type, and hydrogen atoms are shown to be stabilized upon radiolysis of barium hydroxide crystal hydrates. The radiation-chemical yields of 0 radical ions increase and the yields of F_A-centers decrease with increasing content of water of crystallization. Narrow singlets with g=2.019 and H_1/2=0.45 mT in the EPR spectrum of all samples appear with small radiation doses. These are thermally unstable (_1/2=60 sec at 77 K). The annealing curves are linear in semilogarithmic coordinates. They are suggested to belong to clusters of the type Ba _n ^2n-x . A possible mechanism of radiolysis of barium hydroxide crystal hydrates is proposed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2176–2182, October, 1989.     

Transfer Reactions of Rydberg (Quasi-Rydberg Molecular) Electrons in Condensed Media: IV. Large Proton Displacements upon Phosphorescence Quenching via Highly Excited Triplet States T* of Substituted Aromatic Solute Molecules in Solutions at 77 K

Intramolecular phosphorescence quenching via states T* in aromatic solute molecules containing N–H (diphenylamine (DPA) or carbazole), O–H (naphthol), etc. bonds was observed in methylcyclohexane at 77 K. The quantum yield of quenching measured for DPA increases with increasing the energy of the T* state. As in the case of external electron acceptors, the quenching and photodissociation are associated with the capture of excited * electrons onto polarized bonds N–H⁺, O–H⁺and with the formation of triplet complexes (for example, Ph₂N···H*, where H* is the excited hydrogen atom). The complexes can be deactivated via configurations with large proton displacement distances (Ph₂N^–···H⁺).     

Gamma radiolysis of Methyl Red solution and reaction induced by γ-irradiated NaCl in Methyl Red

The -radiolysis of Methyl Red solution in HCl medium at pH=2 has been studied along with energy transfer reaction brought about byF and hole centers of -irradiated NaCl. The G-values for degradation of the azo dye indicator by radiolysis and -irradiated salt were determined as 9·10^–1 and 4.8·10^–3, respectively. The kinetic rate constants (k) of degradation are evaluated as 2·10^–5 rad^–1 in the case of direct radiolysis, while for the irradiated salt it is 2·10^–7 rad^–1. The extent of degradation by direct -radiolysis is 100–200 times greater as compared to that by the -irradiated salt. The same mechanism is proposed for radiolysis as well as the reaction induced by -irradiated sodium chloride.     

Paramagnetic Centers in Irradiated Potassium Picrate

The formation of paramagnetic centers in potassium picrate in a radiation field was found using EPR spectroscopy. Stable paramagnetic centers were identified as 2,6-dinitro-para-quinone, iminoxyl, and ^– radicals. The kinetics of buildup of stable paramagnetic centers was studied over a wide dose range (0.14–5 MGy), and the temperature stability was studied at 77–550 K. It was found that the decay of paramagnetic centers in the temperature range 373–523 K obeyed the laws of polychronous kinetics. A reaction scheme for the radiation-thermal decomposition of sodium picrate with the participation of radical radiolysis products was proposed.     

Photosensitivity of paramagnetic centers in radiolyzed solid hydrogen cyanide

The photolysis of solid hydrogen cyanide and the effects of UV light on⁶⁰Co--irradiated HCN at 77 K were studied using an ESR technique. As in the case of radiolysis, the HZ₂C=N radical formed due to sticking of the H atom to the triple bond of the HCN molecule is the main radical product of low-temperature HCN photolysis. The C=N^– radicals are accumulated at 77 K in insignificant amounts (3 %). It was established that radical and ionic products stabilized in y-irradiated HCN possess photochromism and under the action of UV light enter photochemical reactions leading to their decomposition. Upon photobleaching, the concentration of H₂C=N^– radicals first increases two- to threefold because of the decomposition of H₂C=N^– ions and then decreases. The presence of radicals and ions formed upon the low-temperature radiolysis of HCN broadens the optical absorption band of the system, and the boundary of the action spectrum shifts from 280 nm (for nonirradiated HCN) to the visible region at 400–440 nm.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 859–863, April, 1996.     

A study by pulse radiolysis of the radiation-chemical transformation of aqueous solutions of hydrazine in the presence of oxygen

It is shown by pulse radiolysis that in aqueous solutions of hydrazine containing oxygen the radical N₂H₃ reduces oxygen to O₂ ^– at pH > 7 (k 3·10⁹ dm³· mole^–1·sec^–1), while this reaction does not occur for the protonated form N₂H₄ ⁺ at pH < 7 (k, 5·10⁶ dm³·mole^–1·sec^–1). The rate constants for the disappearance of O₂ ^– have been determined in the pH range from 4 to 12. Rate constants have been calculated for the reaction of O^– with N₂H₄ [k=(1.6 ±0.2)·10⁹ dm³·mole^–1·sec^–1] and of O₃with N₂H₄ [k=(1.2 ±0.2)·10⁶ dm³· mole^–1·sec^–1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 341–345, February, 1991.     

Multinuclear macromolecule metal complexes 2. Preparation and characterization of Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to pofy(vinylamine hydrochloride)

Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to poly(vinylamine hydrochloride) (PVAm · HCl) containing Fe^II or Fe^III and M²⁺ (M=Fe, Co, Cu) in a 11 molar ratio were obtained by the reaction of [Fe(CN)₆] ^n– (n=3,4) with M²⁺ ion-PVAm · HCl mixture in aqueous solution. Under a limited polymer concentration (T_VAm/T_Fe over 10), these polymer complexes thus obtained were stable and soluble in water. By casting these solutions, colored films can be produced. The formation of Prussian blue and its analogs bonded to PVAm · HCl was also investigated by the Benesi-Hildebrand method. The molar extinction coefficients of intervalence charge transfer (Fe^IIFe^III, Co^IIFe^III, Fe^IICu^II) band for MFe(CN)₆]^(n–2)– bound to PVAm · HCl (M=Fe, Co, Cu) were found to be 10,100–9601 · mol^–1 · cm^–1 at 25 C. The formation constants were found to be in the range of 10⁷ to 10¹⁰ M^–1. The changes of enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) were found to be in the range of –10.4 to –22.5 kJ · mol^–1 and 5.7 to 52.9 J · K^–1 mol^–1 respectively, at 25C.     

Concerning the Photodiastereomerization and Protic Equilibria of Urocanic Acid and its Complex with Human Serum Albumin

Summary. Photodiastereomerization of urocanic acid and its human serum albumin complex (its binding constant was estimated to amount 4.1·10^–4dm³·mol^–1) was investigated. It was found that although the photodiastereomerization rates were similar, the photoequilibrium positions differed significantly ((E):(Z)=33:77 for free urocanic acid, and 50:50 for the complex). This is thought to be due to a different stabilization of the corresponding orthogonal excited states. The thermal barrier of diastereomerization was estimated to amount to more than 250kJ·mol^–1 making it a very unlikely process under physiological and photodiastereomerization conditions. The various prototropic species of the two diastereomers at various pH values were analyzed by means of a mathematical model and from these results a novel photoinduced pH-jump methodology allowing for fast, persistent, diffusion controlled, and bidirectional jumps is proposed.     

Pulse radiolysis of Triton X-100 aqueous solution

Pulse radiolysis of deaerated aqueous solutions of 4·10^–5–2.4·10^–3 mol dm^–3 Triton X-100 gives rise to a transient species originating from the reactions of OH radicals and H atoms. The rate constants of these reactions were found to be 8.8·10⁹ mol^–1·dm³·s^–1 and 1.25·10⁹ mol^–1·dm³·s^–1, respectively, for Triton X-100 concentrations below CMC. The corresponding transient species were found to decay according to second order kinetics. The mechanism of the reactions involved including concentration effects is discussed.     

Electronic and ESR spectroscopic study of thiocyanate-containing coordination compounds of titanium(III) in alcohol solutions

In an investigation of electronic and ESR spectra, it has been established that titanium(III) with the thiocyanate ion (in ethanol) forms distorted tetrahedral and octahedral complexes. The tetrahedral compounds, which are hydroxo complexes of titanium(III) that contain one hydroxyl group and three thiocyanate ions in the coordination sphere, give signals in the ESR spectra with g_o=1.960, A_o=15.0·10^–4 cm^–1 g=1.958, A ^Ti =26.4·10^–4cm^–1, g= 1.691, A^Ti=9.0·10^–4 cm^–1. In the ESR spectra of liquid solutions, additional splitting on the nitrogen atoms is manifested(A _o ^N =2.2·10^–4 cm^–1), which indicates bonding of thiocyanate ions through the nitrogen atom. The pseudo-octahedral complexes of titanium(III), containing from two to six thiocyanate ions in the coordination sphere, are characterized by d-d absorption bands in the 520–590 nm region; and at 77°K, they give anisotropic ESR signals. On the basis of the temperature dependences of the equilibrium constants for the reaction of conversion of the tetrahedral complexes to the octahedral complexes, and also the lifetimes of the tetrahedral complexes, values have been estimated for the heat of reaction (H=26.8 kJ/mole) and the entropy change (S=–1.66 kJ/mole·°K) of the equilibrium process, and also the activation energy for the reaction of titanium(III) thiocyanate formation (E=37 kJ/mole).Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 560–567, September–October, 1985.     

Extraction-spectrophotometric determination of amprolium hydrochloride using bromocresol green, bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue

A new procedure for the determination of amprolium hydrochloride by reaction with bromocresol green (BCG), bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) has been developed. The method consists of extracting the yellow ion-pair formed into chloroform from aqueous medium. The ion-pairs have absorption maxima at 420, 410 and 415 nm with molar absorptivities of 3.64 × 10⁴, 3.12 × 10⁴ and 2.31 × 10⁴1 mol^–1 cm^–1 for BCG, BPB and BTB, respectively. The method obeys Beer's law over the concentration ranges 0.6–12.0, 0.12–8.8 and 1.2–11.3 ag/ml amprolium hydrochloride for BCG, BPB and BTB, respectively. The method is simple, precise (relative standard deviation 0.665–2.210%), accurate (recovery 97.8–100.8%) and easily applied for pharmaceutical quality assurance for amprolium hydrochloride in raw materials and in formulated veterinary soluble powder.     

The kinetics of the oxidation-reduction reaction between uranium(VI) and titanium(III) in HCl solution

The oxidation-reduction reaction between U(VI) and Ti(III) in HCl solution was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction is second-order at all concentrations of reactants, HCl, ferrous chloride and mannitol used in this work. In 5M HCl the rate constantk increases with increasing Ti(III) concentration, whereas it decreases with increasing U(VI) concentration, with increasing HCl concentration from 1.00M to 7.17M and increases thereafter from 7.17M to 11.79M. The addition of mannitol causes a consistent decrease in the rate of reaction, whereas ferrous chloride has no effect. The activation energy for this oxidation-reduction reaction was 47.90±0.11 kJ·mol^–1. The values of H , G and S were 45.40±0.11 kJ·mol^–1, 72.50±0.17 kJ·mol^–1 and –91.10±0.22J·k^–1·mol^–1, respectively. The mode of reaction is discussed in the light of kinetic results.     

Experimental and theoretical considerations on the calibration factor K between α-activity concentration and track density for application in radon dosimetry

This paper describes a new version of the measurement of the calibration factor, K, between radon activity concentration and track density. The use of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) is one of the most convenient techniques to assess the radiation level of -activities in the environment. Exposed plastic films are chemically and electrochemically etched in an alkali solution and the -tracks are evaluated under an optical microscope. The detailed procedure for this study and the caliabration of the etched films for conversion of track density to radon exposure in (Bq·m^–3) are given in this paper. It was found the experimental and theoretical values of K were 1.37 and 1.27 (track·cm^–2·kBq^–1·h^–1·m³), respectively, for plastic detectors CR-39.     

Structural aspects of the radiation modification of the dielectric properties of polyolefins

The effects of crystallization conditions and supermolecular structure on the processes of radical formation and changes in the dielectric (tan; ) and strength (E _st) properties of LDPE, HDPE, and PP under exposure to -radiation were studied. It was found that polyolefin specimens with a high crystallinity exhibited an enhanced electric strength, radiation stability, and a high yield of quasi-stable radicals at 293 K. It was assumed that a possible mechanism of the electric strengthening of PE and PP by their radiation modification (at radiation doses of 30–50 and to 5–6 Mrad, respectively) consists in a reaction of the type R^· + e^– R^–, the capture of trapped electrons by quasi-stable radicals.__________Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 176–182.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Magerramov, Dashdamirov.