α,α-二乙酰基二硫缩烯酮与α,β-不饱和酮的加成反应研究

α,α-diacetyl ketene thioacetals had been investigated as odorless thiol equivalents in thia-Michael addition reaction.Under solvent-free conditions,a series of reactions between α,α-diacetyl ketene thioacetals and α,β-unsaturated ketones were carried out promoting by concentrated hydrochloric acid.The corresponding thia-Michael adducts in high yields were obtained.Furthermore,a mechanism for this thia-Michael addition reaction was proposed preliminary.     

无溶剂Michael加成反应的新进展

无溶剂参与的Michael加成反应,具有收率高,选择性强,操作简捷和成本低廉的优点,尤其有利于对环境的保护.在无溶剂条件下,各种高效的碱性、酸性催化剂,特别是手性催化剂的使用,不仅实现了有机合成化学方法学的新突破,也拓宽了该类反应的应用范围.简要综述了无溶剂Michael加成反应的新近研究进展,详细讨论了碱性、酸性等催化剂以及无任何催化剂参与的此类反应.     

Chiral ligand-controlled catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with peroxide

Asymmetric epoxidation reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with alkylperoxide was catalyzed by an external chiral tridentate aminodiether-lithium peroxide giving epoxides with good enantiomeric excess. Slow addition of alkylhydroperoxide was beneficial for a catalytic asymmetric reaction. Lone pair electron-differentiating coordination of a carbonyl oxygen to lithium is another critical factor for high enantioselectivity.     

取代四氢咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶酮类化合物的合成

在三乙胺催化下,α-肉桂酰基烯酮二苄硫缩醛与乙二胺反应形成α-羰基-N,N-缩烯酮类化合物,其进一步发生分子内迈克尔加成反应,以中等产率合成了3个新型的取代四氢咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶酮类化合物,其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.对反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

Nucleophilic addition to nitroacrylates: application towards the synthesis of 2,3-dehydroamino acids and 2,3-diamino acids

The addition of the N-pronucleophiles to 2- or 3-nitro-2-alkenoates in the presence of base provided Michael addition products. In the case of 3-nitro compounds, reaction occurred via the formation of α-adducts and the subsequent elimination of nitrous acid to produce olefins with high Z stereoselectivity. 3-Phthalimido-2-nitrocinnamate adduct 8a was converted into 2,3-diamino ester 11a.     

A computational foray into the mechanism and catalysis of the adduct formation reaction of guanine with crotonaldehyde

Crotonaldehyde, a common environmental pollutant and product of endogenous lipid peroxidation, reacts with guanine to form DNA adducts with pronounced genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Here, we explore the molecular mechanism of this adduct formation using double-hybrid density functional theory methods. The reaction can be envisaged to occur in a two-step fashion via an aza-Michael addition leading to an intermediate ring-open adduct followed by a cyclization reaction giving the mutagenic ring-closed adduct. We find that (i) a 1,2-type addition is favored over a 1,4-type addition for the aza-Michael addition, and (ii) an initial tautomerization of the guanine moiety in the resulting ring-open adduct significantly reduces the barrier toward cyclization compared to the direct cyclization of the ring-open adduct in its keto-form. Overall, the aza-Michael addition is found to be rate-determining. We further find that participation of a catalytic water molecule significantly reduces the energy barriers of both the addition and cyclization reaction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Theoretical study of the Michael addition of acetylacetone to methyl vinyl ketone catalyzed by the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydroxide

By performing density functional theory calculations, we have investigated the Michael addition of acetylacetone to methyl vinyl ketone in the absence and presence of the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydroxide ([bmIm]OH). In the absence of ionic liquids, acetylacetone is firstly tautomerized to enol form and then takes place Michael addition to methyl vinyl ketone. As in the catalyzed Michael addition reaction, a bmIm⁺‐OH^? ion pair is introduced into the reaction system to model the effect of the ionic liquid environment on the reactivity. The calculated results show that the anion enhances nucleophilic ability of acetylacetone since the OH^? anion captures a proton to form an acetylacetone anion‐H₂O complex, and the cation improves the electrophilic ability of methyl vinyl ketone by forming intermolecular hydrogen‐bonds. Both the remarkable effects of the cation and anion on the reactivity of reactants promote this reaction, which take place more easily compared with uncatalyzed reaction. The calculated results show that the main product of the Michael addition is in its ketone form. Our study provides a detailed reaction mechanism of Michael addition catalyzed by basic ionic liquid [bmIm]OH and clearly reveal the catalytic role of ionic liquid in important chemical reaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

N-取代烷氧基烷基苯骈三氮唑衍生物的合成

利用苯骈三氮唑、丙醛分别和甲醇、乙醇、丙醇－ １ 、丙醇－ ２ 、丁醇－ １ 、丁醇－ ２、２ － 甲基丙醇－ １ 、２ － 甲基丁醇－２ 反应合成了八种烷氧基烷基苯骈三氮唑,通过元素分析、ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ 对上述化合物的结构进行了测定,并讨论了这类加成反应的历程。     

A general organocatalytic enantioselective malonate addition to alpha,beta-unsaturated enones

A general enantioselective organocatalytic conjugate addition procedure of a variety of malonates to alpha,beta-unsaturated enone systems is presented. The reaction is efficiently catalysed by the pyrrolidinyl tetrazole catalyst 1. Cyclic, acyclic and aromatic enones can be used and the reaction with ethyl malonates 3 b provides the Michael addition products in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Since only 1.5 equivalents of malonate are used as a reagent, the reaction is readily scaled and practical to operate. Furthermore, the malonate addition products can be easily mono decarboxylated without loss in enantiomeric excess by enzymatic or sodium hydroxide mediated methods.     

Evans手性助剂控制的不对称Michael加成立体选择性研究(Ⅱ)

手性助剂控制的不对称反应是不对称合成的重要方法之一.以Evans手性助剂控制的Michael受体1为底物,在FeCl3催化下,通过不同格式试剂对其进行Michael加成,一步反应得到了一系列含两个手性中心的Michael加成产物2a～2h.获得了较高的立体选择性,其中化合物2d和2e得到了de值高达98%的非对映选择性.研究结果表明,亲核试剂的空间位阻是影响产物立体选择性的主要因素.     

Extraction of the contribution of kinetic profile for reaction of a chemical species in unknown matrices by standard addition method

A new and simple strategy is applied to resolve kinetic profile for the reaction of an analyte in unknown matrices, using standard addition method (SAM). The proposed method uses kinetic spectrophotometric data obtained by standard addition of analyte into unknown mixtures followed by the reaction of analyte with a proper reagent. The proposed method extracts kinetic profile for the reaction of an analyte by averaging the kinetic profiles obtained by subtraction of kinetic profiles after and before standard addition. The rate constant can be obtained using computational curve fitting. The performance of method was evaluated by using synthetic data as well as several experimental data sets. The proposed method can be applied to obtain kinetic profiles of the reactions in the presence of additive interference as well as multiplicative interferences. Hydroxylation reaction of diphenylcarbazide (DPCI) in the presence of diphenylcarbazone (DPCO) as a real system at various pHs was also studied by the present method. The rate constant and the order of the hydroxylation reaction were determined from extracted kinetic profiles.     

The retro Grignard addition reaction revisited: the reversible addition of benzyl reagents to ketones

The Grignard addition reaction is known to be a reversible process with allylic reagents, but so far the reversibility has not been demonstrated with other alkylmagnesium halides. By using crossover experiments it has been established that the benzyl addition reaction is also a reversible transformation. The retro benzyl reaction was shown by the addition of benzylmagnesium chloride to di-tert-butyl ketone followed by exchange of both the benzyl and the ketone moiety with another substrate. Similar experiments were performed with phenylmagnesium bromide and tert-butylmagnesium chloride, but in these two cases the Grignard addition reaction did not show any sign of a reverse transformation.     

Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Nitroalkanes and β,β‐Disubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes for the Construction of All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers

The asymmetric Michael reaction of nitroalkanes and β,β‐disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes was catalyzed by diphenylprolinol silyl ether to afford 1,4‐addition products with an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center with excellent enantioselectivity. The reaction is general for β‐substituents such as β‐aryl and β‐alkyl groups, and both nitromethane and nitroethane can be employed. The addition of nitroethane is considered a synthetic equivalent of the asymmetric Michael reaction of ethyl and acetyl substituents by means of radical denitration and Nef reaction, respectively. The short asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐ethosuximide with a quaternary carbon center was accomplished by using the present asymmetric Michael reaction as the key step. The reaction mechanism that involves the E/Z isomerization of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, the retro‐Michael reaction, and the different reactivity between nitromethane and nitroethane is discussed.     

Catalytic Direct‐Type Addition Reactions of Alkylarenes with Imines and Alkenes

Catalytic addition reactions of very weakly acidic nonactivated alkylarenes such as toluene and its derivatives were developed by using a strongly basic mixed catalyst system under mild reaction conditions. The addition reactions with imines and alkenes proceeded smoothly under proton‐transfer conditions to afford the desired products in good to high yields, and high levels of regio‐ and stereoselectivity were achieved. It was also revealed that the asymmetric addition reaction of an alkylarene was possible.     

冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与谷胱苷肽的迈克尔加成反应

采用紫外光谱动力学方法测定了抗肿瘤对映贝壳杉烯二萜冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应的级数、速率常数和平衡常数.结果表明,冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素与与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应符合二级动力学方程,25℃下的速率常数分别为16.196 0L·(mol·s)-1和7.480 5L·(mol·s)-1,平衡常数分别为177.98L/mol和85.60L/mol.冬凌草甲素与谷胱苷肽迈克尔加成反应速率和反应程度均比冬凌草乙素的大得多,反应活性更好.对映贝壳杉烯二萜通过与机体发生迈克尔加成反应而产生抗肿瘤作用;因此,冬凌草甲素可能比冬凌草乙素具有更好的抗肿瘤活性.     

有机催化不对称Michael加成反应

有机催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Michael加成反应是合成众多重要的手性合成子和药物中间体的有效手段. 目前报道的催化Michael加成反应的有机催化剂主要有脯氨酸及其衍生物、手性咪唑啉酮、手性(硫)脲、金鸡纳碱衍生物等. 对各类有机催化剂在有机催化不对称Michael加成反应中的应用, 以及不对称诱导反应的机理、催化剂分子结构及反应条件对其催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了评述.     

3-叔丁氧甲酰基氨基吡咯烷催化酮和硝基芳基乙烯的不对称Michael加成

用3-叔丁氧甲酰基氨基吡咯烷催化酮和硝基芳基乙烯的不对称Michael加成,并考察了反应物结构对加成的影响,得到了较高的收率和较好非对映选择性.     

Chiral amidophosphane-copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of dialkylzinc reagents to nitroalkenes

The copper-amidophosphane-catalyzed asymmetric addition reaction of dialkylzinc reagents with β-aryl and β-alkylnitroalkenes afforded the corresponding nitroalkanes with moderate to good enantioselectivities (54-80% ee). The performance was highly dependent on the reaction procedure where the addition of nitroalkene to the mixture of copper-amidophosphane and dialkylzinc gave higher ee than the addition of dialkylzinc to a mixture of copper-amidophosphane and nitroalkene.     

钯催化一氧化碳、四氯化碳和1-辛烯的加成反应

在吡啶的存在下和不同的醇溶剂中 ,一氧化碳、四氯化碳和 1 -辛烯在钯催化下的加成反应能在较温和的条件下进行 ,反应生成共加成产物 2 - ( 2 ,2 ,2 -三氯乙基 )辛酸酯和简单加成产物 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-四氯壬烷     

One-pot synthesis of thia-Michael products from thio acids, epoxides, and electron-deficient alkenes promoted by a silica gel/Et3N combined catalyst

An efficient method for the one-pot production of thia-Michael adducts using thio acids, epoxides, and electron-deficient alkenes is described. Epoxides quickly underwent nucleophilic ring-opening with thio acids on the silica gel surface at room temperature under solvent-free conditions to yield β-hydroxy thioester intermediates. After addition of an electron-deficient alkene and a catalytic amount of Et₃N to the reaction mixture, the β-acyloxy mercaptans were generated in situ and subsequently underwent thia-Michael addition reactions to produce the corresponding adducts in good to excellent yields.