沿[1 ■00]方向升华法生长6H-SiC单晶

本文采用升华法沿着垂直于c轴方向的[1 ■00]方向生长6H-SiC单晶。利用光学显微镜对晶体表面及腐蚀后的晶片进行观察,发现沿[1 ■00]方向生长出的单晶与传统方法沿[0001]方向生长单晶有很多的不同之处,多型对于籽晶的继承性非常强,但是在生长过程中多型夹杂不会发生,该方法生长的晶体中没有发现螺位错(微管)缺陷。     

连续铸造铜单晶的晶体取向与竞争生长

本文采用自制单晶连铸设备和X射线衍射方法研究连铸铜单晶的晶体取向与竞争生长.结果表明,在晶体演化过程中逐渐淘汰的晶面为(311)、(200)和(111),最后单晶生长的晶面为(200),连铸铜单晶的晶体生长方向为[100],晶体取向[100]与晶轴的偏离度小于10°.单晶生长时固液界面向熔体呈凸出形状,这有利于晶体生长过程中的竞争和淘汰.还发现了连铸铜单晶取向在一定范围内,并不是唯一取向的单晶.     

β′-相掺钕钼酸钆晶体生长和性质研究

采用提拉法生长β′-相掺钕钼酸钆晶体.在1000℃温度下烧结72h合成钼酸钆粉末样品.研究了生长工艺,拉速0.3～3mm/h,转速10～40r/min.沿[001]方向生长出35mm的掺钕钼酸钆单晶,晶体为紫色,透明.钕离子分凝系数略大于1.     

蓝宝石晶体的生长方向研究

本实验采用提拉法,在中频感应加热单晶炉内,进行了不同生长方向蓝宝石晶体的生长工作,分别取[11-20]和[0001]生长的晶体c面(0001)的晶片.通过应力仪、显微观测和X射线衍射等方式对晶片的位错密度等微观缺陷以及晶体结构进行了检测.实验表明:不同的生长方向生长得到的蓝宝石晶体的质量存在一定的差别,一般情况下,[11-20]方向生长的蓝宝石晶体质量优于[0001]方向生长的晶体.     

β‘—相掺钕钼酸钆晶体生长和性质研究

采用提拉法生长β‘-相掺钕钼酸钆晶体。在1000℃温度下烧结72h2合成钼酸钆粉末样品。研究了生长工艺,拉速0.3-3mm/h,转速10-40r/min。沿[001]方向生长出φ35mm的掺钕钼酸钆单晶,晶体为紫色,透明。钕离子分凝系数数略大于1。     

硅晶体生长速率与过冷度关系的分子动力学模拟研究

基于Tersoff势函数描述硅原子间的相互作用,运用分子动力学方法模拟研究了不同过冷度条件下硅晶体凝固生长速率.结果发现,在一定过冷度范围内,硅晶体的生长速率随过冷度的增大而呈先快速增大后缓慢减小的趋势,并最终趋于不生长.同时,运用Wilson-Frenkel模型从理论上对硅晶体生长速率与过冷度关系进行了预测,分子动力学模拟结果与Wilson-Frenkel模型预测结果基本吻合,表明了硅晶体沿[100]方向的生长是一种扩散型生长.     

0．94Na1／2Bi1／2TiO3—0．06BaTiO3无铅压电单晶的生长及电学性能研究

采用坩埚下降法成功生长出尺寸达φ15 mm×50 mm的0.94Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-0.06BaTiO3(NBBT94/6)无铅压电单晶.利用X射线荧光沿纵向对晶体棒成分分析表明:Na 、Bi3 、Ti4 离子的含量沿纵向波动较小,而Ba2 离子的含量却波动较大.XRD结构分析表明,晶体棒的中、下部分属于三方相钙钛矿结构,而上部转变为四方相钙钛矿结构.详细研究晶体棒中部0.952Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-0.048BaTiO3(NBBT95.2/4.8)的介电及压电行为表明:非自发极化方向[001]、[110]样品的退极化温度Td分别为200℃和150℃,具有明显的结晶学方向依赖性,且在Td附近表现出典型的介电弛豫行为;在3～5 kV/mm电压极化下,[001]、[110]方向样品的最大压电系数d33分别为165 pC/N、110 pC/N,机电耦合系数kt分别为49.8%、45.0%.     

浸没籽晶法生长La2CaB10O19单晶的研究

采用浸没籽晶法以CaO-Li2O-B2O3为助熔剂生长出La2CaB10O19单晶.籽晶的方向对晶体质量有较大的影响.晶体结构导致生长出的晶体均呈现板状外形,并且容易沿(001)面解理;捆绑晶体的铂丝嵌入晶体加剧了晶体的解理.然而解理和铂丝嵌入对不同方向籽晶生长出晶体的质量影响各不相同,对于晶体生长过程溶质输运的影响也不相同,实验发现,[101]方向为本实验条件下最佳的晶体生长方向.     

具有准同型相界(MPB)组成的化合物(Sr1-x Bax)2NaNb5O15的晶体生长及性质研究

用Czochralski方法生长出铁电钨青铜型单晶(Sr1-xBax)2NaNb5O15(简称SBNN),晶体沿c轴方向生长.正交-四方相的准同型相界(简称为MPB)存在于x=0.45～0.50之间;SBNN晶体是不一致熔融的化合物,在晶体成长过程中,Sr2+的分凝系数比Ba2+的大,因此具有高浓度Ba2+的SBNN晶体很难生长.晶体的居里温度是243℃,在此温度下的相变是弥散的,随频率的增加,介电常数降低.     

人工晶体学报第36卷第1～6期总目次

题目作者期页气相生长氮化铝单晶的新方法…………武红磊郑瑞生孙秀明罗飞杨帆刘文敬守勇〔1〕(1)Er,Yb:KGd(WO4)2激光晶体的生长……………………王海丽齐家宝周南浩承刚陈建荣陈龙华杨春和包照日格图沈德忠〔1〕(5)加速坩埚旋转下降技术生长LiInS2晶体…………………王善朋陶绪堂董春明焦正波蒋民华〔1〕(8)沿[1 100]方向升华法生长6H-SiC单晶…………………………姜守振李娟陈秀芳王英民宁丽娜胡小波徐现刚王继杨蒋民华〔1〕(14)LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光机理……………………………………………………李军朱镛陈创天〔1〕(18)快速响…     

Effects of meniscus on the directional growth of potassium niobate single crystals

The study of meniscus effects on the directional growth of single crystals of potassium niobate (KNbO₃) with a [110]_pc oriented seed by the top-seeded-solution-growth technique has been described. The directional growth of KNbO₃ single crystals has been illustrated for different crystallographic orientations of the crystal. Experimental results show that the shape of the solution flux meniscus, which is determined by a number of growth parameters, has a significant effect on growth rates on different 100_pc, 010_pc and 001_pc type surfaces. Findings based on this work enable one to select a dominant growth direction and hence to engineer the geometrical shaping of resultant KNbO₃ single crystals through careful control of growth parameters. Maximum crystal dimensions for the grown KNbO₃ along [100]_pc and [001]_pc achieved in this work are 34.0 and 31.2 mm, respectively.     

Radial and axial impurity distribution in high-purity germanium crystals

To grow high purity germanium (HPGe) crystals in an underground environment for ultra-low background experiments is being studied. In the present work, HPGe crystals along 〈100〉 direction have been grown by the Czochralski method. In order to investigate the distribution of the impurities as a function of length for a grown crystal, i.e. the axial direction, we fabricated a system to measure the resistivity along the axial direction at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. The distribution of the impurities along the radial direction was measured with a Hall Effect System. The results show that the carrier concentration in some crystals grown in a hydrogen atmosphere has an impurity level of about 10¹⁰/cm³, which meets the requirements of detector-grade crystals.     

Dislocations of salol crystals grown by the Czochralski method

Crystals of salol were grown by the Czochralski method in three different pulling directions to examine the crystallographic orientation effect of the seed. They were characterized by the etch pit method and X-ray projection topography. It was found that the dislocation density was 2 × 10³−1 × 10⁴/cm² and that the configuration of dislocations was straight. The running directions of dislocations strongly depend on the pulling directions; i.e., [11 0] and [1 10] for the crystal grown in [100] axis, [11 0], [1 10] and [110] for the crystal pulled along [112] axis and [010] for [010] axis crystal.     

铌锌酸铅-钛酸铅单晶的生长及性能

本文系统地研究了(1-x)Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-xPbTiO₃(PZN-PT)单晶的光学透过率与结晶取向和组分的关系,发现四方相单晶的透过率明显大于三方相和准同型相界(MPB)。[001]方向极化的四方相PZN-12%PT单晶在0.5~5.8 μm的波段范围内,未镀增透膜的晶片透过率约为65%;准同型相界处PZN-8%PT单晶沿[011]方向极化的单晶透过率高于[001]和[111]方向。随着PT含量变高,单晶带隙逐渐变小。本文中还测量不同组分单晶的折射率,和大多数ABO₃型钙钛矿结构化合物相似,PZN-PT单晶的折射率较大,随着波长的减小其值迅速增大。晶体的色散现象明显,拟合得出各组分晶体的色散方程。利用塞纳蒙补偿法和双光束干涉法测量了电光系数,PZN-PT单晶的电光系数较大,在准同型相界附近其值达到极大,[001]方向极化PZN-8%PT单晶有效电光系数为460 pm/V,比广泛应用的铌酸锂高出20倍。四方相PZN-12%PT单晶有效电光系数为138 pm/V,在20~80 ℃范围内其值变化不大。良好的透光性能和优异的电光性质,使PZN-PT单晶可以满足高速低功耗电光器件的要求。     

Growth and dielectric properties of Ta2O5 single crystal by the floating zone method

Large Ta₂O₅ single crystal with high‐dielectric permittivity was successfully grown by floating zone (FZ) method under air atmosphere. The grown crystal that has been obtained was typically about 8 mm in diameter and 90 mm in length. The crystal growth parameters were optimized. The crystal symmetry, characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), was found to be tetragonal. The relative permittivity and loss tangent along growth and [001] direction were measured in the temperature range between ‐200 °C and 200 °C, which showed a strong dielectric anisotropy. At a frequency of 1 MHz and 20 °C, the dielectric permittivity along the growth direction and [001] direction are 81.17 and 25.04 respectively. The stabilization of high‐temperature phase can explain the dielectric enhancement.     

Characterization of dislocations in a LiNbO3 single crystal grown by micro pulling down method

LiNbO₃ single crystals grown by the micro pulling down (μ-PD) method have been revealed to be as free of dislocations and subgrain boundaries up to 500 μm in diameter. On the other hand, μ-PD LiNbO₃ single crystals grown along the x-axis in diameter of 800 μm were observed to be dislocated due to the size effect of crystal. The Burgers vectors of dislocations were determined to be [22 01], [101 1], and [01 11] by X-ray topography.     

Floating zone growth of high-quality SrTiO3 single crystals

Strontium titanate single crystals 15–20 mm in diameter and 40–80 mm in length were grown by a floating zone method with radiation heating. Additional crystal heating just below the molten zone by an in-growth annealing furnace was applied in order to lower the temperature gradients and to achieve slower cooling of the grown crystal. The crystal perfection was studied with X-ray topography and double-crystal diffractometry. The most perfect crystals were grown in [0 0 1] direction with single grain rocking curve widths of about 30″ and subgrain misorientations of 1′–3′ over 10×10 mm² areas of the boule cross-section for both (0 0 1)-, (1 1 0)- and (1 1 1)-oriented slices. Such high-quality crystal can be grown reproducibly with starting materials of 4N grade quality.     

Edge-Defined Film-Fed (EFG) Growth of Rare-Earth Orthovanadates REVO4 (RE=Y,Gd): Approaches to Attain High-Quality Shaped Growth

In spite of their superior laser and polarizer properties rare-earth orthovanadates (REVO₄) single crystals have not been adopted yet into extensive industrial applications because of crystal growth difficulties. The main problems of CZ technique are compositional change and diameter instability. This work presents the first attempt to apply the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique by which well-shaped REVO₄crystals have been grown directly. The capillary properties of YVO₄ and GdVO₄ melt have been measured. The applicability of shaped growth for rare-earth orthovanadate family was approved by successful EFG growth of transparent rod-like macro-defect-free single crystals of YVO₄ and GdVO₄. We address two main approaches to enhance the quality of EFG crystals: (i) meniscus and crystal shape stability dependence on die top shape and (ii) the strategy of effective operating control. Concave die top was found to be the best choice for high-quality EFG growth of REVO₄ along [001] direction. The spectral analysis of weight signal from growing crystal was shown to be a useful feedforward clue to prevent crystallinity degradation at a very early stage. A reasonable stability of the EFG process was achieved using [211], [101], [001] and [100] pulling directions.     

Effect of different solvents on the habit of meta‐nitroaniline single crystals

The habit of the organic non‐linear optical material meta‐nitroaniline (mNA) crystallized from different organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, n‐hexane, methanol and toluene were studied. Solubility of mNA in these solvents at various temperatures in the range between 288 and 323 K was determined by gravimetric method. Crystals were grown by restricted evaporation of solvents method. Solutions with different solvents having different chemical nature and polarity yielded crystals with different habits: one‐dimensional needles, two‐dimensional rhombic platelets and three‐dimensional octahedral. In addition, the mNA crystals show unidirectional growth behaviour along its polar [001] direction irrespective of the solvents used. All the grown crystals were found to be orthorhombic system with point group mm2 and space group Pbc2₁ which was confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction study. Optical transmittance study showed that the grown mNA single crystals have optical transparency in the wavelength range between 430 and 1550 nm. SHG efficiency of the grown mNA crystal was 3 times grater than KDP. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Temperature gradient controlled growth and optical properties of Er:BaY2F8 crystals

Single crystals of Erbium (Er) doped BaY₂F₈ have been obtained by the temperature gradient technique (TGT). No‐seed‐grown crystal of Er:BaY₂F₈, with the dimensions up to several centimeters, was obtained by self‐crystallization. The optimizations of various growth parameters were systemically investigated. The results indicated that the temperature gradient of 6‐7 K/mm and the cooling velocity less than 6 K/h were suitable for the crystal growth. The XRD data and the investigations on the growth striations by a stereo polarization microscope displayed that the [001] direction is the dominating direction for the crystal growth. The crystal grown by TGT often cracks along with the (100) plane, which is caused by the excessive decrease of the temperature during the crystal growth, for there is a rapid change in the thermal expansion curve of the BaY₂F₈ crystal in the temperature range from 800 °C to 900 °C. The spectral properties of Er:BaY₂F₈ single crystals have been studied and the effects of frequency up‐conversion of the crystals are reported. Spectral data suggest that the quality of Er:BaY₂F₈ crystal obtained by TGT method is good and the crystal has the potential application in laser devices. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)