中子的发现

文章回顾了中子发现以前关于中子存在的假说，科学家们因无“目的”探索而错失良机；介绍了查德威克发现中子的过程以及这一伟大发现的深远意义．     

一种新型密封中子管的实验分析

带有伴随a粒子探测器的密封中子管是一种具有特殊性能的新型中子管．它不仅由一般中子管所必备的离子源、加速系统、气压调节系统、靶和绝缘瓷壳组成，而且还具有能探测伴随产生的a粒子的装置．因此对它在结构上的设计，桌面的综合实验研究就极为重要；而离子源和引出加速系统是中子管的核心，加上对这两部分的特殊要求，本文就这两部分典型的桌面实验分析作以介绍．1实验分析实验在中子管桌面实验台上进行，装置如图豆所示．图11．高压电极2．玻璃钟罩3．橡胶密封圈4．离子源电源引线5．真空泵组6．引出电极7．离子源图中通人H。的针间还…     

改进型Andersson-Braun中子雷姆仪对0.025eV-45.4MeV中子的能量响应

描述了一种适用于高能粒子加速器周围杂散辐射场测量的改进型Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪的原理与结构。利用国内外多种类型的中子源装置，进行了中子能量从０．０２５ｅＶ－４５．４ＭｅＶ的注量率能量响应实验，实验表明，这种改进型Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪，对能量大于２０ＭｅＶ中子的响应，比普通Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪有明显的改善。     

中子辐照对GdBa2Cu3O7-单畴超导性能的影响

研究了中子辐照对GdBa2Cu3O7-±单畴超导性能的影响，使用的辐照剂量为1015 n/cm2．通过高分辨电镜观察发现中子辐照产生球形的缺陷和小的点缺陷，这些球形缺陷的尺寸在4?7 nm，与高温超导相干长度相当，并且在退火过程中稳定存在，而小的点缺陷在退火过程中消失．磁测量结果显示中子辐照使样品的超导电性严重退化，临界电流密度下降并且鱼尾峰效应几乎消失．然而对辐照的样品退火处理后，其超导电性明显改善，临界电流密度显著提高并超过了未经辐照的样品，鱼尾峰也向高场移动．这些结果表明中子辐照和退火处理使GdBa2Cu3O7-±单畴样品中引入了有效的磁通钉扎中心(即球型的缺陷)从而导致其临界电流密度大幅提高．     

中子中子碰撞产生超高能中子问题模拟

ICF的聚变靶丸中,高能中子相互之间发生碰撞将导致超高能中子的产生,推导中子中子碰撞与超高能中子产生的关系,研究利用蒙特卡罗方法确定碰撞后中子速度的方法,通过求解非线性中子输运方程及对DT聚变小球中的中子输运问题进行数值模拟,研究中子与中子碰撞产生超高能中子及其与聚变中子源强的关系问题.     

裂变瞬发中子多重性研究

本文介绍了裂变瞬发中子多重性这一研究领域的概况，着重介绍获第二届吴有训物理奖的“自发裂变和中子诱发裂变的瞬发中子多重性的研究”成果的主要内容和意义．     

中子准直实验装置设计

设计了以中子发生器为源的中子准直实验装置,分别做了不同材料准直器的厚度、准直孔大小改变时,从准直孔和孔周围不同位置射出中子的实验,并将实验中得出的数据与理论值相比较,从而确定该实验装置的使用可行性.     

极化中子技术

极化中子技术是利用中子的自旋与样品及磁场的相互作用进行测量的一种技术,是中子散射技术中的重要组成部分。极化中子技术已经成功地应用于磁性、强关联、纳米、自旋电子、高分子和生物等材料中,为前沿材料学研究与工业应用提供了所亟需的探测与表征手段。另外,极化中子也被广泛应用于核物理和粒子物理相关领域的基础测量。文章对极化中子技术的发展进行了简要的介绍,概括了极化中子实验所涉及的理论知识,以及在实验中所使用的主要技术,并在此基础上展示了当前极化中子技术在科研中的应用及其所使用的实验装置。     

中国先进研究堆中子科学平台发展现状及展望

依托中国先进研究堆(CARR)高通量中子源,建成了初具规模的中子科学平台,具备中子散射、中子成像和中子活化分析等多种研究技术。其中,中子散射技术包括中子衍射、小角中子散射及中子反射、非弹性中子散射,可以用于分析材料微观结构和动力学性质;热中子成像和冷中子成像可以用于材料内部缺陷等无损检测;中子活化分析系统可以用于物质内核素成分分析。目前已建成和在建中子谱仪共计19台,并初步配备了样品环境装置,为相关应用研究提供了条件基础,可为我国物理、化学、材料科学、生命科学、能源和环境等领域基础研究及工业应用提供重要技术支撑。CARR中子科学平台始终坚持合作共享对外开放的宗旨,将继续为国内外用户提供优质中子技术,服务基础科学前沿和国家重大创新需求研究。     

气体放电装置中的中子能谱测量

通过气体放电法研究常温核聚变现象时，用ＮＥ－２１３有机液体闪烁中子谱仪测量了气体放电装置中的中子能谱。验证了气体放电装置中中子的存在。在不同高压下，中子能谱中的峰能量均为２．３８ＭｅＶ。没有能量大于３ＭｅＶ的中子。并与加速器Ｄ—Ｄ中子源的中子能谱进行了比较。中子能谱的测量误差为±６％。     

中子活化分析在古陶瓷原料产地研究中的应用

介绍了用中子活化分析方法测量古陶瓷和仿古陶瓷中的微量元素,通过对这些测量数据进行模糊聚类分析 ,可以确定这些古陶瓷和仿古陶瓷的材料来源 ,寻找提高仿古陶瓷质量的途径.Trace-elements in ancient ceramics and imitative ancient ceramics were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The NAA data are then analyzed by fuzzy cluster method and the trend cluster diagram is obtained.The raw material sources of ancient ceramics and imitative ancient ceramics are determined. The path for improving quality of imitative ancient ceramics is found.     

不同窑口古代青瓷的产地特征的中子活化分析

产地属性是科学鉴别遗址和墓葬中出土的古陶瓷烧制产地的重要依据.用仪器中子活化（INAA）有损分析了浙江寺龙口越窑、江西洪州窑和陕西耀州窑出土的古瓷碎片样品,通过实验数据的统计分析,结果表明3个窑口古瓷的元素组成具有各自的特征,它们之间具有可以区分的依据,寺龙口越窑与南方江西洪州窑的制胎原料关系较近,与北方陕西耀州窑的关系较远.这些试验结果将为古陶瓷地研究提供重要参数.Provenance characteristic is an important scientific parameter to identify ancient porcelain wares unearthed from sites and graves.The porcelain samples of Si Long Kou kiln of Zhejiang Province,Hong Zhou kiln of Jiangxi Province and Yao Zhou kiln of Shanxi Province have been analyzed with neutron activation analysis(NAA) in this paper.The experimental data were studied with statistic methods.The results show that the chemical compositions of porcelain body samples for three kilns were different. The difference was been able identified. The body materials of both Si Long Kou Yue kiln and Hong Zhou kiln of Jiangxi were similar. The samples of Yao Zhou kiln in north of China existed obvious difference.     

Experimental hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: comparison of apparent diffusion coefficients and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

This study aims to compare the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) in the first 24 h of acute hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in piglets. Twenty-five 7-day-old piglets were subjected to transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by ventilation with 4% oxygen for 1 h. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and ¹H-MRS were performed on cessation of the insult or at 3, 6, 12 or 24 h after resuscitation (all n=5). ADCs, N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho), NAA/creatine (NAA/Cr), lactate/NAA (Lac/NAA), Lac/Cho and Lac/Cr were calculated. Cerebral injury was evaluated by pathological study and Hsp70 immunohistochemical analysis. On cessation of the insult, ADCs, NAA/Cho and NAA/Cr reduced, Lac/NAA, Lac/Cho and Lac/Cr increased. From 3 to 12 h after resuscitation, ADCs, Lac/NAA, Lac/Cho and Lac/Cr recovered, NAA/Cho and NAA/Cr reduced. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, ADCs reduced once more, Lac/NAA, Lac/Cho and Lac/Cr increased again, whereas NAA/Cho and NAA/Cr decreased continuously. Pathological study revealed mild cerebral edema on cessation of the insult and more and more severe cerebral injury after resuscitation. No Hsp70-positive cells were detected on cessation of the insult. From 3 to 12 hours after resuscitation, Hsp70-positive cells gradually increased. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, Hsp70-positive cells decreased. Throughout the experiment, changes in NAA/Cho and pathology had the best correlation (R=–0.729). In conclusion, NAA/Cho is the most precise ratio to reflect the pathological changes of early HIBD. Transient ADCs and Lac ratios recovery do not predict the reversal of histological damage of early HIBD. Reducing astrocytic swelling is of great clinical significance.     

用指纹元素散布分析研究古耀州瓷胎的起源

选取耀州窑瓷胎样品25个，唐三彩的胎3个，作坊匣钵料样品1个，耀州博物馆附近粘土矿样品4个．用中子活化分析测量样品中29种元素的含量，从这29种元素中挑选出8种指纹元素，将指纹元素的含量进行散布分析．结果表明，出自不同窑口的古耀州瓷的胎，有着长期稳定的、集中的原料产地．耀州窑唐三彩的胎料产地和耀州瓷胎的原料产地相同．25 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies, 3 samples of the tri-color pottery bodies during the Tang Dynasty, 1 samples of Saggar material during Song Dynasty and 4 samples of clay mineral taken from the place near Yaozhou Kiln Museum was selected . The technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to measure the content of 29 kinds of elements in the samples. 8 elements of them were selected as fingerprint elements to make scatter analysis.The conclusion is that the ancient Yaozhou por...     

Serial Precision of Metabolite Peak Area Ratios and Water Referenced Metabolite Peak Areas in Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Human Brain

The precision of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements is critical both in the clinical setting and for research purposes. Marshall et al. have recently concluded that “disappointing in vivo repeatability…is likely to limit” the ability of MRS to detect modest changes. We present here a comprehensive study of the precision of short- and long-term metabolite peak area ratios and water referenced metabolite peak areas for long echo time point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) spectra (repetition time (TR) = 2000 ms, echo time (TE) = 136 ms) acquired from the occipital lobes of normal volunteers and a phantom using a conventional whole body 1.5 T MR system and conventional acquisition and analysis protocols. Short-term in vitro precision determined by five repeat scans on five occasions was excellent as measured by a mean coefficient of variation (NAA/Cho = 1.3%, NAA/Cr + PCr = 1.0%, Cho/Cr + PCr = 1.6%, NAA/H₂O = 0.5%, Cho/H₂O = 1.2%, Cr + PCr/H₂O = 0.8%). Long term in vitro precision using 100 spectra acquired over 2 years was also very good (NAA/Cho = 2.7%, NAA/Cr + PCr = 1.4%, Cho/Cr + PCr = 2.2%, NAA/H₂O = 1.5%, Cho/H₂O = 2.4%, Cr + PCr/H₂O = 1.5%). Short-term in vivo precision determined by five repeat scans in a single scanning session on eight subjects was also excellent (NAA/Cho = 5.2%, NAA/Cr + PCr = 3.0%, Cho/Cr + PCr = 6.6%, NAA/H₂O = 1.4%, Cho/H₂O = 4.9%, Cr + PCr/H₂O = 2.7%) and only worsened slightly for long-term in vivo precision determined by five repeat scans on eight subjects over 3 months (NAA/Cho = 5.2%, NAA/Cr + PCr = 4.8%, Cho/Cr + PCr = 7.7%, NAA/H₂O = 2.5%, Cho/H₂O = 6.4%, Cr + PCr/H₂O = 3.8%). We attribute the excellent precision reported here to the use of highly automated techniques for voxel shimming, water suppression and peak area measurements. These results allow us to repudiate Marshall’s assertion regarding disappointing repeatability of in vivo MRS.     

Gold and Silver Thin Film Analysis by Optical and Neutron Activation Techniques

Thicknesses of gold and silver thin films have been determined by NAA technique. Reasonable agreement with conventional optical method has been obtained, but the lower detection limit in the case of NAA is far better than in the optical method.

Es wurde die Dicke von Gold- und Silberfilmen mittels NAA-Technik bestimmt. Dabei konnte eine vernünftige Übereinstimmung mit der konventionellen optischen Methode erzielt werden, wobei im Falle der NAA die untere Nachweis grenze wescntlich besser war als vergleichsweise die optische Methode.     

基于D-T紧凑型中子源的快中子照相准直屏蔽体设计及中子束特性模拟研究

中子照相是一种重要的无损检测技术,它能用于火工产品、毒品和核燃料元件等的检测。基于紧凑型D-T中子发生器,完成了一个用于快中子照相的准直屏蔽体系统（BSA）的物理设计。根据D-T中子源的能谱和角分布建立了中子源模型,采用MCNP4C蒙特卡罗程序,模拟了准直屏蔽体系统中中子和γ射线的输运,准直中子束相对于单位源中子的中子注量可以达到9.30×10-6 cm-2,准直中子束中主要是能量大于10 MeV的快中子;在设置的样品平面直径14 cm的照射视野范围,准直束中子注量的不均匀度为4.30%,准直束中中子注量与γ注量的比值为17.20,中子通量和中子注量比值J/Φ为0.992,说明准直中子束有好的平行性;准直屏蔽体外的泄露中子注量率与准直束中子注量率相比降低了2个量级。所设计的准直屏蔽体能满足快中子照相的要求。Neutron radiography is an important nondestructive testing technique. It can be used to detect the explosive devices, drug and the nuclear fuel element, etc. A beam-shaping-assembly (BSA) based on a compact D-T neutron generator is designed for fast neutron radiography in this paper. D-T neutron source model is constructed based on the neutron energy spectrum and angular distribution data. The transportation of neutron and γ-ray in the BSA is simulated using MCNP4C code. The neutron fluence of the collimated neutron beam with respect to the neutron source of the unit source is 9.30×10-6 cm-2. The collimated neutron beams is mainly fast neutrons with energies greater than 10 MeV. In the irradiation field range with a diameter of 14 cm, the neutron fluence uniformity of the collimated beam is 4.3%, the ratio of the neutron fluence to the gamma fluence in the collimated beam is 17.20, and the neutron flux and the neutron fluence ratio (J/Φ) is 0.992 which indicates that the collimated neutron beam has good parallelism. The leakage neutron fluence in outside of BSA is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the collimated neutron beam. The designed BSA can meet the need of fast neutron radiography.     

Brain metabolite changes in alcoholism: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study

Image-guided, single voxel, localized proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy was performed to assess the brain metabolite changes in 10 (n = 10) alcoholic patients in the frontal lobe, cerebellum, and thalamus regions. The spectra obtained were characterized by a reduced N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) to choline (Cho) (p < .01) and NAA to total creatine (Cr + PCr) (p < .01) ratios relative to age-matched (n = 27) controls. These decreased ratios correspond to depleted concentration of the metabolite levels such as NAA and Cho. Reduction of NAA is consistent with the neuronal loss while reduction in Cho suggests significant changes in the membrane lipids of alcoholics.     

中国散裂中子源反角白光中子束流参数的初步测量

中国散裂中子源(CSNS)已于2018年5月建设完工,随后进行了试运行.其中的反角白光中子束线(Back-n)可用于中子核数据测量、中子物理研究和核技术应用等多方面的实验.本文报道对该中子束的品质参数测量实验过程以及最终实验结果.实验主要采用中子飞行时间法,利用~(235)U,~(238)U裂变室和~6Li-Si探测器测量了中子能谱和中子注量率,又利用闪烁体-互补金属氧化物半导体探测系统测量了中子束斑的剖面,得到了该束线的初步实验测量结果.其中白光中子的全能谱测量范围eV—100 MeV,给出了不确定度分析;给出了中子注量率两个实验厅位置的满功率值;给出了白光中子在直径60 mm情况下的全能区束斑.通过与模拟结果的比较探讨了以上结果的合理性,并提出了改进计划.这些实验结果为以后该束线的核数据测量和探测器标定实验奠定了基础.     

Quantitative 1H MRS in the evaluation of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in vivo

Hippocampal metabolite concentrations were determined by localized in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) in eleven patients suffering from refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), as well as in eleven age-matched healthy volunteers, and compared with patient history, postoperative outcome and histopathology. Main results are: 1) In patients, the decrease in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentrations was highly significant ipsilateral, and less but still significant contralateral to the electroencephalogram-defined focus, as compared to controls. 2) The decrease in ipsilateral NAA measured preoperatively correlates with the degree of hippocampal sclerosis but 3) does not reliably predict postoperative outcome, although there is a trend toward better outcome in patients with a marked decrease of NAA. 4) Hippocampal NAA decrease (ipsi- and contralateral) is highly correlated with early onset age of epileptic seizures. 5) Among patients with similar onset age in early childhood, there is a strong association between duration of the disease and contralateral (and, though less clear-cut, ipsilateral) NAA loss. These results are concordant with the notion of a generally progressive worsening and complicating course of symptoms in poorly controlled MTLE.