Analysis of a crack in a half-plane piezoelectric solid with traction-induction free boundary

In this paper, the problem of a crack embedded in a half-plane piezoelectric solid with traction-induction free boundary is analyzed. A system of singular integral equations is formulated for the materials with general anisotropic piezoelectric properties and for the crack with arbitrary orientation. The kernel functions developed are in complex form for general anisotropic piezoelectric materials and are then specialized to the case of transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials which are in real form. The obtained coupled mechanical and electric real kernel functions may be reduced to those kernel functions for purely elastic problems when the electric effects disappear. The system of singular integral equations is solved numerically and the coupling effects of the mechanical and electric phenomena are presented by the generalized stress intensity factors for transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials.     

A piezoelectric screw dislocation interacting with a half-plane trimaterial composite

The electro-elastic stress investigation on the interaction between a screw dislocation and a half-plane trimaterial composite composed of three bonded dissimilar transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials is analyzed in the framework of linear piezoelectricity. Each layer is assumed to have the same material orientation with x ₃ in the poling direction. The dislocations are characterized by a discontinuous displacement and electric potential across the slip plane and are subjected to a line force and a line charge at the core. Based on the complex variable and the method of alternating technique, the solution of electric field and displacement field is expressed in terms of explicit series form. The solutions derived here can be applied to a variety of problems, for example, a half-plane bimaterial, a quarter-plane bimaterial, a quarter-plane material and a rectangular strip etc. Numerical results are provided to show the influences of the material combinations and geometric configurations on the electro-elastic fields and image force calculated through the generalized Peach-Koehler formula. The solutions proposed here can be served as Green??s functions for the analyses corresponding piezoelectric cracking problems.     

An anti-plane propagating crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric strip bonded to a homogeneous piezoelectric strip

Summary A finite crack propagating at constant speed in a functionally graded piezoelectric strip (FGPS) bonded to a homogeneous piezoelectric strip is considered. It is assumed that the electroelastic material properties of the FGPS vary exponentially across the thickness of the strip, and that the bimaterial strip is under combined anti-plane mechanical shear and in-plane electrical loads. The analysis is conducted for the electrically unified crack boundary condition, which includes both the traditional permeable and the impermeable ones. By using the Fourier transform, the problem is reduced to the solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical results for the stress intensity factor and the crack sliding displacement are presented to show the influences of the crack propagation speed, electric loads, FGPS gradation, crack length, electromechanical coupling coefficient, properties of the bonded homogeneous piezoelectric strip and crack location.     

Interaction of a conductive crack and of an electrode at a piezoelectric bimaterial interface

The interaction of a conductive crack and an electrode at a piezoelectric bi-material interface is studied. The bimaterial is subjected to an in-plane electrical field parallel to the interface and an anti-plane mechanical loading. The problem is formulated and reduced, via the application of sectionally analytic vector functions, to a combined Dirichlet–Riemann boundary value problem. Simple analytical expressions for the stress, the electric field, and their intensity factors as well as for the crack faces' displacement jump are derived. Our numerical results illustrate the proposed approach and permit to draw some conclusions on the crack–electrode interaction.     

Charged dislocations in piezoelectric bimaterials

In some piezoelectric semiconductors and ceramic materials, dislocations can be electrically active and could be even highly charged. However, the impact of dislocation charges on the strain and electric fields in piezoelectric and layered structures has not been presently understood. Thus, in this paper, we develop, for the first time, a charged three-dimensional dislocation loop model in an anisotropic piezoelectric bimaterial space to study the physical and mechanical characteristics which are essential to the design of novel layered structures. We first develop the analytical model based on which a line-integral solution can be derived for the coupled elastic and electric fields induced by an arbitrarily shaped and charged three-dimensional dislocation loop. As numerical examples, we apply our solutions to the typical piezoelectric AlGaN/GaN bimaterial to analyze the fields induced by charged square and elliptic dislocation loops. Our numerical results show that, except for the induced elastic (mechanical) displacement, charges along the dislocation loop could substantially perturb other induced fields. In other words, charges on the dislocation loop could significantly affect the traditional dislocation-induced stress/strain, electric displacement, and polarization fields in piezoelectric bimaterials.     

Electrostatic stress analysis of an anisotropic piezoelectric half-plane under surface electromechanical loading

The generalized stress components on an anisotropic piezoelectric half-plane boundary under surface electromechanical loading are investigated. It is found that the behaviors of generalized stress components are related to matrices Γ and Ω, which have the same form as those for the purely elastostatic problem. Matrices Γ and Ω contain all the electro-mechanical coupling phenomena of the generalized stress components. All elements of matrices Γ and Ω are expressed explicitly in terms of generalized elastic stiffness for monoclinic piezoelectric materials with the plane of symmetry at x₃ = 0 and for transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials in which the coupled effects between the mechanical (electrical) deformations induced by electrical (mechanical) loadings are studied analytically. A numerical example of the electro-mechanical coupling behavior for PZT-4 is also given.     

A coupled electromechanical analysis of a piezoelectric layer bonded to an elastic substrate: Part I,development of governing equations

This two-part contribution presents a novel and efficient method to analyze the two-dimensional (2-D) electromechanical fields of a piezoelectric layer bonded to an elastic substrate, which takes into account the fully coupled electromechanical behavior. In Part I, Hellinger–Reissner variational principle for elasticity is extended to electromechanical problems of the bimaterial, and is utilized to obtain the governing equations for the problems concerned. The 2-D electromechanical field quantities in the piezoelectric layer are expanded in the thickness-coordinate with seven one-dimensional (1-D) unknown functions. Such an expansion satisfies exactly the mechanical equilibrium equations, Gauss law, the constitutive equations, two of the three displacement–strain relations as well as one of the two electric field-electric potential relations. For the substrate the fundamental solutions of a half-plane subjected to a vertical or horizontal concentrated force on the surface are used. Two differential equations and two singular integro-differential equations of four unknown functions, the axial force, N, the moment, M, the average and the first moment of electric displacement, D₀ and D₁, as well as the associated boundary conditions have been derived rigorously from the stationary conditions of Hellinger–Reissner variational functional. In contrast to the thin film/substrate theory that ignores the interfacial normal stress the present one can predict both the interfacial shear and normal stresses, the latter one is believed to control the delamination initiation.     

A Crack with an Electric Displacement Saturation Zone in an Electrostrictive Material

A crack with an electric displacement saturation zone in an electrostrictive material under purely electric loading is analyzed. A strip saturation model is here employed to investigate the effect of the electrical polarization saturation on electric fields and elastic fields. A closed form solution of electric fields and elastic fields for the crack with the strip saturation zone is obtained by using the complex function theory. It is found that the K _I -dominant region is very small compared to the strip saturation zone. The generalized Dugdale zone model is also employed in order to investigate the effect of the saturation zone shape on the stress intensity factor. Using the body force analogy, the stress intensity factor for the asymptotic problem of a crack with an elliptical saturation zone is evaluated numerically.     

An interface crack with partially electrically conductive crack faces under antiplane mechanical and in-plane electric loadings

An interface crack in a bimaterial piezoelectric space under the action of antiplane mechanical and in-plane electric loadings is analyzed. One zone of the crack faces is electrically conductive while the other part is electrically permeable. All electro-mechanical values are presented using sectionally-analytic vector-functions and a combined Dirichlet-Riemann boundary value problem is formulated. An exact analytical solution of this problem is obtained. Simple analytical expressions for the shear stress, electric field and also for mechanical displacement jump of the crack faces are derived. These values are also presented graphically along the corresponding parts of the material interface. Singular points of the shear stress, electric field and electric displacement jump are found. Their intensity factors are determined as well. Intensity factors variations with respect to the external electric field and different ratios between the electrically conductive and electrically permeable crack face zones are also demonstrated.     

The interaction between crack and electric dipole of piezoelectricity

Discrete dipoles located near the crack tip play an important role in nonlinear electric field induced fracture of piezoelectric ceramics. A physico-mathematical model of dipole is constructed of two generalized concentrated piezoelectric forces with equal density and opposite sign. The interaction between crack and electric dipole in piezoelectricity is analyzed. The closed form solutions, including those for stress and electric displacement, crack opening displacement and electric potential, are obtained. The function of piezoelectric anisotropic direction,p _a (θ)=cosθ+p _a sinθ, can be used to express the influence of a dipole's direction. In the case that a dipole locates near crack tip, the piezoelectric stress intensity factor is a power function with −3/2 index of the distance between dipole and crack tip. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 10072033)     

Fracture-mechanical assessment of electrically permeable interface cracks in piezoelectric bimaterials by consideration of various contact zone models

Summary An interface crack with an artificial contact zone at the right-hand side crack tip between two piezoelectric semi-infinite half-planes is considered under remote mixed-mode loading. Assuming the stresses, strains and displacements are independent of the coordinate x ₂, the expression for the displacement jumps and stresses along the interface are found via a sectionally holomorphic vector function. For piezoceramics of the symmetry class 6 mm and for electrically permeable crack faces, the problem is reduced to a combined Dirichlet-Riemann boundary value problem which can be solved analytically. Further, analytical expressions for the stresses, electrical displacements, derivatives of elastic displacement jumps, stress and electrical intensity factors are found at the interface. Real contact zone lengths and the well-known oscillating solution are derived from the obtained solution as well. Analytical relationships between the fracture-mechanical parameters of various models are found, and recommendations are suggested concerning the application of numerical methods to the problem of an interface crack in the discontinuity area of a piezoelectric bimaterial. Received 16 March 1999; accepted for publication 31 May 1999     

Isolated crack in three-dimensional piezoelectric solid. Part II: Stress intensity factors for circular crack

This is part II of the work concerned with finding the stress intensity factors for a circular crack in a solid with piezoelectric behavior. The method of solution involves reducing the problem to a system of hypersingular integral equations by application of the unit concentrated displacement discontinuity and the unit concentrated electric potential discontinuity derived in part I [1]. The near crack border elastic displacement, electric potential, stress and electric displacement are obtained. Stress and electric displacement intensity factors can be expressed in terms of the displacement and the potential discontinuity on the crack surface. Analogy is established between the boundary integral equations for arbitrary shaped cracks in a piezoelectric and elastic medium such that once the stress intensity factors in the piezoelectric medium can be determined directly from that of the elastic medium. Results for the penny-shaped crack are obtained as an example.     

Generalized 2D problem of piezoelectric media containing collinear cracks

The generalized 2D problem in piezoelectric media with collinear cracks is addressed based on Stroh's formulation and the exact electric boundary conditions on the crack faces. Exact solutions are obtained, respectively, for two special cases: one is that a piezoelectric solid withN collinear cracks is subjected to uniform loads at infinity, and the other is that a piezoelectric solid containing a single crack is subjected to a line load at an arbitrary point. It is shown when uniform loads are applied at infinity or on the crack faces that, the stress intensity factors are the same as those of isotropic materials, while the intensity factor of electric displacement is dependent on the material constants and the applied mechanical loads, but not on the applied electric loads. Moreover, it is found that the electric field inside any crack is not equal to zero, which is related to the material properties and applied mechanical-electric loads. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19772004)     

横观各向同性压电材料中裂纹问题的边界元法

采用Somigiliana公式给出了三维横观各向同性压电材料中的非渗漏裂纹问题的一般解和超奇异积分方程,其中未知函数为裂纹面上的位移间断和电势间断．在此基础上,使用有限部积分和边界元结合的方法,建立了超奇异积分方程的数值求解方法,并给出了一些典型数值算例的应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的数值结果,结果令人满意．     

Numerical analysis for a crack in piezoelectric material under impact

In this paper, a numerical analysis of impact interfacial fracture for a piezoelectric bimaterial is provided. Starting from the basic equilibrium equation, a dynamic electro-mechanical FEM formulation is briefly presented. Then, the path-independent separated dynamic J integral is extended to piezoelectric bimaterials. Based on the relationship of the path-independent dynamic J integral and the stress and electric displacement intensity factors, the component separation method is used to calculate the stress and electric displacement intensity factors for piezoelectric bimaterials in this finite-element analysis. The response curves of the dynamic J integral, the stress and electric displacement intensity factors are obtained for both homogeneous material (PZT-4 and CdSe) and CdSe/PZT-4 bimaterial. The influences of the piezoelectricity and the electro-mechanical coupling factor on these responses are discussed. The effects of an applied electric field are also discussed.     

压电、压磁材料球对称问题的通解

研究压电、压磁材料在球坐标系下,不计体力、体电荷和体电流的情况下,由平衡方程、梯度方程、压电和压磁的本构方程导出应力、应变、位移、电位移、电场强度、电位势、磁感强度和磁位势各未知量的通解．考虑不同的边界条件,将其通解应用到应力、电学短路以及位移、电学开路和磁场分布的边界条件中,得到不同边界条件下问题的解。     

Electromechanical impact of a crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric medium

The Mode-I transient response of a functionally graded piezoelectric medium is solved for a through crack under the in-plane mechanical and electric impact. Integral transforms and dislocation density functions are employed to reduce the problem to singular integral equations. Numerical results display the effects of the loading combination parameter λ and the material parameter βa on the dynamic stress intensity factor and electric displacement intensity factor. The energy density factor criterion is applied to obtain the maximum of the minimum energy density factor and the direction of crack initiation.     

An electrically conducting interface crack with a contact zone in a piezoelectric bimaterial

A plane problem for an electrically conducting interface crack in a piezoelectric bimaterial is studied. The bimaterial is polarized in the direction orthogonal to the crack faces and loaded by remote tension and shear forces and an electrical field parallel to the crack faces. All fields are assumed to be independent of the coordinate co-directed with the crack front. Using special presentations of electromechanical quantities via sectionally-analytic functions, a combined Dirichlet–Riemann and Hilbert boundary value problem is formulated and solved analytically. Explicit analytical expressions for the characteristic mechanical and electrical parameters are derived. Also, a contact zone solution is obtained as a particular case. For the determination of the contact zone length, a simple transcendental equation is derived. Stress and electric field intensity factors and, also, the contact zone length are found for various material combinations and different loadings. A significant influence of the electric field on the contact zone length, stress and electric field intensity factors is observed. Electrically permeable conditions in the crack region are considered as well and matching of different crack models has been performed.     

Electro-mechanical frictionless contact behavior of a functionally graded piezoelectric layered half-plane under a rigid punch

The frictionless contact problem of a functionally graded piezoelectric layered half-plane in-plane strain state under the action of a rigid flat or cylindrical punch is investigated in this paper. It is assumed that the punch is a perfect electrical conductor with a constant potential. The electro-elastic properties of the functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPMs) vary exponentially along the thickness direction. The problem is reduced to a pair of coupled Cauchy singular integral equations by using the Fourier integral transform technique and then is numerically solved to determine the contact pressure, surface electric charge distribution, normal stress and electric displacement fields. For a flat punch, the normal stress intensity factor and electric displacement intensity factor are also given to quantitatively characterize the singularity behavior at the punch ends. Numerical results show that both material property gradient of the FGPM layer and punch geometry have a significant influence on the contact performance of the FGPM layered half-plane.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>-stress analysis for a Griffith crack in a magnetoelectroelastic solid

T-stress as an important parameter characterizing the stress field around a cracked tip has attracted much attention. This paper concerns the T-stress near a cracked tip in a magnetoelectroelastic solid. By applying the Fourier transform, we solve the associated mixed boundary-value problem. Adopting crack-faces electromagnetic boundary conditions nonlinearly dependent on the crack opening displacement, coupled dual integral equations are derived. Then, the closed-form solution for the T-stress is obtained. A comparison of the T stresses for a cracked magnetoelectroelastic solid and for a cracked purely elastic material is made. Obtained results reveal that in addition to applied mechanical loading, the T-stress is dependent on electric and magnetic loadings for a vacuum crack.