四程放大系统腔镜位置变形镜的面形解

 根据在大型高功率固体激光装置中自适应光学技术的应用研究，将变形镜置于腔镜位置，有利于提高自适应光学系统的校正动态范围。基于变口径90°翻转四程放大系统的光路特点，从理论上比较完整地解决了四程放大系统腔镜位置变形镜面形解的存在性问题，并对口径变换比值(缩束比)与面形求解之间的关系问题进行了数值模拟，结果表明:只要缩束比小于1，对应系统连续波前畸变的腔镜位置面形解是存在的，且随着缩束比减小，解的收敛性增强。     

Intracavity control of a 200-W continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser by a micromachined deformable mirror

A silicon micromachined membrane deformable mirror with a diameter of 10 mm, reflectivity of better than 99.8%, and a surface deflection range of 3mum has been used for intracavity control of an industrial 200-W cw Nd:YAG laser. When it was placed in the resonator, the mirror demonstrated continuous (more than 40-h) stable operation under an ~550-W cw optical load, with beam diameters in the range 3-6 mm. Periodic modulation of the curvature of the deformable mirror with a frequency of 250 Hz produced quick switching between stable and unstable resonator configurations, which resulted in pulse-period Q -switched generation with average power in the range 50-200 W, modulation depth from 95% to 10%, and an M(2) parameter of 6.5 to 30.     

Actively mode-locked fiber laser using a deformable micromirror

We present what we believe to be the first fiber laser system that is actively mode-locked by a deformable micromirror. The micromirror device is placed within the laser cavity and performs a dual function of modulator and end-cavity mirror. The mode-locked laser provides ~1-ns-long pulses with 20 nJ/pulse energy at 5 MHz repetition rates.     

Versatile 7-fs optical parametric pulse generation and compression by use of adaptive optics

We have compressed the output from a beta-barium borate noncollinear optical parametric amplifier to ~7-fs pulse durations, using a micromachined deformable mirror with an efficient search algorithm. This compression method allows phase compensation of both material and gain dispersion, which produces an optimized wavelength-tunable pulse shape for ultrahigh-resolution time-domain spectroscopy.     

自适应光学随机并行梯度下降算法波前整形规律仿真

本文首先介绍了基于Zernike模式的SPGD算法对大气湍流畸变波前的整形原理,通过推导得到了关于性能指标的简明表达式,使SPGD算法收敛速率得到明显提升。然后建立了自适应光学随机并行梯度下降算法波前整形系统模型,主要对SPGD算法收敛速率、整形能力和整形效果随波前畸变量和变形镜模型的变化规律作了较为详细的仿真研究,整体定性结果表明：三者的变化规律有一定的相似性,同时利用最小二乘法得到了关于整形能力和整形效果变化规律的定量表达式,若从自适应光学波前整形系统的实时性和简单性考虑,在保证一定整形效果的情况下,选择37单元变形镜对畸变波前的3~27（25）阶Zernike像差进行整形即可。     

Optimum deformable mirror modes for sensorless adaptive optics

Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics schemes rely upon the accurate generation of aberration modes by the adaptive element, usually a deformable mirror. Analytic functions are often used for representation of the aberrations in these systems. Such functions cannot be perfectly reproduced by deformable mirrors and the approximation errors can affect the aberration correction procedure. We derive alternative modal basis sets directly from the actuator influence functions, thus avoiding the approximation errors. We investigate how the choice of aberration modes affects the performance of a sensorless adaptive imaging system. The new modes are found to be most advantageous for deformable mirrors with a small number of actuators.     

分布式电极连续面型微变形反射镜力电耦合特性分析

 针对基于MEMS技术制造的连续面型薄膜微变形反射镜,从薄膜理论出发对其力电耦合变形特性进行理论分析,导出了镜面变形表达式。利用该式及响应频率表达式,定量分析了镜面相关尺寸参数对变形量的关系,为变形镜的结构设计提供了可靠的理论依据。结果表明,当镜面厚度为1 μm且与驱动电极间距20 μm时,对控制电压不超过120 V,响应频率大于50 kHz的应用场合,变形镜镜面半径应在2.1～13.8 mm之间进行选择。仿真结果显示,驱动电压较小时,镜面变形与驱动电压平方近似成线性关系。     

Wide field-of-view foveated imaging system

We have designed and demonstrated a simple, wide field-of-view (FOV = 60°) foveated imaging system utilizing a deformable mirror. The deformable mirror is used to dynamically correct the off-axis aberrations that limit the useful FOV of the system. The system mimics the operation of human eye through creating an image with variable spatial resolution and can be made significantly smaller and more compact than a conventional wide FOV system. Experiments show that this system can be used in many areas where size, weight, and data transmission bandwidth are critical.     

用于激光二极管抽运固体激光器热畸变补偿的MEMS微变形镜设计

以MEMS微变形镜驱动方式的选取为出发点,从光学特性和力学特性两方面对MEMS微变形镜进行分析.从中得出相关结构参数对微变形镜性能的影响关系.并在此基础上结合补偿激光二极管抽运固体激光器(DPL)热畸变的使用要求设计了一种新型MEMS连续面型微变形镜,并采用设计的MEMS变形镜搭建了一个闭环自适应光学实验系统,补偿了激光光束的热畸变.实验结果显示该MEMS连续面型微变形镜可对腔内畸变进行有效补偿,同时提高了激光器的输出功率及光束质量.     

自适应光学波前校正器技术发展现状

波前校正器是自适应光学系统中的关键部件,相关技术已得到了多年的积累与发展。本文介绍了多种目前常用的波前校正器件,包括分离促动器连续表面变形镜、拼接子镜变形镜、薄膜变形镜、双压电片变形镜、微电子机械系统变形镜以及基于液晶技术的空间光调制器和自适应次镜等,给出了它们的实现方式及其基本工作原理,并从空间校正频率和校正速度等方面对各校正器的性能进行了比较。最后,总结了在新应用的需求下,波前校正器件的技术创新及发展趋势。     

Reference motion in deformable bodies under rigid body motion and vibration. Part I: theory

This paper examines the motions of reference systems linked to deformable bodies under simultaneously vibration and large translations and rotations. These motions depend on the particular type of linkage between the moving reference system and the deformable body, which is defined by the so-called reference conditions. When using the Rayleigh-Ritz method, the reference conditions also dictate the boundary conditions to be fulfilled by the shape functions used to describe the body's elasticity. This paper analyses three different types of reference conditions, namely: free linkage, rigid linkage and two-point linkage. It is shown that, moving reference frames only evolve at a constant velocity in the absence of external forces when the free linkage is used. The reference velocities for systems with a free linkage are designated rigid body equivalent velocities for the deformable body here. Such velocities can also be calculated under other types of reference conditions and are usually functions of the elastic and reference co-ordinates, and also of their derivatives. Rigid body equivalent velocities are useful for purposes such as estimating the trajectory of deformable bodies moving freely in space without the need to examine the deformations they undergo. Also, their calculation is required with a view to determining the kinematic restitution coefficient for deformable body collisions, which is dealt within Part II of this series.     

自适应光学波前校正器

报告了自适应光学波前校正器——多元分立式压电变形反射镜和两维高速压电倾斜镜的研究工作。讨论了这两类波前校正器的主要性能及其检测方法等，并给出了若干典型的检测结果。研制的１９单元度形镜已成功用于ＩＣＦ驱动器的波前校正，而２１单元变形镜已成功用于天文观测星体成像校正     

基于模糊控制的自适应光学校正技术

自适应光学中普遍采用的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制严格依赖于变形镜的响应模型,响应模型的标定非常繁琐且性能容易随时间和温度而漂移.采用模糊控制摆脱了对变形镜响应模型的依赖,通过波面的快速重构,从波面中提取波面评价指标,将该评价指标及其微分作为模糊PID控制器的输入.选择模糊输入和输出论域的隶属度函数,设计出模糊规则库,通过模糊推理、解模糊等过程,对PID控制器的3个参数即比例kp、积分ki和微分kd进行模糊自整定,实现了自适应控制.采用高速数字信号处理器(DSP)设计了硬件验证测试平台,通过该平台的测试,证明该方法有效可行,在不需要变形镜响应矩阵的前提下,能够将光斑的衍射极限倍增因子β值从10—12校正到3—4,与传统的PID控制基本一致,但稳定性更好.因无需标定,故降低了变形镜的安装要求.     

基于Zernike模式的随机并行梯度下降算法的收敛速率

为了加快控制变形镜进行波前整形的随机并行梯度下降（SPGD）算法的收敛速率,提高实时波前整形能力,本文利用由12阶Zernike多项式构成的畸变波前和32单元变形镜建立了仿真模型。基于Zernike多项式的单位正交性,得到了两个常数矩阵,当斯特列尔比（SR）达到0.8时,需要算法迭代660次,简化了算法的运算过程,加快了算法运行时间。通过Matlab7.8.0对6种SPGD算法进行仿真对比,结果显示：当SR要求不高时,可使用间接固定双边SPGD算法来提高收敛速度;当SR要求较高时,则应当使用间接自动双边SPGD算法。提出的算法为实际的激光整形提供了理论指导。     

Study on the possibilities of controlling the laser output beam properties by an intracavity deformable mirror

The possibilities of controlling the laser beam properties by a deformable mirror introduced into the laser optical cavity were studied theoretically and experimentally. The experiments were performed under conditions of an industrial high power transverse flow cw CO₂ laser operating with a stable resonator of a folded configuration. A deformable bimorph mirror of a surface profile controlled by the voltage applied to the mirror electrodes is implemented to the laser system as a back cavity mirror or as a one of the inner folding mirrors. The near-and far-field characteristics of the laser beam versus the resonator configuration controlled by the changes of the focal length of the deformable mirror are discussed in the paper. The analysis reveals that the resonator with an inner deformable mirror is much more sensitive to the mirror curvature variations than the resonator in which the deformable mirror is used as a back cavity mirror. The presented results show that dynamic and controllable changes in the resonator properties result in the controlled modification and optimisation of the laser output power and spatial parameters of the laser radiation.     

基于微变形反射镜的TEM00模式控制

分析了连续面形薄膜微变形反射镜的结构,提出了一种简化的变形镜球面分析模型,用该模型分析含有变形镜的谐振腔,导出了TEM00模式强度与曲率半径的严格表达式,并使用Matlab软件对其进行了仿真分析.结果表明增大变形镜的曲率半径能够增大TEM00模式的输出强度.搭建含有变形镜谐振腔的实验光路系统来控制TEM00模式输出,观测到类似的输出变化.     

变形双重介质分形气藏非线性渗流理论模型及数值研究

以Warren-Root模型为基础,引入分形参数和压缩系数,考虑压力对具有分形特征的渗透率和孔隙度的影响,建立变形双重介质分形气藏渗流数学模型.应用高收敛和高精度的有限元法求解这类含有第二类边界条件的数学模型.利用压力曲线,压力导数,参数对压力的影响率详细分析了部分参数对压力的影响及在变形双重介质分形气藏渗流数学模型中所具有的独特意义.     

Soft swimming: exploiting deformable interfaces for low reynolds number locomotion

Reciprocal movement cannot be used for locomotion at low Reynolds number in an infinite fluid or near a rigid surface. Here we show that this limitation is relaxed for a body performing reciprocal motions near a deformable interface. Using physical arguments and scaling relationships, we show that the nonlinearities arising from reciprocal flow-induced interfacial deformation rectify the periodic motion of the swimmer, leading to locomotion. Such a strategy can be used to move toward, away from, and parallel to any deformable interface as long as the length scales involved are smaller than intrinsic scales, which we identify. A macroscale experiment of flapping motion near a free surface illustrates this new result.     

双变形镜自适应光学系统像差解耦研究

对由大行程变形镜和高空间频率变形镜组成的双变形镜自适应光学系统中的像差解耦原理和限定像差校正算法做了理论分析。认为在高空间频率变形镜的斜率响应矩阵中加入限定像差向量,根据直接斜率法分别计算出两个变形镜的控制电压,可以实现两个变形镜分别对低阶像差和高阶像差的闭环校正。仿真研究了19单元变形镜和61单元变形镜组成的双变形镜自适应光学系统对低阶像差和高阶像差分别校正的情况,结果说明双变形镜自适应光学系统的校正效果与理想行程的单变形镜自适应光学系统的校正效果相当,避免了制作同时具有大行程和高空间频率两个特征的变形镜。     

Equations of nonlinear dynamics of elastic shells in cylindrical Eulerian coordinates

The equations of dynamics of elastic shells subjected to large deformations are formulated. The Eulerian coordinates on a circular cylinder and time are accepted as independent variables, and one of the unknown functions is the distance from a point of the shell surface to the cylinder axis. The equations of dynamics of nonlinearly elastic shells in the Eulerian coordinates are convenient for exact formulation of the problem on the interaction of strongly deformable shells with moving fluids and gases. The equations obtained can be used for dynamic calculations of fluids and gases flowings in pipelines, blood vessels, hoses, and other nonlinearly deformable thin-walled tubular elements of constructions.