三体核力重排项的同位旋效应

在同位旋相关的Brueckner理论框架内, 研究了三体核力重排贡献对同位旋对称势及其动量相关性和密度依赖性的影响，特别是研究了三体核力重排效应对于非对称核物质中质子和中子有效质量同位旋劈裂的影响. 结果表明: 三体核力重排效应对质子和中子单核子势均具有排斥性，而且其贡献随动量和密度增加而迅速增大. 在低密度区域，三体核力重排贡献对同位旋对称势的影响相当小，然而随着密度的升高，三体核力重排效应的贡献显著增强. 在高密度区域，三体核力重排效应使得同位旋对称势明显增大，而且当密度足够高时，三体核力重排贡献甚至导致对称势的动量相关性质发生改变. 三体核力的重排效应对核子有效质量同位旋依赖性的影响是使高密度丰中子核物质中质子-中子有效质量同位旋劈裂的幅度显著减小.     

核力与强相互作用

长期以来，教材中都把核力看作是基本强相互作用，本试图通过对核力研究的发展及现状的评述，阐明核力与强相互作用的区别与联系，并提出教学中讲述这些问题的建议。     

同位旋非对称核物质性质与扩展的BHF方法(Ⅱ)状态方程、对称能以及三体核力效应

在同位旋相关的BHF理论框架内,研究了微观三体核力对非对称核物质状态方程和原子核对称能的影响.结果表明:即使引进了微观三体核力后,核物质结合能随同位旋非对称度的变化关系仍然能够在整个同位旋自由度范围内(0≤β≤1)相当精确地满足二次方规律.在核物质饱和密度ρ₀=0.17fm^－3处,三体核力对于对称能E_sym的影响很小,考虑三体核力后得到的对称能为30.71MeV,与其经验值符合得很好;对于高密度核物质,由于三体核力效应,对称能明显增大,而且三体核力使对称能随密度的增大要比不考虑三体核力情况下的计算结果陡得多.同时还给出了对称能的密度依赖关系的一个简单的参数化形式.     

中子星物质中的K介子凝聚与三体核力效应

利用Brueckner-Hartree-Fock方法，计算了β稳定中子星物质的状态方程以及三体核力的影响，特别是研究了三体核力对中子星物质中K介子凝聚的影响. 结果表明三体核力对β稳定中子星物质中出现K介子凝聚的临界密度以及中子星物质中各种粒子所占的比例均有重要影响. 三体核力的主要作用是降低了中子星物质中出现K介子凝聚的临界密度并使K凝聚相中的核物质更加接近于对称核物质.     

核物质中的三体核力效应和相对论效应

在BHF理论框架内,利用两体现实核力和微观三体核力研究了核物质状态方程,仔细计算和分析了核介质中不同的基本微观过程导致的三体核力对核物质状态方程的贡献,与相对论DBHF方法的计算进行了比较.结果表明,DBHF方法中包含的对核物质状态方程的主要相对论修正来自于核介质中伴随着自由核子–反核子对虚激发中间过程对核子相互作用中标量σ介子交换过程介质修正效应所导致的三体核力,而来自于其他的基本微观过程的三体核力对核物质状态方程的贡献并不能完全相互抵消,它们的总贡献甚至在饱和密度附近也是不能忽略的     

热核物质液气相变的临界温度和三体核力效应

通过引入微观三体核力, 扩展了有限温度Brueckner-Hartree-Fock方法. 利用这一扩展的理论模型, 研究了热核物质的状态方程和液气相变现象并计算了临界温度, 讨论了三体核力对液气相变临界点性质的影响并与Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock方法的理论预言进行了比较. 结果表明：三体核力对热核物质状态方程提供一个随密度和温度增大而增强的排斥贡献, 而且三体核力的排斥效应导致热核物质液气相变的临界温度明显降低.     

核力与电荷无关吗

 在核物理教科书中,几乎都要讲到核力的电荷无关性,或者说同位旋不变性。所谓核力与电荷无关是指一对核子,不论是中子－中子,质子－质子或中子－质子,只要处于同样的空间状态和自旋状态,就具有相同的核力作用。核力的电荷无关性也可表述为两个核子之间的作用与两个核子的总同位旋投影Ｔ３无关。但是,核力的电荷无关只是近似成立,核力在同位旋空间的转动不变性,并不是绝对的,而是存在着破缺。这种破缺包括电荷无关性破缺（ＣＩＢ）和电荷对称性破缺（ＣＳＢ）,总共约有１％的量级。关于这种破缺的根源和对核物理各方面的影响已有不少研究。     

新生中子星的性质与三体核力效应

在Brueckner-Hartree-Fock理论框架内, 研究了新生中子星的状态方程和性质, 计算了新生中子星的最大质量和新生中子星中质子占总核子数的丰度, 特别是讨论了三体核力和中微子束缚效应的影响以及三体核力和中微子束缚效应的相互影响. 结果表明, 无论是否考虑三体核力, 中微子束缚对新生中子星的状态方程和质子丰度均有明显影响. 中微子束缚导致新生中子星物质中的质子丰度显著增大. 三体核力的贡献是使新生中子星的状态方程变硬并导致新生中子星中质子丰度明显增大. 束缚在中子星物质中的中微子显著减弱了三体核力对于中子星物质中质子丰度的影响.     

由氘核基态探讨N-N相互作用

从氘核基态出发,应用介子交换模型和唯象方法推出较为合理的核力表达式。其核力形式包含中心力、张量力、自旋相关中心力和自旋-轨道耦合力。     

三体核力重排效应对核物质中单核子平均场的贡献

在微观多体Brueckner-Hartree-Fock理论框架内, 实现了三体核力对核物质中单核子势的重排贡献的计算, 研究了三体核力重排贡献对单核子平均势场的动量相关性和密度依赖性的影响. 另外, 还计算了核物质中核子的有效质量并着重讨论了三体核力重排效应的影响. 结果表明: 三体核力对单核子势的重排贡献具有排斥性, 而且三体核力的重排效应随动量和密度的增加而迅速增强; 在高密度和高动量区域这一排斥贡献具有很强的动量相关性并起到了减弱单核子势吸引性和增强单核子势动量相关性的重要作用, 有助于澄清非相对论性BHF平均势场在高密度和高动量区域吸引性过强和动量相关性过弱的问题.     

Nuclear magnetic shielding and diamagnetic susceptibility of interacting hydrogen atoms

A quantum-mechanical study is made of the changes of the nuclear magnetic screening constant σ and the diamagnetic susceptibility X of two interacting hydrogen atoms due to van der Waals and overlap interatomic forces (effects of electron spin being neglected). At large distances the calculations show that van der Waals forces decrease the nuclear screening but increase the diamagnetic susceptibility (in magnitude). As the internuclear distance is reduced the first effect of overlap forces is to increase the screening in the repulsive (electronic triplet) state but this is followed by a further reduction. Attractive overlap forces (as in the ground state of H₂) ultimately lead to an increase in screening.     

Nuclear Forces and Neutron Stars

Earlier work on nuclear forces is applied to astudy of cooled massive neutron stars. Nuclear forcesinside these stars cannot be neglected and theirinfluence on neutron star states is considered. One important property of nuclear forces is theirability to be repulsive, which results in the phenomenonof nuclear saturation. It is shown that this propertycan provide the balance of gravitational and nuclear forces in cooled massive neutronstars.     

One-body nuclear friction

We have calculated the velocity dependent forces acting between two nuclei that arise due to one-body mechanism of nuclear excitation when they are dragged against one another with constant velocity. The nuclear friction coefficients are then extracted from the velocity dependence of these forces which is found to be strongly linear. The one-body force is calculated by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for all the occupied single-particle states of a nuclear system in a central collision. Each nucleus in this model is assumed to be described by a single-particle Woods-Saxon potential filled with 40 nucleons each. The magnitude of the resulting one-body friction is found to be in between the proximity and surface frictions. The proximity-friction is too small by about an order of magnitude. To check this result, we calculated the one-sided flux from one nucleus to the other. The friction force connected to this flux (i.e. the one-body exchange friction) turns out to be about half or less than the one body friction. We conclude that theproximity-friction grossly underestimates the one-body exchange friction. Furthermore,inelastic excitations are at least as important for one-body dissipation at distances beyond the touching point as is particle exchange.     

Abnormal nuclear matter and many-body forces

Qualitative aspects of quantum corrections to the Lee-Wick abnormal nuclear matter are studied in terms of many-body forces in the normal nuclear matter implied by the σ-model Lagrangian field theory. Using a simplified model for the scalar meson self-energy in the nuclear medium and restricting to a set of graphs which in non-relativistic normal nuclear matter reduces to the well-known random phase approximation (RPA), we have found that an abnormal nuclear state can be bound or unbound depending upon whether strongly attractive multi-body forces are present or absent in the normal matter. This is in support of our previous result obtained heuristically from some general considerations of quantum corrections. A strongly bound abnormal matter with an equilibrium density of a few times the normal nuclear matter density ρ₀ can be formed if large attractive manybody forces can be accommodated in the normal nuclear matter. However if one accepts the present status of theories of nuclear matter binding energy in which no attractive many-body forces are called for, then the abnormal state can occur only at large densities (perhaps 8 to 10 times ρ₀) and is expected to be unbound by several hundred MeV per particle.     

谈普朗克质量

简要介绍了普朗克于1912年提出的三个基本物理量：普朗克质量、普朗克长度和普朗克时间，它们巳被列入1986和1998年基本物理常数表，该文只讨论普朗克质量，假定原子核内存在量子化的核力场，命名其场量子为“引斥子”，其质量推算出恰好等于普朗克质量，由此可用4个耦合常数定量地描述四种相互作用的强度比，从而还可找到一种测定G的新方法。     

Sliding velocity dependence of adhesion in a nanometer-sized contact

The influence of sliding velocity on the adhesion force in a nanometer-sized contact was investigated with a novel atomic force microscope experimental setup that allows measuring adhesion forces while the probe is sliding at continuous and constant velocities. For hydrophobic surfaces, the adhesion forces (mainly van?der?Waals forces) remain constant, whereas for hydrophilic surfaces, adhesion forces (mainly capillary forces) decrease linearly with a logarithmic increase of the sliding velocity. The experimental data are well explained by a model based on a thermally activated growth process of a capillary meniscus.     

Pion condensation in neutron star matter: (II). Nuclear forces and stability

This paper presents several stable models of charged-pion condensed neutron star matter. The non-relativistic limit of the chirally symmetric Weinberg Lagrangian is used to describe interactions of the condensed pion field with the nucleons, as well as the pi-pi interactions of the condensed field. In the absence of nucleon-nucleon interactions, matter in this model is unstable, tending to ever-increasing baryon density and condensate wave vector. The connection of this model of condensation with the σ-model is shown.A general framework for including nuclear forces is then laid out. Results are given for a simple model in which the nuclear forces are assumed to produce an interaction energy V(ρ) dependent only on the total baryon density, independent of the degree of pion condensation, and also to produce a constant G-matrix element g in the nucleon-nucleon charge exchange channel. In the absence of condensation the equation of state reduces to that of interacting normal matter. We also consider effects of beta equilibrium and form factors in the p-wave pion-nucleon interaction. The condensed models are stable. Depending on the choice of parameters the models exhibit first- or second-order pion condensation phase transitions, or both.     

Three-body forces and many-body dynamics

Conventional many-body quantum theory considers, as a rule, a system of particles in the mean field interacting through two-body forces. Recently it was suggested that in nuclear physics many-body forces, first of all three-body ones, are important for saturation of nuclear matter and for many details of nuclear structure. We consider possible influence of three-body forces, regardless of their origin (bare nucleon interactions or effective medium phenomena), on many-body dynamics. The new effects include, but are not limited to, renormalization of pairing and other two-body forces, enhancement of anharmonicity for collective modes, and special features of shell model calculations. The text was submitted by the author in English.