光的干涉的教学

光的干涉是关系到光的本性。它是证明光具有波动性质的明显实例,它又是直接关系到光的衍射和偏振的讲授,所以它是物理光学的重要部分。它对于工业生产亦很重要。在工业技术上应用它的亦很多,例如用它来精确地检查滚珠轴承合不合规格,用它来检验量度仪器够不够标准。     

细菌视紫红质膜的光吸收非线性特性研究

对细菌视紫红质（ＢＲ）膜的光学吸收非性进行了研究,分别测量了细菌视紫红质光照前后的光吸收谱,结果显示它的吸收发生了明显的变化。用Ｚ扫描法研究了它的光学非线性,理论计算的结果表明它具有较大的光学非线性系数,且测量它的透过率随光强变化的关系曲线和理论模拟发现它对６３２．８ｎｍ波和匠光具有饱和吸收特性。     

基本作用力

 一个理论愈是深刻,它的前提就愈简明,它描述的事物就愈繁多,它适用的范围就愈广泛.--阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦     

中微子的静质量

中微子和它的反粒子──反中微子是一类很奇怪的基本粒子.它是宇宙中数量最多的一种粒子.宇宙中光子的数量大约是量子的 108倍,而中微子比光子还要多.可是,由于它与物质的相互作用很弱,很难对它作直接的观测,至今人们对它的基本性质还了解得很有限. 通常都认为它的静质量是零,因此以光速运动.它不仅不带电荷,而且没有磁矩.它不参与强相互作用和电磁相互作用,只有弱相互作用.世界上只有左旋的中微子(自旋方向与运动方向相反)和右旋的反中微子(自旋方向与运动方向相同),不存在右旋的中微子和左旋的反中微子.与电子、μ子和重轻子(子)相应,中微…     

变折射率透镜的光学设计

1975年我所研制成功了自众焦纤维,(也称为梯度折射率纤维)如果把它切成很薄的片,那么它像小透镜那样具有成像的作用,这是因为纤维的折射率沿径向方向有一个梯度变化所以如果入射波面是一个平面波,那末经过它以后的出射波面就变成一个球面波,出射球面波的球心就是它的焦点,但是我们发现它的像带有明显的缺陷,特别是在视场边缘,图象比较模糊。     

纳米碳管

 碳是世界上最多的元素之一,它有多种结构。常见的一种是碳黑,木柴燃烧后产生的黑色粉末就是碳黑,它是碳原子随机排列起来的状态;另一种是石墨,就是做铅笔芯的材料,它是碳原子层状排列结构;还有一种是金刚石,它是一种晶状结构,是目前已知材料中最硬的一种;纳米碳管是由像石墨结构一样的单层碳原子卷起来成为像无缝钢管一样、又长又细的管状结构。当管状结构的直径很大时,它跟石墨没有本质上的区别。当它的直径很小时,就跟石墨完全不一样了,它的奇异特性引起科学家们的极大关注。     

用激发共振方法测弹性模量

弹性模量是固体的基本物理性能之一,在许多力学量中它是一个不可少的基本量,在许多物理公式中它是一个基本参数。同时,弹性模量和其他的力学量不同,它对许多内部和外部因素并不十分敏感,是一个比较稳定的参数,它基本上决定于固体内部原子间的结合力,因此测定弹性模量有助于了解固体内部微观规律。     

物理绪论课的教学体会

绪论是中专物理的起始课,必须精心设计,使内容充实并富有启发性.对学生的学习来说,我特别强调学习兴趣.凡是有兴趣的事物,学生总是想办法去认识它,接近它,获得它;并对它产生愉快的情绪.教学中激发学生的求知欲,激发学生自己解决问题的强烈愿望,才是发挥学生主体作用的关键所在.     

纳米碳管

碳是世界上最多的元素之一,它有多种结构。常见的一种是碳黑,木柴燃烧后产生的黑色粉末就是碳黑,它是碳原子随机排列起来的状态;另一种是石墨,就是做铅笔芯的材料,它是碳原子层状排列结构;还有一种是金刚石,它是一种晶状结构,是目前已知材料中最硬的一种;纳米碳管是由像石墨结构一样的单层碳原子卷起来成为像无缝钢管一样、又长又细的管状结构。当管状结构的直径很大时,它跟石墨没有本质上的区别。当它的直径很小时,就跟石墨完全不一样了,它的奇异特性引起科学家们的极大关注。     

掺硼金刚石的超导电性

金刚石以它的光泽和超强的硬度屹立于材料世界之林.它本身是绝缘体,但它的导热能力优于铜,并且能承受极高的强电场.为使金刚石能够在电子学领域获得应用(例如,作为微电子芯片衬度、电子发射电极、光探测器和晶体管等) ,需要引入电荷载流子.硼原子的半径较小,它比碳原子少一个电     

INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.     

Holstein极化子能带和有效质量的温度依赖性

使用正则变换方法,考察了一维Holstein极化子能带和有效质量的温度依赖性。结果表明,对于一定的电子声子耦合强度,Holstein极化子能带宽度随温度升高而变窄,有效质量随温度升高而增大。特别是当电子声子耦合强度足够大时,极化子能带宽度在很小的温度范围内会迅速地变为零,我们认为这种情况实际上是极化子从能带状态向自陷局域态的迅速转变,这与通常的相变现象有点相类似。当电子声子耦合常数越大时,极化子有效质量随温度的升高而增加得越快。很显然,研究电子声子相互作用,对理解固体的光学和输运等性质将有重要的意义。     

指纹识别技术的发展

指纹识别技术由于具有独特的防伪性、可靠性、方便性、实时性、灵活性、可接受性、安全性和兼容性，因而可广泛应用于公安、保安、机要军事、商业等领域。本文首先对指纹识别技术的技术背景做了较为详细的介绍，包括个人识别和特征识别、指纹识别及其优点、指纹识别的发展历史、其它识别办法的限制、指纹自动识别系统的发展现状等，然后对指纹识别技术的市场前景做了综述，包括指纹锁和指纹卡的潜在应用。总之，随着市场的推动和技术的提高，指纹识别应用领域将会越来越广泛，在人们生活中的作用也会越来越重要。     

Magneto-electronic properties of the AA- and ABC-stacked graphites

In this study, we apply the tight-binding method to magneto-electronic properties of the AA- and ABC-stacked graphites, which are strongly dependent on the interlayer interactions, the magnetic field, and the stacking sequences. First of all, the interlayer interactions induce the significant changes in the energy dispersions, the band symmetry about the Fermi level, the overlap between valence and conduction bands, the band width, and the band-edge states or the symmetry points. Then, the magnetic field induces the Peierls phase in the Bloch functions and thus strongly affects the energy dispersions of the Landau Levels, the subband spacings, the energy width, and the special structures in density of states (DOS). Finally, the stacking sequences dominates over the low-energy band overlap and the anisotropy of energy bands. The effects mentioned above are exactly reflected in the density of state. Here, DOS exhibits the 3D, 2D, and 1D characteristics.     

Elemental Analysis of Tea Leaves (Camellia Sinensis) and Their Own Soils at Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey

People consume tea brewed from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant for about 50 centuries. Health benefits of the tea have been investigated for about three decades. Especially green tea shows antitoxic and lots of properties with its determined ingredients. Turkey is not only the one of the best consumer and but also good producer of the tea as being 5 th producer all over the world. It grows eastern region of the Turkey and high quality tea is imported and exported. To have quality tea, grooving soils are also crucial. In the current research, Tea leaves and their own grown soils were collected from 20 stations where the most tea producer cities as Trabzon, Rize and Artvin tea fields of the eastern of Black Sea Region in Turkey. The cultivated tea and their own grown soil samples were analysed by using EDXRF Spectrometry. In the soil samples, the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb on percent level and the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sr in the tea leaves were detected by using SKRAY 3600-EDXRF.and also the obtained data were evaluated with the Kriging interpolation of geostatistical method. Element content were investigated in the soil and tea samples according to the geological situations and also the relation of elemental difference between the tea and the own grown soil. Pb/Zn ratio was also anaysed in the samples.     

Classical theory of the octonian field

We develop a nonassociative classical theory of the octonion spinor field. We construct the Lagrange function, the field equations, the solutions, the energymomentum tensor, the spin, and the associator, which is a new quantum characteristic. We consider the interaction of the octonion spinor field with the electromagnetic field. We show that, in the case of a massless field, the energy, the spin, and the associator can be measured simultaneously, while in the case of a field with rest mass, only either spin and energy or spin and associator can be measured simultaneously.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 58–62, December, 1986.     

基于紫外光谱法和有监督模式识别技术对氯化钠、氢氧化钠和β-苯乙胺种类的鉴别

β-苯乙胺(PEA)是一种重要的有机合成中间体,在PEA生产过程中,最终的生成物中常常为含有氯化钠(NaCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)和PEA三者的混合物。因此,对NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物种类进行鉴别,有利于PEA的合成以及定性检测,需建立紫外光谱快速鉴别NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物种类的方法。利用紫外光谱法分别测量了NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物在190～400 nm范围的吸收光谱。首先,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)提取紫外光谱的主成分信息,用少数的主成分信息取代原始变量,减少模型的复杂度。用PLS提取NaCl,NaOH和PEA在前三个主成分空间中得分向量值的分布。可知NaCl,NaOH和PEA前三个主成分累计贡献率分别是96.64%,99.44%和99.95%。因此,NaCl、NaOH和PEA的前三个主成分基本包含了大部分的光谱信息。其次,用获得的三个主成分作为输入变量,采用线性判别分析（LDA）,Sigmoid SVM,RBF-SVM,RBF-ANN,BP-ANN和人工蜂群(ABC)优化神经网络(ABC-BP-ANN)等模式识别方法对NaCl,NaOH和PEA种类进行判别,获得总的敏感性分别为95.6%,95.6%,95.9%,95.8%,96.9%和99.6%。由于NaCl和NaOH特征吸收峰很相似,主成分得分向量会出现重叠现象,导致NaCl和NaOH的种类鉴别出现误判。通过对比六种分类方法,可知ABC-BP-ANN效果最优,BP-ANN次之,RBF-SVM和RBF-ANN结果相似,但比BP-ANN稍差,LDA和Sigmoid-SVM效果最差。最后,配制7种不同摩尔分数的混合物(混合物摩尔分数是指PEA物质的量占混合物总物质的量百分比),浓度范围为0%mol·L-1～60%mol·L-1,然后采用RBF-SVM,BP-ANN和ABC-BP-ANN三种方法对混合物种类进行判别。从敏感性和特异性结果可以得知,ABC-BP-ANN分类效果最好,BP-ANN次之,RBF-SVM分类效果最差, 由混合物得到的结果与单组分的结果相一致。结果表明,紫外光谱结合ABC-BP-ANN模式识别方法可以成功区分NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物的种类。该方法可作为一种简便、快速、可靠的方法用于NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物的种类判别,并为PEA的合成和质量控制提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

拉曼光谱技术的汽油组分含量测定

为实现汽油中所含组分含量的快速测定,对93号、97号汽油,芳烃、烯烃、苯、甲醇、乙醇等几类物质,以及往汽油中添加几类物质后的410个汽油混合物进行拉曼光谱检测。将获取的原始拉曼光谱经过有效波段提取、平滑去噪、基线扣除、数据归一化等一系列预处理过程,最终提取出每个汽油混合样品光谱中所含的33个特征峰信息,依据现行的国标检测方法,以气相色谱法测定的汽油中各组分含量值为基础,结合化学计量学多重回归分析方法,建立了汽油组分含量测定模型。经过比较,使用多输出最小二乘支持向量回归机(MLS-SVR)建立的模型优于偏最小二乘(PLS)模型。MLS-SVR模型对汽油中芳烃、烯烃、苯、甲醇、乙醇测定精度均较好,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.27%,0.30%,0.16%, 0.17%, 0.12%;相应的相关系数(r)为0.999 2,0.998 4,0.998 5,0.992 6,0.996 8。通过对未知混合汽油样品的测定,证明了该方法具有较好的推广预测精度,预测均方根误差不超过0.5%,能够满足工业中的测量需求。拉曼光谱结合多输出最小二乘支持向量机为汽油组分测定提供了一种高精确、快捷、方便的测定方法。     

Bond dissociation energies in organometallic systems: substituent effects

A knowledge of the factors determining the magnitude of the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) is of importance to the advancement of theoretical organometallic chemistry and from the practical standpoint. The central atom and the substituents bound to it influence the BDE values; however, the interplay between the BDE and the substituent effects remains unknown. In this work, the literature data on substituent influence on the BDE of lithium, sodium, copper, silver, mercury, aluminium, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, antimonium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, and iridium compounds (37 series) have been analyzed, using the correlation analysis. Generally, the BDE values were first established to depend on the joint influence of the inductive, resonance, polarizability, and steric effects of substituents. The contribution of the polarizability effect ranges up to about 40%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无回热混合制冷剂循环(MRC)液化天然气流程的系统模拟

针对混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的热力学研究进行流程的系统模拟。系统介绍了第一个多股换热器前高低压制冷剂之间不进行回热的典型混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的计算方法;指出了进行此类流程计算时应注意的事项:针对特定的参数进行了全流程的模拟,得到了流程各节点压力、温度、焓、熵、汽液两相流量、总流量、汽液两相摩尔分率;同时得到了流程中压缩机耗功、丙烷预冷量、制冷剂流量、各换热器的换热量等表示流程性能的参数