Surface tension,density, and speed of sound for the ternary mixture {diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + decane}

This paper reports the results of a new experimental study of thermophysical properties for the ternary mixture of {diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + decane}. Surface tension has been measured at 298.15 K and, density and speed of sound have been measured in the temperature range T = (288.15 to 308.15) K. Excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and surface tension deviations, have been calculated from experimental data. Surface tension deviations have been correlated with Cibulka equation and Nagata and Tamura equation was used for the other excess properties. Good accuracy has been obtained. These excess magnitudes are discussed qualitatively in terms of the nature and type of intermolecular interactions of the components involved.     

Thermophysical properties for (diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + octane) ternary system

The density and speed of sound of the ternary mixture (diethyl carbonate + p-xylene + octane) have been measured at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range T = (288.15 to 308.15) K. Besides, surface tension has been also determined for the same mixture at T = 298.15 K. The experimental measurements have allowed the calculation of the corresponding derived properties: excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and surface tension deviations. Excess properties have been correlated using Nagata and Tamura equation and correlation for the surface tension deviation has been done with the Cibulka equation. Good accuracy has been obtained. Based on the variations of the derived properties values with composition, a qualitative discussion about the intermolecular interactions was drawn.     

Dynamic viscosities of the ternary liquid mixtures (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + ethanol) and (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + hexane) at several temperatures

Densities, ρ speeds of sound, u and dynamic viscosities, η of the ternary mixtures {dimethyl carbonate (DMC) + methanol + ethanol} and (dimethyl carbonate + methanol + hexane) were gathered at T = (293.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. From experimental data viscosity deviations, Δη of the ternary mixtures were evaluated. These results have been correlated using the Cibulka equation. The fitting parameters and the standard deviations of the ternary viscosity deviations are given. UNIFAC-VISCO group contribution method was used to predict the dynamic viscosities of the ternary mixtures at several temperatures.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + propionic acid + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for {water (1) + propionic acid (2) + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and 101.3 ± 0.7 kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the propionic acid is higher in the dibasic esters layers than in the aqueous layers. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems was predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

Phase equilibrium data for the ternary system (propane + chloroform + oryzanol)

The compound oryzanol available in the rice bran (oriza sativa) is well known for its antioxidant activity. Phase equilibrium data involving oryzanol in compressed fluids, hardly found in the literature, are important to provide the basis for the extraction and fractionation processes. In this sense, the aim of this work is to report phase equilibrium measurements for the system (γ-oryzanol + chloroform) in compressed propane. Phase equilibrium experiments were performed using the static synthetic method (cloud points transition data) in a high-pressure variable-volume view cell in the temperature range of 303 K to 353 K, pressures up to 17 MPa, for oryzanol overall mass fractions of 2 wt%, 5 wt% and 10 wt% in (propane + chloroform) mixtures. A complex phase behaviour comprising vapour–liquid, liquid–liquid, vapour–liquid–liquid, solid–liquid, solid–liquid–liquid, solid–liquid–liquid–vapour transitions were visually observed for the system studied.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of the (water + butyric acid + dodecanol) ternary system

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the (water + butyric acid + dodecanol) ternary system have been determined experimentally at T = (298.2, 308.2 and 318.2) K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining binodal curves and tie lines. The reliability of the experimental tie lines was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The UNIFAC method was used to predict the phase equilibrium in the ternary system using the interaction parameters determined from experimental data of CH₃, CH₂, COOH, OH and H₂O functional groups. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

Coexistence curves of critical nonaqueous microemulsions of (AOT + DMA + nonane) and (AOT + DMA + octane)

The coexistence curves of (T, n), (T, ϕ) and (T, ψ) (n, ϕ, ψ are the refractive index, the volume fraction, and the effective volume fraction, respectively) for two ternary nonaqueous microemulsion systems have been determined at constant pressure and a constant molar ratio ω of DMA to AOT. The critical exponent β and the critical amplitude B have been deduced, and the values of β were consistent with the theory of 3D-Ising in a region sufficiently close to the critical temperature. The results show that the coexistence curves have been successfully described by the Wegner equation and the expression for the diameter.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium of (NaNO3 + PEG 4000 + H2O) ternary system at different temperatures

Phase diagram and (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the (NaNO₃ + polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) + H₂O) system have been determined experimentally at T = (288.15 and 308.15) K. The effects of temperature on the binodal curves and tie-lines have been studied and it was found that an increasing in temperature caused the expansion of two-phase region. The Chen-NRTL, modified Wilson and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental tie-line data. The results show that the quality of fitting is better with the UNIQUAC model.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + lactic acid + alcohol) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) measurements of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were carried out for {water (1) + lactic acid (2) + octanol, or nonanol, or decanol (3)} at T = 298.15 K and 101.3 ± 0.7 kPa. The relative mutual solubility of lactic acid is higher in the water layers than in the organic layers. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE results for the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium of (NaClO4 + PEG 4000 + H2O) ternary system at different temperatures

Phase diagram and (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) results for {NaClO₄ + polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) + H₂O} have been determined experimentally at T = (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K. The Chen-NRTL, modified Wilson and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the values for the experimental tie-lines. The results show that the quality of fitting is better with the modified Wilson model.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + butyric acid + esters) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for mixtures of {water (1) + butyric acid (2) + ethyl propionate or dimethyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the butyric acid is higher in the layers of esters than in the aqueous layer. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for ternary mixtures of (polyvinylpyrrolidone + MgSO4 + water) at different temperatures

Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data were determined for a ternary system (polyvinylpyrrolidone + MgSO₄ + water) at various temperatures of (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K. The UNIQAC, modified regular solution, modified Wilson and Chen-NRTL models were used to correlate the experimental tie-line data. The results show that at each temperature, the quality of fitting is better with the Chen-NRTL model.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for ternary mixtures of (ethylene glycol + toluene + n-octane)

Tie-line data for ternary systems of (ethylene glycol + toluene + n-octane) at three temperatures (295.15, 301.15, and 307.15) K are reported. The compositions of liquid phases at equilibrium were determined and the results were correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficient models. The partition coefficients and the selectivity factor of ethylene glycol are calculated and compared to suggest which ethylene glycol is more suitable for extracting of toluene from n-octane. The phase diagrams for the studied ternary mixtures including both the experimental and correlated tie lines are presented. From the phase diagrams and the selectivity factors, it is concluded that ethylene glycol may be used as a suitable solvent in extraction of toluene from n-octane mixtures.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + propionic acid + dibasic esters) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the solubility curves and tie-line compositions were examined for mixtures of {water (1) + propionic acid (2) + dimethyl succinate or dimethyl glutarate or dimethyl adipate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the propionic acid is higher in the dibasic esters phases than in the aqueous phase. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data were confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC and modified UNIFAC methods. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + butyric acid + dibasic esters) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for mixtures of {water (1) + butyric acid (2) + dimethyl succinate or dimethyl glutarate or dimethyl adipate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and p = (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the butyric acid is higher in the dibasic esters layers than in the aqueous layer. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

Binodal curve measurements for (water + propionic acid + dichloromethane) ternary system by cloud point method

The binodal (solubility) curves and tie line data for ternary systems of (water + propionic acid + dichloromethane) at 91.3 kPa and T = (277.15, 284.15, and 294.15) K are reported. The binodal curve results were determined by cloud point measurements method. A simple titration method has been used for determining of the concentration of propionic acid in the both liquid phases at equilibrium. The results obtained were successfully correlated with the UNIQUAC activity coefficient model. The deviations between experimental and calculated compositions in both phases for the ternary system using this model are reported. The partition coefficients of propionic acid and the selectivity factor of dichloromethane for extracting of propionic acid from water were calculated and are reported. The phase diagrams for the ternary system studied including both the experimental and correlated tie lines are presented.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for ternary mixtures of (methanol or ethanol + toluene or m-xylene + n-dodecane)

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) results for the ternary mixtures of (methanol or ethanol + toluene or m-xylene + n-dodecane) at three temperatures (298.15, 303.15 and 313.15) K are reported. The compositions of liquid phases at equilibrium were determined by g.l.c. measurements and the results were correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficient models. The partition coefficients and the selectivity factor of methanol and ethanol are calculated and compared to suggest which alcohol is more suitable for extracting the aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene or m-xylene) from n-dodecane. The phase diagrams for the ternary mixtures including both the experimental and correlated tie lines are presented. From the phase diagrams and the selectivity factors it is concluded that methanol has a higher efficiency as a solvent in extraction of aromatic hydrocarbon from alkane mixtures.