营养缺陷型酿酒酵母AY生长代谢的热动力学研究

用微量热法研究了尿嘧啶缺陷型酿酒酵母AY,和该菌株分别经穿梭质粒pYLZ-2、重组质粒pYLZ-2/f27、pYLZ-2/622转化的3种菌株的生长代谢热动力学.尿嘧啶缺陷型酿酒酵母AY在基本培养基中不生长,没有代谢热效应产生,而在葡萄糖蛋白胨培养基和丰富营养培养基(YPD)中生长,并且在YPD中生长最好;向基本培养基中加入尿嘧啶后,AY能够生长,而且随着尿嘧啶浓度的增加,其生长速率常数增大;经质粒转化的3个菌株均能在基本培养基中生长,代谢产热曲线各不相同,与转入质粒的结构、功能密切相关.研究结果表明了各菌株遗传特征的差异.     

酵母高稳定载体的构建及人-αA干扰素在酵母中的高表达和分泌

本文利用酿酒酵母天然2μm质粒的SnaBI位点与pEMBL Yi27质粒的SmaI位点经平末端连接,构建成酿酒酵母高稳定质粒载体pHC11,经测定表明,其酵母转化子在非选择培养条件下连续生长50世代后,仍有82％的细胞保留该质粒,此结果证实了2μm质粒中非功能区的存在,将人-αA干扰素基因表达分泌单元插入pHC11,构建成重组质粒转化酵母后,在完全培养基中发酵培养,经分析测定,培养上清液中表达产物占总蛋白量的36.8％,干扰素效价达2.6×10~(10)u/L,表明利用高稳定载体pHC11使人-αA干扰素在酵母中得到了高表达和分泌。     

黑曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达和分泌

将黑曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶GAI的cDNA插入到质粒pMA91的酵母PGK基因的启动子和终止序列之间,构成含葡萄糖淀粉酶基因的表达载体pMAG69。用原生质体转化法引入酿酒酵母GRF18,实现黑曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达,利用基因本身的信号序列使99％以上的酶蛋白分泌至胞外,构建的酵母菌株在含10％淀粉的培养基中2天内能水解87％的淀粉,对酵母转化子的稳定性检测显示,重组质粒pMAG69可在酿酒酵母中较稳定地存在。     

产甘油基因工程菌的构建

利用途径工程的基本原理,在大肠杆菌中构建一条产甘油的新代谢途径。从酿酒酵母Sacchdromyces cerevisiae INVSc1菌株总DNA克隆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因(gpdl)和3-磷酸甘油酯酶基因(hot2),构建由两个杂合启动子trc启动基因的双表达盒的重组质粒pGEM-Cgpd1-Chor2,后者转入E．coli JM109菌株,构建的重组菌株就具有一条直接将葡萄糖转化为甘油的新代谢途径,将该重组菌株以葡萄糖为底物进行摇瓶发酵,甘油产率为1．18g／L。该研究结果为进一步构建生产1,3-丙二醇工程菌打下了基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌含不同质粒和不同基因工程菌的生长代谢

用微量热法研究了世界上产量最大的微生物杀中心剂苏云芽胞杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis)野生菌株YBT－1463,无晶体突变株BMB160和无质粒、无晶体突变株BMB171以及含量不同杀虫蛋白基因工程菌BMB－304－171－A和BMB－304－171－B的生长代谢动力学变化。结果是,含有14个质粒的野生菌株YBT－1463的生长代谢热比无晶体含6个质粒的变株BMB160和无晶体、无质粒突变株BMB171低;将杀虫晶体蛋白基因vryⅠAc和cryⅠC分别转入受体菌BMB171中后,两个工程菌BMB－303－171－A和BMB－304－171－B生长代谢热与受体菌BMB171相比也吸显降低;表明质粒形成一个耗能过程,当受体菌BMB171转入杀虫晶体蛋白基因后,工菌比受茶杯菌的放热大幅度减少,表明基因编码杀虫晶体蛋白也是一个耗能过程,但是含基因cryⅠAc和cryⅠC工程菌BMB－304－171－A和BMB－304－171－B之间的生长代谢没有明显差异。首次报道这些热动力学变化,对杀虫剂发酵生产过程的代谢控有重要指导意义。     

重组质粒对大肠杆菌HB101生长影响的微量热研究

用微量热方法研究了嗜麦芽假单胞菌AT18, 受体菌大肠杆菌HB101, mel基因工程菌——大肠杆菌HB101/pWSY8和携带克隆载体pUC18质粒的大肠杆菌HB101等的生长代谢过程. 实验结果从热化学和热动力学上阐明了细菌的生长速率常数与其所含质粒的大小呈负相关. 探讨了低温处理对含不同质粒大肠杆菌生长的影响, 发现低温处理对工程菌生长影响最大.     

细菌变异株生长热谱研究

用微量热法研究微生物的生长与代谢,是生物热力学一个新的研究领域.我们已经测得细菌生长的完整热谱,这种热谱具有良好的重现性和明显的特征性,可以作为细菌的“指纹图”对其进行种的分类和鉴定[1～5].但在研究中发现,同种细菌不同变异株的生长图谱略有差异,若培养基选择?..     

苏云金芽胞杆菌含不同质粒和不同基因工程菌的生长代谢

用微量热法研究了世界上产量最大的微生物杀中心剂苏云芽胞杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis)野生菌株YBT－1463,无晶体突变株BMB160和无质粒、无晶体突变株BMB171以及含量不同杀虫蛋白基因工程菌BMB－304－171－A和BMB－304－171－B的生长代谢动力学变化。结果是,含有14个质粒的野生菌株YBT－1463的生长代谢热比无晶体含6个质粒的变株BMB160和无晶体、无质粒突变株BMB171低;将杀虫晶体蛋白基因vryⅠAc和cryⅠC分别转入受体菌BMB171中后,两个工程菌BMB－303－171－A和BMB－304－171－B生长代谢热与受体菌BMB171相比也吸显降低;表明质粒形成一个耗能过程,当受体菌BMB171转入杀虫晶体蛋白基因后,工菌比受茶杯菌的放热大幅度减少,表明基因编码杀虫晶体蛋白也是一个耗能过程,但是含基因cryⅠAc和cryⅠC工程菌BMB－304－171－A和BMB－304－171－B之间的生长代谢没有明显差异。首次报道这些热动力学变化,对杀虫剂发酵生产过程的代谢控有重要指导意义。     

微量热法和荧光显微法研究CdTe量子点敏化的纳米TiO2对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性及细胞损伤机制

通过水热合成法和自组装方法分别合成了CdTe(QDs)量子点与CdTe(QDs)敏化的纳米TiO₂复合物,并将CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂与TiO₂均配成浓度为1×10^-2 mol/L的悬浮液. 取一小环大肠杆菌(E. coli)的营养肉汤培养基至5 mL LB培养基中,则E. coli的浓度配成大约1×10⁶ cell/mL的悬浮液以作备用. 在37.0 ℃条件下,利用LKB-2277生物活性检测仪并采用停流法进行检测,研究了CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂对E. coli的抗菌行为. 通过测定和分析产热功率-时间曲线,获得细胞生长速率常数(k)、最大产热功率(P_m)、传代时间(t_G)以及抑制率(I)等热动力学常数. 结果表明：在0～4.0×10^-5 mol·L^-1浓度范围内,生长速率常数(k)和抑制率(I)均与浓度成一定的线性关系. 生长速率常数(k)和最大产热功率(P_m)随着CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂的浓度增加而下降,而传代时间(t_G)和抑制率(I)随着CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂ 的浓度增加而增加;其中,CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂的生长速率常数斜率(0.0001)小于TiO₂的生长速率常数斜率(0.0005),可以初步判断CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂对E. coli的代谢影响较TiO₂要大. TiO₂和CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂对E. coli代谢活性均有一定的抑制作用. 在相同浓度时,CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂的抑制率斜率(0.84)大于TiO₂的抑制率斜率(0.26),进一步说明了CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂相比TiO₂具有对E. coli 更强的细菌抑制作用;结合Hadama荧光显微方法,进一步佐证了CdTe(QDs)/TiO₂相对于TiO₂表面结构的改变可能是导致其抗菌效果较好的主要原因之一. 从而为深入揭示纳米材料影响微生物生长代谢过程的热动力学规律和细胞损伤机制提供理论支撑.     

细菌生长的热动力学研究进展

本文简单介绍了绝热式和热导式量热计及理论模型,细菌生长的动力学模型,着重介绍了近五年中热动力学在研究细菌生长代谢过程中的应用;通过测定不同条件下细菌生长代谢过程的产热曲线,求得细菌生长代谢的热力学和动力学参数,研究细菌的生长条件和药物的抑制作用。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。