海啸的物理

地震海啸的产生是地球表面固体层和流体层相互作用的结果．文章介绍了这种相互作用的物理过程，讨论了海啸的大小、能量、传播速度．指出：建立早期预警系统是减少海啸灾害的重要措施，目前的预警系统虚报率很高的问题，仍需要通过加强地球表层系统相互作用的研究来解决．     

海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震

简要地介绍了海啸与地震海啸的成因、特点,分析了影响地震海啸的重要因素,阐述了海啸预警的物理基础.以2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼MW9.0特大地震及其激发的印度洋特大海啸为例,说明除了地震的大小、地震机制、震源深度以外,震源破裂过程也是影响地震激发海啸的重要因素.通过对苏门答腊-安达曼特大地震及2005年3月28日苏门答腊北部特大地震进行分析对比,探讨了海啸地震的特征,阐明了进一步深入研究海啸地震的特征及其激发海啸的机制对于预防和减轻海啸灾害的重要意义.     

由东南亚海啸引发的一堂物理课

印度洋海啸被认为是一次“全球性地球物理学事件”．通过对“海啸的物理学”的教学设计,利用从互联网收集的最新资料,结合学生的物理知识,对海啸中的物理现象作了计算和分析．     

海啸:海洋的怒涛

<正>什么是海啸生活在地球上的大多数人并没有真正面对过海啸,可是我们不能忽视这个可怕的"海洋杀手",因为它给人类带来的伤痛记忆太过沉重了。"海啸是     

有关地震海啸与核辐射的几道物理习题

编写了若干与地震、海啸、核辐射相关的物理习题并从新课程目标角度作分析探讨．     

光的直线传播在地球测量中的应用

以著名的十大物理实验之一埃拉托色尼测量地球周长为例,总结了4种测量地球半径的简单物理方法.利用光的直线传播和太阳光可以看作平行光的物理知识,通过人眼观察,辅以直尺、绳索、计时器、水容器等简单的测量工具,经过几何光学计算,就可以比较准确地得到地球的周长或半径,并分析了测量中误差产生的原因.实验中对物理概念及规律的应用,对...     

理论物理学家对地质勘探研究工作的贡献

我从事地球物理勘探的研究和组织工作,任务是组织有关人员,利用物理学和地质学等方面的科学技术知识,进行地质勘探研究,通过分析,作出地质结构或矿藏方面的有关结论.可以说,工业建设、国防建设、农田水利、人民生活,无一能离开地质勘探这一先行工作的.在地质勘探工作中,正在发展的地球物理勘探这门新学科,起着日益重要的作用. 地球物理学是应用物理学的一部分,而地球物理勘探则是地球物理学中的重要部分.由于地球物理勘探是一门由许多不同学科综合发展起来的交叉学科,它的发展往往是由掌握了物理学、地质学以及其它有关科学、技术知识的地球…     

温室气体为什么难以离开地球

从3个方面分析与说明了温室气体为什么不容易离开地球的物理原因.     

高压物理研究在地球科学中的应用

高压物理是研究高压下物质状态、结构、特性及变化规律的学科，地球本身是一个巨大的高压实验室，其内部物质无不经受高压作用，应用高压物理研究的新成就来探讨地球内部物质的相变和物性，是一项重要课题，该文从地球层圈结构、地球内部物性分析入手，重点阐明高压物理与地球科学的密切联系和发展交叉学科的重大意义。     

中国地球物理学会井孔地球物理专业委员会成立会议在北京召开

正2018年8月27日,中国地球物理学会井孔地球物理专业委员会成立大会暨第一届委员会第一次会议在北京召开。中国地球物理学会郭建秘书长主持成立大会。来自全国研究院所、大学院校和企业部门近40家单位的69名代表等出席了成立大会。在会上,中国地球物理学会胡敏副秘书长宣读了《中国地球物理学会关于成立井孔地球物理专委会的批复文件》。经过民主选举,产生了第一届专业委员会及组织机构,《应     

Hydrodynamics of tsunamis generated by asteroid impact in the Black Sea

Two-dimensional and one-dimensional models are used to evaluate the seashore effects of the tsunami generated by an asteroid hitting the deep water in the Eastern region of the Black Sea. The shallow water theory has been used to describe tsunami propagation. The distance between the impact point and the nearest coast is about 150 km. The effects on the coastal regions depend on many factors among which the most important is asteroid size. The tsunami generated by a 250 m asteroid reaches the nearest dry land location in 20 minutes and needs about two hours to hit all over the Black Sea coast. The horizontal inundation length is also known as run-in or run-off distance, according to the direction of water movement. The run-up values may be up to 39 m in the Eastern basin and a more than ten times smaller in theWestern region. The Northern part of the Black Sea coast is not affected by the tsunami. The run-in values of a tsunami generated by a 1000 m diameter asteroid are sensibly larger than the similar values associated to a 250 m diameter asteroid. The run-in strongly depends on the distance from the impact position to the shore and on coastal topographical profile. For instance, the run-in distance in case of a tsunami generated by a 250 m size asteroid is 0.1 km (at Varna), 0.5 km (Ordu), 0.7 km (Yalta) and 1.4 km (Sochi). In case of the 1000 m diameter asteroid the run-in distance is 0.7 km (at Varna) and 2.9 km (Yalta). The results accuracy is also discussed.     

The horizontal motion of a water layer during the passage of tsunami waves based on data from a dense ocean-floor network of deepwater sea-level stations

A method for the retrieval the horizontal motion of a water layer during the passage of a tsunami wave is proposed based on the data from a dense network of sea-level deepwater stations. The method is applied for calculation of the horizontal velocity of the flow and displacement of water particles in the vicinity of the DONET/JAMSTEC observatories during the passage the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. It was found that the amplitude of the flow speed was ~0.01 m/s, while the amplitude of the displacement exceeded 10 m.     

Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami and introduction of two level tsunamis for tsunami disaster mitigation

Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami have been revealed by collaborative tsunami surveys extensively performed under the coordination of the Joint Tsunami Survey Group. The complex behaviors of the mega-tsunami were characterized by the unprecedented scale and the low occurrence frequency. The limitation and the performance of tsunami countermeasures were described on the basis of tsunami surveys, laboratory experiments and numerical analyses. These findings contributed to the introduction of two-level tsunami hazards to establish a new strategy for tsunami disaster mitigation, combining structure-based flood protection designed by the Level-1 tsunami and non-structure-based damage reduction planned by the Level-2 tsunami.     

The potential and vortex traces of a tsunamigenic earthquake in the ocean

An equation system that describes the potential and vortex residual hydrodynamical fields that emerge in the rotating ocean during tsunami generation by co-seismic deformations of the bottom was obtained in terms of linear long-wave theory. For the model case of a cylindrically symmetrical deformation of the bottom, a completely analytical solution was found. On the basis of this solution, the structure of residual fields was analyzed and estimates of the residual horizontal displacements of water particles, of the speed of the vortex current, and of the energy of a geostrophic vortex were obtained under typical tsunami source conditions.     

Evaluation of the effect of the 2011 Tsunami on coastal forests by means of multiple isotopic analyses of tree-rings

The March 2011 Mega-Tsunami in eastern Japan damaged at different degrees the black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forests along the coast. In order to evaluate the recovery of black pine four years later, tree-ring samples from 9 trees for the period 2002–2014 were analyzed for ring growth and stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O). The results showed that annual tree-ring width decreased approximately 70?% from the year 2011 to 2014 compared to the period previous to the tsunami (2002–2010). The multiple isotopic analyses showed that the reduction in growth was caused by soil salinity that prompted stomatal closure and an abrupt increase of tree-ring δ¹³C. Sea water deposition in the soil did not affect tree-ring δ¹⁸O values. Two years after the tsunami, decreasing tree-ring δ¹³C values caused by apparently photosynthetic recovery did not translate into radial tree-growth, indicating a possible shift in carbon allocation to foliage and mainly roots as a defense mechanism to sodium toxicity. The dual δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O model explains neither the limited growth nor the subsequent recovery in δ¹³C. Similarly tree-ring δ¹⁵N indicated that there was no difference in nitrogen availability before and after the tsunami, suggesting that nutrients were not a limitation but rather soil salinity.     

Analysis of Origin of Multi-Ring Basins by Theory of Deep Water Waves

The tsunami model of the origin of multi-ring basins by an initial surface deformation, which is set as a calculating the ring radius. The formula applied to is analysed with the theory of deep water waves generated parabolic crater. We obtain an approximate formula for some multi-ring basins on the Moon, Mercury and Mars gives almost equidistant spacing of the rings within the main ring （the Ⅳ ring）; this agrees with the previous conclusion that the Ⅳ ring marks the end of the fluidized region. Besides this, the theory of deep water waves does not require similar crustal structure at each basin-impact site on all three planets which is required in the theory of shallow water waves.     

Influence of bottom topography on the propagation of linear shallow water waves: an exact approach based on the invariant imbedding method

The wave equation for linear shallow water waves propagating over a varying bottom topography has the same form as that for p-polarized electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous dielectric media. The role played by the dielectric permittivity in the case of electromagnetic waves is played by the inverse water depth. We apply the invariant imbedding theory of wave propagation, which has been developed mainly to study the electromagnetic wave propagation, to linear shallow water waves in the special case where the depth depends on only one coordinate. By comparing the numerical result obtained using our method, when the depth profile is linear, with an exact analytical formula, we demonstrate that our method is numerically reliable. The invariant imbedding method can be used in studying the influence of complicated bottom topography on the propagation of shallow water waves, in a numerically exact manner. We illustrate this by considering the case where a periodic modulation is added to a linear depth profile. Bragg scattering due to the periodic component competes with the tsunami effect due to the linear depth variation. This competition is seen to generate interesting physical effects. We also consider a ridge-type bottom topography and examine the resonant transmission phenomenon associated with the Fabry–Perot effect.     

Influence of bottom topography on the propagation of linear shallow water waves: an exact approach based on the invariant imbedding method

The wave equation for linear shallow water waves propagating over a varying bottom topography has the same form as that for p-polarized electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous dielectric media. The role played by the dielectric permittivity in the case of electromagnetic waves is played by the inverse water depth. We apply the invariant imbedding theory of wave propagation, which has been developed mainly to study the electromagnetic wave propagation, to linear shallow water waves in the special case where the depth depends on only one coordinate. By comparing the numerical result obtained using our method, when the depth profile is linear, with an exact analytical formula, we demonstrate that our method is numerically reliable. The invariant imbedding method can be used in studying the influence of complicated bottom topography on the propagation of shallow water waves, in a numerically exact manner. We illustrate this by considering the case where a periodic modulation is added to a linear depth profile. Bragg scattering due to the periodic component competes with the tsunami effect due to the linear depth variation. This competition is seen to generate interesting physical effects. We also consider a ridge-type bottom topography and examine the resonant transmission phenomenon associated with the Fabry-Perot effect.     

Augmented Riemann solvers for the shallow water equations over variable topography with steady states and inundation

We present a class of augmented approximate Riemann solvers for the shallow water equations in the presence of a variable bottom surface. These belong to the class of simple approximate solvers that use a set of propagating jump discontinuities, or waves, to approximate the true Riemann solution. Typically, a simple solver for a system of m conservation laws uses m such discontinuities. We present a four wave solver for use with the the shallow water equations—a system of two equations in one dimension. The solver is based on a decomposition of an augmented solution vector—the depth, momentum as well as momentum flux and bottom surface. By decomposing these four variables into four waves the solver is endowed with several desirable properties simultaneously. This solver is well-balanced: it maintains a large class of steady states by the use of a properly defined steady state wave—a stationary jump discontinuity in the Riemann solution that acts as a source term. The form of this wave is introduced and described in detail. The solver also maintains depth non-negativity and extends naturally to Riemann problems with an initial dry state. These are important properties for applications with steady states and inundation, such as tsunami and flood modeling. Implementing the solver with LeVeque’s wave propagation algorithm [R.J. LeVeque, Wave propagation algorithms for multi-dimensional hyperbolic systems, J. Comput. Phys. 131 (1997) 327–335] is also described. Several numerical simulations are shown, including a test problem for tsunami modeling.