高分子结晶理论的新概念与新进展

回顾了传统的高分子结晶成核与生长模型,指出了该模型在应用中遇到的一些问题;同时总结了Strobl根据近年小角X射线散射结果提出的高分子结晶新机理-中介相机理.介绍了Strobl等构建的热动力学图解对熔体、中介相和片晶的转变过程,阐述了各相间的平衡转变温度、潜在的转变热以及表面自由能,说明了处于熔体和晶体之间的中介相的热动力学性质是理解高分子结晶过程的重要依据.     

反应温度对Ce2(C2O4)3•10H2O粉体形貌和形成机理的影响

以Ce(NO3)3•6H2O和草酸二甲酯(DMO)为原料, 在反应温度为30、50、65和85 ℃时, 利用均相沉淀法合成了不同形貌的CeO2超细前驱体Ce2(C2O4)3•10H2O. 利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及热重-差热分析法(TG-DTA)等测试手段, 对不同反应温度合成的产物物相、形貌及性质进行了表征. 实验结果表明, 所得产物均为单斜晶系的Ce2(C2O4)3•10H2O, 且随反应温度的升高, 产物的晶化度增加; 反应温度直接影响产物的形貌及大小, 当反应温度为30、50、65和85 ℃时, 所得产物形貌分别为无规则外形、类球状、大米粒状及片状, 说明反应过程是温度敏感过程; 温度对沉淀粒子形成的影响机理实际上要归结于温度对成核速率及生长速率的影响, 此过程遵循LaMer模型及结晶过程的粒度分布和控制原理.     

CoTiO3微晶水热生长机理及结晶动力学研究

采用水热法以TiCl3和Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O为主要原料制备出CoTiO3微晶。利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜对产物进行表征,重点研究了晶体的生长规律及结晶动力学。结果表明水热条件下CoTiO3晶体的生长过程是:水热温度为220℃时,晶核首先析出并沿平面铺展;随着反应时间的延长或水热温度的升高,晶核逐渐长大形成类似六边形的片状晶粒;280℃时晶粒开始沿垂直于片层的方向逐层堆积生长,最终形成菱面体晶粒。结晶动力学研究显示:水热条件下,CoTiO3晶体成核速率及生长速率均随温度升高而增长,其成核活化能和表观生长活化能分别为89.18 kJ.mol-1和50.56 kJ.mol-1。     

ZnO微晶的水热合成及形貌控制研究

以Zn(NH3)4(Ac)2为前驱体,不加任何模板剂和表面活性剂,低温下通过改变反应条件(如前驱体浓度、反应时间及反应温度),实现了对ZnO微晶形貌和尺度的有效控制.所得花状、蜂窝状、柱状ZnO用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜进行了鉴定和表征,并初步探讨了不同形貌ZnO微晶的生长机理.     

无添加剂条件下文石型碳酸钙晶须制备及影响因素研究

在不加任何结晶控制剂或模板条件下,以CaCl2和Na2CO3为原料,利用复分解反应法制备了具有较好形貌和高长径比,且分布均一的文石型碳酸钙晶须,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线粉末衍射(PXRD)和傅里叶转换红外光谱图(FT-IR)等手段对其进行了表征。研究了浓度、滴加速度、反应温度、搅拌速度以及滴加方式等因素对碳酸钙晶须的影响。结果表明最佳制备工艺为:CaC12溶液与Na2CO3溶液的浓度为0.05 mol.L-1,溶液滴加速度为1 mL.min-1,反应体系温度为80℃,搅拌速度为250 r.min-1。     

水介质对有机硫化物形成影响的模拟实验

利用高压釜反应装置在高温高压下开展了汽油-硫酸镁化学还原反应含水和无水体系的模拟实验,通过气相色谱仪、微库仑仪、毛细管气相色谱/脉冲火焰光度检测器、红外光谱仪及X射线衍射仪对气、油、固三相产物分别进行了分析并对动力学进行了解析,表明主要生成氧化镁、硫、焦炭、硫化氢、二氧化碳以及硫醇、硫醚和噻吩类等有机硫化物;随反应温度升高,反应体系中无机硫转化为有机硫的趋势增强,并主要生成热稳定性高的噻吩硫。 动力学解析表明,含水和无水条件硫酸镁转化反应的活化能分别为68.9和78.5 kJ/mol,证明水存在有利于无机硫向有机硫转化。     

形貌可控γ-硫化锰纳米晶的制备及表征

在表面修饰剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)存在的条件下,使氯化锰和硫化钠发生反应,在76℃无水乙醇溶液中,制备出了亚稳态的-γMnS纳米晶.当反应的搅拌速度不同时,得到的产物分别呈球形和椭球形.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外吸收光谱分析(UV)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对产物的形貌、结构和光学性质进行了表征,并据此推导了不同形貌纳米微粒的生长机理.     

不锈钢丝网上Cu基催化剂的制备及反应性能

采用阳极氧化技术在不锈钢丝网上成功地自生长了结构致密的氧化物膜,并以此为载体,通过电化学沉积工艺制备了Cu/不锈钢丝网催化剂。以甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯及二氯甲烷为模型反应,考察了4种不同种类挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)在该催化剂上的完全氧化活性。结果表明电化学沉积时间为15 min制备得到的催化剂上完全氧化丙酮、甲苯、乙酸乙酯及二氯甲烷的温度分别为240、220、260和440℃。在220℃反应条件下进行60 h的甲苯氧化稳定性试验结果显示该催化剂催化氧化甲苯的转化率一直保持98%以上,表现出较好的稳定性。扫描电镜,X射线衍射及X射线光电子能谱等表征结果表明,不锈钢丝网载体表面的阳极氧化物膜有利于提高活性组分的分散度。设计采用电沉积工艺大大提高了催化剂表面活性物种与载体的结合牢固度。     

碳纤维对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响

本文用偏光显微镜和示差扫描量热计(DSC)方法研究了碛纤维对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响。碳纤维表面对聚丙烯结晶过程具有明显的促进作用,纤维表面成核密度轻高,结晶生长成为横穿结晶,结晶特征温度随碳纤维加入而有不同程度的升高。结晶动力学表明:结晶生长本质仍是球晶机理,促进聚丙烯结晶的原因是碳纤维使结晶过程的表面自由能降低。     

不同氧化硅前驱体熔盐反应制备莫来石晶须

利用熔盐反应制备了莫来石晶须,采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG-DSC)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等分析表征技术对所制备的莫来石晶须进行了测定。SEM研究表明莫来石晶须的直径在200～400 nm范围,长度可达到几个微米。HRTEM照片显示所制备晶须的晶面间距为0.539 nm,正好与莫来石(110)晶面数据吻合,证明熔盐法制备的晶须为莫来石。随着反应物中氧化硅物种的引入,γ-Al_2O_3不断消耗和莫来石相不断生长,获得了各向异性的莫来石晶须。硫酸铝的分解反应是最重要的反应控制步骤,如果没有硅物种参与反应,可以在900℃下硫酸钠-硫酸铝的复合熔盐体系中得到α-Al_2O_3。熔盐反应的热力学计算表明,相比于γ-Al_2O_3,α-Al_2O_3作为硫酸铝分解的产物具有更稳定的能态。采用Kissinger-AkahiraSuno方法对硫酸铝分解过程的动力学进行研究,硫酸铝分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)为257.2 kJ·mol~(-1)。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.