仪器定量分析中几个问题的探讨

详细介绍了分析方法的评价指标,包括检出限、测定限、灵敏度、精密度、准确度、动态范围和线性范围、抗干扰能力等,单因素优化方法与加标回收实验评定测定结果准确度的可靠性,并就分析工作中遇到的一些实际问题进行了讨论.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定N36锆合金中微量钼和铅

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定N36锆合金中微量钼和铅的分析方法.讨论了样品溶解、基体效应干扰、谱线选择和观测方式等对测定结果的影响.采用均匀试验设计确定最适合的仪器测定参数,包括等离子气流量、辅助气流量、雾化气流量和等离子体发生器功率.结果表明,锆基体对测定结果有较大影响,在试验中采用基体匹配消除干扰,在试验设计优化的仪器测定参数下,使用N36锆合金样品对方法的精密度与准确度进行验证,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=11）低于5%,加标回收率为93%~104%.所建立的方法快捷、简便、准确,满足核用N36锆合金中微量钼和铅元素的分析要求.     

快速溶解法在测定硅铁及其合金元素中的应用

建立快速溶解硅铁及其合金的试验方法,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪分析检测硅铁及其合金中微量元素及痕量元素,证明了快速溶解法的可行性.结果显示,方法的精密度及检测仪器重复性测量不确定度的结果均符合国家标准规定的允许偏差范围,说明快速溶解法具有一定推广价值和应用前景.     

气相色谱法测定汽油含氧化合物与苯

本着降低生产成本,开发仪器功能,提高工作效率,建立了双柱切换-反吹技术-气相色谱法(内标法)同时测定汽油中含氧化合物与苯。考察色谱阀的切换时间,柱温等因素对结果的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,同时对方法的精密度和重复性进行验证。结果表明,含氧化合物和苯的相对标准偏差为0.05%～0.2%,加标回收率分别为98.8%和96.7%,同时测定汽油中含氧化合物和苯方法的建立,其分析结果与石化标准方法分析结果一致。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定铅泥、铅烟灰中铟量

建立了用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解样品,氢溴酸-盐酸混合酸除去样品中锑和锡,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定铅泥、铅烟灰中铟量。确定了仪器最佳测定条件,选择了最优分析谱线,精密度试验及加标回收试验验证了方法的可行性及准确性。该方法简单易操作,结果可靠。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定水玻璃中主次成分含量

建立了采用X射线荧光光谱法测定液体水玻璃中的Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O、SiO_2含量的方法。研究了适合直接测定液态水玻璃的制样方式、仪器分析参数,确定了工作曲线并录入数据库中。对未知样品的测定结果与化学法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定结果对比分析,证实了方法具有良好的准确度。精密度实验显示,方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.38%~14.3%。结果显示方法的准确度、精密度完全可以满足对水玻璃中主次成分测定的要求。     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定锗精矿中锗的含量

针对锗精矿分析过程中样品难溶解、锗易损失以及滴定法测定流程复杂等难点,本文建立了碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定锗精矿中锗含量的分析方法。考察了仪器的工作条件、不同的溶样方式、熔样温度和时间、介质酸度、共存元素对测定结果的影响,确定了最佳的实验条件：采用过氧化钠在700℃熔融10min,用硝酸浸取进行前处理;在电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪上选择209.426nm作为分析谱线,仪器在200 nm处光谱的实际分辨率小于0.01 nm;在10%的硝酸介质中采用钠基体匹配的方式进行测定。在该实验条件下,实验结果表明方法中仪器的短期稳定性小于1.5%,工作曲线具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数为0.99993,方法的检出限是0.023μg/mL。同时,选择了两个锗精矿国家标准样品GSB 04-3358-2016（Ge 4.91%）和GSB 04-3361-2016（Ge23.57%）进行分析,分析结果与标值基本一致,无显著性差异;进行了精密度和回收率试验,相对标准偏差在0.42%~1.32%之间,回收率在98.1%~101.8%之间,该方法具有较好的精密度和稳定性,能够满足锗精矿中锗含量范围在1%~25%的快速准确测定。     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定铁锰氧化态中57种元素

元素活动态分析作为深穿透地球化学的新方法,得到了广泛的应用。将ELEMENT XR型高分辨率等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS)法引入元素活动态的分析中,具有动态线性范围宽(10-12~1012)和灵敏度高的特点,使可同时测定的元素拓展至57种,大大提高了工作效率。根据实验结果结合响应面分析法,对HR-ICP-MS的主要仪器条件辅助气流量、雾化气流量和采样深度等进行了优化,确定了仪器的最佳测定条件;对铁锰氧化态的提取条件进行了系统研究:分别考察了提取时间、液固比、离心转速、提取液放置时间对提取效果的影响,确定了最佳提取条件,提取时间为24 h,液固比为15∶1,离心转速4000 r/min;在最优的测定条件和提取条件下,建立了HR-ICP-MS对铁锰氧化物结合相中57种元素的分析方法,得到了各元素的方法检出限和方法精密度,微量和痕量元素的方法检出限达到了10-9(ng/g),主量元素的检出限为10-6(mg/kg)水平,精密度为2.3%~32.5%,完全满足当前元素活动态的分析测试需要。     

胱氨酸的二次微分简易示波伏安法测定

利用胱氨酸在NaOH底液中产生灵敏切口的示波特性,建立了测定胱氨酸片剂中胱氨酸含量的二次微分简易示波伏安法,其校正曲线的线性范围为2.5×10-6～3.5×10-5mol/L,检出限为1.0×10-6mol/L.以2.0×10-5mol/L胱氨酸为例,5次测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.8%.该法具有分析速度快,仪器装置简单以及药片中的赋形剂不干扰测定等优点.     

湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法测定农产品中的硒

硒是典型的双功能元素,其在人体内的安全范围较窄,适量的硒摄入有利于健康,摄入过量则会导致硒中毒.采用湿法消解样品,对样品前处理、仪器条件、还原剂硼氢化钾浓度、预还原时间等条件进行优化,通过对方法的检出限、准确度和精密度进行研究,建立了湿法消解-原子荧光光谱法测定农产品中硒的方法.结果显示,针对不同浓度范围的标准物质测定...     

Vergleich von Röntgen- und optischer Emissionsspektralanalyse mit der Glimmlampe bei Anwendung auf AgCu-Binärlegierungen

For the binary eutectic system AgCu, calibration curves are established over a large concentration range (0.3–99.7%). These calibration curves are bent in X-ray spectrochemical analysis as well as in optical emission spectral analysis with a glow discharge lamp as a result of matrix effects. Linearization is achieved by the “method of binary ratios.” By making use of this simple calibration method, it is possible to obtain results with high precision and accuracy: the relative S. D. depends on concentration and is approximately 0.05(1?c). Both methods of spectrochemical analysis are therefore suitable (at least for binary systems) for the determination of major and minor constituents.     

Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Synovial Fluid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Due to the limited supply of blank synovial fluid, the usual practice of preparing a calibration curve for the biological sample of measurement is not practical for synovial fluid drug level determination. The linearity and correlation of peak height ratio between plasma and synovial fluid samples were investigated in this study. Excellent linear relationship is obtained from the calibration curves for both biological samples. In addition, excellent correlation of peak height ratios between plasma and synovial fluid indicates that the plasma calibration curve can be used in lieu of a synovial fluid calibration curve (slope 0.9154; intercept not statistically different than zero; and r-0.999 with N=13). According to this linear relationship, synovial fluid levels can be calculated based on the concentration as determined from the plasma calibration curve and divided by 0.9154. The extraction efficiences were comparable when diclofenac was spiked into human plasma or synovial fluid samples but the extraction of internal standard is better from synovial fluid than from plasma. The results are in good agreement with those observed in correlation between plasma and synovial fluid. Linearity and sensitivity of diclofenac in synovial fluid were determined in this study, but precision, accuracy and specificity were not determined due to the difficulty to obtain blank synovial fluid. Nevertheless, the same assay has been applied to plasma where all parameters have been well established and it is reasonable to assume the same results would have been obtained from synovial fluid samples.     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱对钛元素自吸收效应的分析

为了减小谱线自吸收效应对样品物质中元素定量分析带来的干扰,提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)对钢铁中微量元素的检测准确度和精度,以攀钢生铁标准样品作为研究对象,选取Fe(Ⅰ)438.4 nm、Fe(Ⅰ)347.6 nm作为内标线,以原子线Ti(Ⅰ)506.5 nm、离子线Ti(Ⅱ)334.9 nm作为分析线,对Ti元素谱线的自吸收效应进行校正,分别建立内定标曲线,并建立了相应的量化模型。先通过指数函数拟合定标曲线来表征自吸收效应,然后对自吸收效应进行校正。自吸收校正后,Ti两组定标曲线的决定系数R²分别从0.882增加到0.994、0.881增加到0.917,分别提高了12.7%和4.0%。定量分析时,2^#和5^#样品用于验证,结果显示两验证样品中Ti预测浓度的相对误差都降低到了10%以内,预测浓度的相对误差分别减少了72.01%、97.10%,测量精度得到明显提高,并且自吸收校正后的预测浓度近似于等于标准浓度。实验表明,通过指数函数拟合定标曲线的方式来量化自吸收效应,并对其进行校正的方法可以提升对Ti的分析精度,方法为...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定高纯氧化铟中铜含量的不确定度评定

对电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测量高纯氧化铟中铜含量的测量不确定度进行评定。不确定度的来源主要包括分析过程中所用的天平、玻璃器皿、标准曲线、标准溶液、试液定容体积、样品消解及测量重复性等引入的不确定度分量。计算出各分量的不确定度,通过合成得到测量结果的合成不确定度、扩展不确定度及测试结果的报告形式。     

Determination of wine aroma compounds by dehydration followed by GC/MS

A new extraction method for the analysis of the volatile fraction of white and red wines has been developed and validated. A dehydration step with MgSO4 separated an aroma compounds-rich alcoholic-glycerine layer. Spiked samples showed good recoveries in the range between 75 and 120% with CVmax% of 17, except for 2-phenylethanol and y-butyrolactone for which recoveries in red wines were under 60%, and for monoethylsuccinate, where recoveries averaged 50 and 60% in white and red wines, respectively. Method repeatability and intermediate precision showed good CVmax% with minimum and maximum values between 7.7 and 24, and between 18.7 and 25.0, respectively. The average determination coefficients were greater than 0.99 with CVmax% of 13. The instrumental LOD and LOQ were, in all cases, under 0.05 mg/L, except for 2,3 butanediol (0.20 mg/L). Overall, the presence of wine matrix affected aroma compounds responses in GC/MS analysis. These observations indicate that the use of a matrix-matched calibration curve is mandatory to obtain reliable quantitative data.     

离子色谱仪器的不确定度比对

随着仪器的自动化程度越来越高,在仪器分析过程中,人工操作部分越来越少。所以仪器所处的实际状态水平,将对检测结果产生较大的影响。研究了不同离子色谱仪在相同色谱条件下,对同一样品的分离分析,并对测量过程中产生不确定度的影响因素:标准溶液浓度产生的不确定度、样品重复测定产生的不确定度、标准曲线线性拟合产生的不确定度、温度变化产生的不确定度等进行了分析,并对检测结果进行对比。     

多工作曲线-全谱交直流电弧发射光谱法测定地质样品中的铅含量

在分析仪器测定中,当元素含量变化较大时,部分低含量和高含量的样品很难得到理想的测定结果。通过使用多条工作曲线来扩大元素测定的动态范围,对地质样品中不同含量的铅进行了测定,结果表明,方法的相对标准偏差均小于10%,用多工作曲线法测得的铅含量与推荐值更接近。待测样品含量首先由第一条灵敏度高的曲线进行测定,若测定浓度大于该曲线的转换值,则由第二条灵敏度较低的工作曲线进行测定。转换值的设定要充分考虑工作曲线的衔接问题,设定的转换值浓度应该在衔接的两条工作曲线上都处于线性部分。使用多工作曲线法,设定合理的转换值,可以同时获得高、低含量样品的理想测定结果。     

Factorial analysis of matrix effects in ICP-OES and AAS Determination of Ta and Ni IN Au

In measuring systems in which the signal is linearly related both to the component of interest and to matrix components, 2ⁿ factorial analysis is a convenient tool for applying matrix corrections. In general, the linearity condition is satisfactorily fulfilled if the matrix influences are not very large, but generally the signal is not linearly related to the analyte concentration. kⁿ (k > 2) factorial analysis can then be applied, but it needs extensive calibration to determine all the regression coefficients. When the non-linearity is not too large (as in atomic-absorption spectrophotometry), a more convenient method is to use the calibration curve or the instrumental curve-correction facility to obtain a linearized variable to which 2ⁿ factorial analysis is then applied. It is shown that the systematic deviation introduced often remains negligible if only the upper part of the calibration curves is used.     

Alternative calibration approaches for LC-MS quantitative determination of coeluted compounds in complex environmental mixtures using multivariate curve resolution

Different calibration approaches including external calibration, standard addition and internal standard are evaluated for quantification of coeluted compounds in liquid chromatography with MS spectrometry detection in scan mode and using multivariate curve resolution. These different calibration approaches are proposed to cope with sensitivity changes and matrix effects encountered in the analysis of complex natural environmental samples. By using them, multivariate curve resolution analysis of MS data in scan mode gave similar quantitative results to those obtained by LC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode (in both cases errors were below 16% for internal standard combined with standard addition strategy), and it provided at the same time a means of analyte confirmation via their resolved pure MS spectra, and a means to gather a larger amount of information about the whole chromatographic process and to facilitate the simultaneous determination of multiple analytes in the same chromatographic run using the same experimental and instrumental conditions.