李春艳1,李建华1,申贵隽2*

氰化物是一种快速、剧毒的化合物,能够引起组织衰竭以至机体死亡。氰化物一旦污染环境及食用源,会严重危害人体健康,当吸入或口服较大剂量氰化物时,会引起“闪电式”骤死,中毒者在10~60S内突然发出尖叫随即昏倒,出现强直性与阵发性痉挛,2-3min后呼吸停止而死亡[1]。因此加强对氰化物检测是一项重要的安全检测指标,为此,建立准确、快速,特别是能用于现场操作的氰化物测定方法有重要意义。     

数码成像比色法测定水样中的总磷

在酸性介质中,磷酸二氢钾与钼酸铵、酒石酸锑钾及抗坏血酸作用,生成蓝色的络合物。随着磷酸二氢钾浓度的增加,溶液颜色加深,其数码成像的RGB值亦随着磷酸二氢钾浓度的增加而增加,由此建立数码成像比色法(DIC)测定水样中总磷的新方法。考察了DIC法的影响因素和最佳反应条件。与钼酸铵分光光度法对照,该方法简单,快速。用于实际水样的测定,相对标准偏差为1.8%~3.4%,回收率为99.7%~102.5%,结果与分光度法一致。     

数码成像比色法测定补铁剂中铁元素含量的实验研究

利用数码成像原理,使用手机拍照,并用Photoshop 7.0软件处理图片得到标准溶液图片的灰度值,绘制标准曲线,进而测定补铁剂中铁元素的含量。本实验操作简便,用时短,精确度高。在中学引入数码成像比色法,不仅可以扩展定量实验的范围,还能凸显数码分析技术在化学学科中的应用,适合高中阶段开展特色兴趣实验。     

分散液液微萃取-数码比色法测定环境及生物样品中亚硝酸根

研究了分散液液微萃取(DLLME)-数码比色(DC)法测定水样中的亚硝酸根.在酸性介质中,亚硝酸根和对硝基苯胺及二苯胺作用,生成红色偶氮化合物.用乙醇作分散剂,以四氯化碳为萃取剂进行分散液液微萃取,萃取液点样在薄层硅胶板上用数码相机进行数码成像.成像斑点的灰度值和亚硝酸根的浓度成正比,据此建立了测定水样中痕量亚硝酸根的新方法.对影响萃取富集效率和数码成像效果的因素进行了优化.亚硝酸根浓度在2.0～80 μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.9997);检出限为0.22 μg/L.方法已应用于实际水样及人体体液分析,加标回收率在97.6%～103.4%之间,相对标准偏差在1.7%～3.4%之间;方法具有仪器成本低、方便快速、灵敏度高、环境友好等特点,可满足野外现场的检测要求.     

手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量

基于在酸性介质中,磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)与钼酸钠及抗坏血酸作用,生成蓝色的络合物,溶液的颜色随着KH2PO4浓度的增加而逐渐变浅,并呈现一定颜色梯度的原理,提出了使用手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量的分析新方法。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%,对样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率在102%~103%。方法方便快捷,成本低,适合现场分析,是一种农民自行测定土壤中总磷含量的新方法。     

手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量

基于在酸性介质中,磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)与钼酸钠及抗坏血酸作用,生成蓝色的络合物,溶液的颜色随着KH2PO4浓度的增加而逐渐变浅,并呈现一定颜色梯度的原理,提出了使用手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量的分析新方法。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%,对样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率在102%¹03%。方法方便快捷,成本低,适合现场分析,是一种农民自行测定土壤中总磷含量的新方法。     

流动注射分光光度法测定矿物浸提液中的游离氰化物

在氢氧化钠介质中游离的氰化物与苦味酸钠反应生成玫瑰红酸钠，并进行升温改善反应条件。双流路系统与单流路相比，峰形规范、光滑，能有效消除鬼峰，优化了显色条件，工作波长为５１０ｎｍ。按生产工艺要求的线性范围为４．０￣４０．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。进样频率为１３０次／ｈ。已成功地用于矿物浸提液中游离氰化物的现场分析。     

数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响

利用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响,采用紫红色溶液互补光"绿"通道的亮度值-时间的曲线变化表征反应物浓度与化学反应速率的关系。同时也利用分光光度计研究反应物浓度与反应速率的关系,测出透光率-时间的曲线变化。从实验结果比较分析,用数码成像比色法探究反应物浓度对化学反应速率的影响是非常简便可行的方法,同时让学生使用随身所带的电子产品开展实验研究,不仅使实验教学具有趣味性和科学性,而且能更好地培养学生的创新潜质。     

水中易释放氰化物能力验证样品的研制及应用

根据国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务要求和环境监测的实际需要,制备了水中易释放氰化物能力验证样品。通过均匀性、稳定性检验以及量值一致性评价,研制的样品均匀性良好,在3℃~6℃冷藏避光保存条件下1年内稳定,样品配制值与多家实验室协作测定结果一致。探讨了样品在能力验证活动中的应用,共有来自全国11个省的32家实验室参加了水中易释放氰化物的能力验证计划,实验室满意率在80%以上,实验室结果出现有问题或不满意主要是由于样品前处理以及检测过程质量控制不当导致的。经检测及实验室反馈的数据验证,该能力验证样品能够应用于能力验证活动。     

气相色谱法测定环境样品中的氰化物

氰化物是环境中常见的污染物,因其毒性大,是环境保护监测的重要项目之一。气相色谱法测定氰化物具有简便、灵敏、快速、干扰少、线性范围宽等优点。方法原理是在酸性溶液中,CN~-与Br_2生成CNBr,以还原剂除去多余的Br_2,经色谱柱分离后用ECD选择性地测定。     

A Sensitive Colorimetric Reagent for the Determination of Cyanide and Hydrogen Cyanide in Various Environmental Samples

A sensitive reagent system is proposed for the determination of cyanide and hydrogen cyanide in various environmental samples. The method is based on the conversion of cyanide into cyanogen bromide followed by its reaction with pyridine to form glutaconic aldehyde. The glutaconic aldehyde so formed is coupled with p‐aminoacetophenone forming yellow‐orange polymethine dye measured at 445 nm. The colour system obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.01–0.16 ppm of cyanide inaqeous phase and 0.002–0.03 ppm in extracting system. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 6.51 × 10⁵ l mol^?1 cm^?1 and 0.0001 μg cm^?2, respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of cyanide in air, industrial effluent, biological samples, and in the pesticide acrylonitrile.     

Portable Colorimetric Hydrogel Test Kits and On-Mobile Digital Image Colorimetry for On-Site Determination of Nutrients in Water

Portable colorimetric hydrogel test kits are newly developed for the on-site detection of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in water. Griess-doped hydrogel was prepared at the bottom of a 1.5 mL plastic tube for nitrite detection, a nitrate reduction film based on zinc powder was placed on the inner lid of a second 1.5 mL plastic tube for use in conjunction with the Griess-doped hydrogel for nitrate detection, and a molybdenum blue-based reagent was entrapped within a poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel matrix placed at the bottom of a third 1.5 mL plastic tube to detect phosphate. These test kits are usable with on-mobile digital image colorimetry (DIC) for the on-site determination of nutrients with good analytical performance. The detection limits were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.14 mg L⁻¹ for nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, respectively, with good accuracy (<4.8% relative error) and precision (<1.85% relative standard deviation). These test kits and on-mobile DIC were used for the on-site determination of nutrients in the Pak Bang and Bang Yai canals, the main canals in Phuket, Thailand. The concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were undetectable to 0.60 mg L⁻¹, undetectable to 2.98 mg L⁻¹, and undetectable to 0.52 mg L⁻¹, respectively.     

A Sensitive Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Arsenic in Environmental and Biological Samples

Results of a thorough study and application of leucocrystal violet for the determination of arsenic in parts per million (ppm) levels in environmental and biological samples is described here. The proposed method is based on the reaction of arsenic with potassium iodate to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine selectively oxidises leucocrystal violet to form crystal violet dye in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The dye formed shows maximum absorbance at 592 nm. The detection limit of arsenic is 0.002 μgmL^?1 and the method obeys Beer's law over the concentration range of 0.1 μg - 1.0 μg of per 25 mL of final solution (0.004–0.04 ppm). The molar absorptivity was found to be 1.49 × 10⁶ L mol^?1 cm^?1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of arsenic in various environmental and biological samples. The results are in good agreement with the standard reported method.     

基于项目式学习的数码比色法测量紫外线强度实验设计

基于项目式学习的理念,设计了“数码比色法测量紫外线强度”拓展实验。利用紫外线催化反应制作紫外线光敏试纸;改变光敏试纸的曝光时长,制作标准比色卡。利用数码成像法,测量标准比色卡的R值和吸光度,绘制标准曲线。最终用这种测量方法比较了SPF50防晒霜、SPF20防晒霜、防晒衣、遮阳伞、身体乳、凡士林等的防晒效果。本实验具有任务驱动、开放程度高、跨学科整合、成果物化等特征。     

A Semi-Automated Colorimetric Method for the Analysis of Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) in Urine of Parkinsonian Patients Receiving L-Dopa

Abstract

An analytical system is presented which permits the separation and analysis of urinary dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This method is suitable for analyzing the urine from both normal and Parkinsonian patients receiving L-Dopa.