Electric double layer capacitor based on activated carbon electrode and biodegradable composite polymer electrolyte

A series of polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl alcohol), lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), and antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) was prepared via solution casting technique with distilled water as solvent. The dielectric behavior study reveals the non-Debye properties of the polymer electrolytes. In frequency dependence conductivity measurement, dispersion at low frequency was due to the interfacial resistance and space charge polarization inside the polymer electrolytes. The linear sweep voltammetry has proven that the incorporation of Sb₂O₃ into polymer matrix increases the maximum operational potential region. Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) based on activated carbon electrode assembled with solid polymer electrolyte and composite polymer electrolyte has been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge technique. CV test disclosed rectangular shapes with slight distortion, and there is no evidence for any redox currents on both anodic and cathodic sweeps, which indicates the typical behavior of EDLC. Both EDLC cells demonstrate good cyclability throughout 200 cycles with specific capacitance retention more than 90 %.     

Acrylamide based proton conducting polymer gel electrolyte for electric double layer capacitors

A new class of polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) was synthesized using acrylamide as host polymer and LiClO₄ as dopant. The polymer gel was subjected to electrochemical AC impedance analysis and thermal analysis. The polymer has conductivity in the order of 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at ambient temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the effect of dopant on host polymer matrix. A supercapacitor was fabricated using acrylamide based polymer gel electrolyte with activated carbon as electrode material and it was subjected to various electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical AC impedance analysis and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests at various current densities. From cyclic voltammetry a specific capacitance of 28 F/g was obtained at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The capacitor had good self-discharge behavior and good cycle life of more than 10,000 cycles. The coulombic efficiency was more than 95%. These results indicate that this acrylamide-based polymer gel electrolyte doped with LiClO₄ is a potential electrolyte for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs).     

基于混杂自动机的电容器充电电源建模方法

针对串联谐振电容器充电电源具有高阶、多模态、强非线性的特点,提出了一种基于混杂自动机的建模方法,该方法通过描述系统的连续时间变量和离散状态变量之间的关系来展现系统的混杂特性。基于该方法建立了系统的混杂自动机模型,并提出了一种基于上述模型的分段线性充电控制策略,通过搭建仿真模型验证了该模型和控制策略的有效性。     

Performance of double layer electrolyte cells Part I: Model behavior

The present work reports on the estimated performance of double layer electrolyte based cells, including one yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electron blocking layer. In order to evaluate the impact of the relative magnitude of the materials properties on the cell performance, a range of electrical properties has been considered, taking YSZ as reference. At constant temperature, the open circuit voltage, the oxygen permeability and the oxygen partial pressure profiles in such two layer electrolyte cells are related to the materials ionic and electronic transport properties, layers thickness and overall cell oxygen partial pressure boundary conditions. The effectiveness of the electron blocking characteristics of YSZ layers is demonstrated for a variety of materials, but consideration of the exact electrical properties (the n-type but also the p-type and ionic conductivities) of the second electrolyte layer is shown to be a fundamental requirement for proper design of such cells.     

双谐振拓扑高压脉冲电容器充电电源

脉冲电容的充电电源是脉冲功率技术中的关键设备,为研究更高精度的高压脉冲电容充电电源,基于一种较为新颖的双谐振拓扑结构,通过推导传递函数,分析了其电压和电流传输特性。根据双谐振电路存在两个谐振点的特性,提出基于双谐振变换器的充电电源充电方式,即充电阶段采用串联谐振工作模式,到高压保持阶段通过频率调制降低开关频率至接近第二谐振点,实现对脉冲电容自放电压降的动态补偿,从而保证高压充电电源充电精度的同时,极大地提高脉冲电容的高压稳定度。为验证所提出方式的可行性,基于Matlab/simulink搭建仿真模型,分别对串联谐振全桥变换器和双谐振全桥变换器两种拓扑结构进行仿真,实验结果验证了所提出双谐振拓扑的频率调制方式的可行性。     

Preparation of microporous activated carbon and its electrochemical performance for electric double layer capacitor

Microporous activated carbons were prepared by microwave heating petroleum coke with potassium hydroxide as activation agent. Microporous activated carbons were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Electrochemical properties of an electric double layer capacitor using microporous activated carbon as electrode materials were investigated by constant current charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. The results show that the specific surface area and the pore volume of microporous activated carbon increase with increasing activation time before the activation time reaches 37 min. The microporous volume totals 94.0% in the microporous activated carbons and the average pore diameter of microporous activated carbon is 2.00 nm. Microporous activated carbons prepared in the activation time of 31, 35 and 37 min are named as AC-31, AC-35 and AC-37, respectively. Compared with AC-27 electrode, the internal resistance for ions transferring in AC-31, AC-35 or AC-37 electrode is relatively small. The specific capacitance of AC-31 is the biggest among the microporous activated carbons, and it retains 279.6 F g^?1 maintaining 93.5% capacity after 200 recycling number.     

Carbon based double layer capacitors with aprotic electrolyte solutions: the possible role of intercalation/insertion processes

The extraordinary stability and cycle life performance of today’s electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are generally ascribed to the fact that charge storage in activated carbon (AC) is based on pure double-layer charging. In contrast, Faradaic charge-transfer reactions like those occurring in batteries are often connected with dimensional changes, which can affect the cycle life of these storage devices. Here we report the charge-induced height change of an AC electrode in an aprotic electrolyte solution, 1 mol/l (C₂H₅)₄NBF₄ (TEABF₄) in acetonitrile. The results are compared with those obtained for a graphite electrode in the same electrolyte. For both electrodes, we observe an expansion/contraction of several percent for a potential window of ±2 V vs. the immersion potential (ip). For the EDLC electrode, significant expansion starts at about 1 V remote from the ip and hence is well within the normal EDLC operation range. For the graphite electrode, the height changes are unambiguously caused by intercalation/deintercalation of both anions and cations. The close analogies between the graphite and the EDLC electrode suggest that ion intercalation or insertion processes might play a major role for charge storage, self discharge, cyclability, and the voltage limitation of EDLCs. PACS 82.47.Uv; 82.45.Fk; 82.45.Gj; 82.80.Fk; 81.05.Uw     

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia based on doped-ceria-carbonate composite electrolyte and perovskite cathode

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia was investigated using a cobalt-free La_0.6Sr_0.4Fe_0.8Cu_0.2O_3-δ-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ (LSFCu-SDC) composite cathode and SDC-ternary carbonate composite electrolyte. La_0.6Sr_0.4Fe_0.8Cu_0.2O_3-δ and Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ were prepared via combined EDTA-citrate complexing sol-gel and glycine nitrate processes, respectively, and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ammonia was successfully synthesised from wet hydrogen and dry nitrogen under atmospheric pressure using Ni-SDC, SDC-carbonate and LSFCu-SDC composites as anode, electrolyte and cathode respectively. Ammonia formation was observed at 400, 425, 450 and 475 °C and the maximum rate of ammonia production was found to be 5.39 × 10⁻⁹ mol s⁻¹ cm⁻² at 450 °C and 0.8 V. The AC impedance measurements were recorded before and after the ammonia synthesis in the range of temperature 400-475 °C. The formation of ammonia at the N₂ side together with stable current at 450 °C under constant voltage demonstrates that SDC-(Li/Na/K)₂CO₃ composite electrolyte exhibits significant proton conduction at a temperature around 450 °C.     

Electrochemical performance of ceria-gadolinia electrolyte based direct carbon fuel cells

A direct carbon fuel cell offers a high efficiency alternative to traditional coal fired electrical power plants. In this paper, the electrochemical performance of electrolyte supported button cells with Gd₂O₃-doped CeO₂ (CGO) electrolyte is reported over the temperature range 600 to 800 °C with solid carbon as a fuel and He/CO₂ as the purge gases in the fuel chamber. The electrochemical characterisation of the cells was carried out by the Galvanostatic Current Interruption (GCI) technique and measuring V-I and P-I curves. Power densities over 50 mWcm^-2 have been demonstrated using carbon black as the fuel. Results indicate that at low temperatures around 600 °C, the direct electrochemical oxidation of carbon takes place. However, at higher temperatures (800 °C) both direct electrochemical oxidation and the reverse Boudouard reaction take place leading to some loss in fuel cell thermodynamic efficiency and reduced fuel utilisation due to the in-situ production of CO. In order to avoid reverse Boudouard reaction whilst maximising performance, an operating temperature of around 700 °C appears optimal. Further, the electrochemical performance of fuel cells has been compared for graphite and carbon black fuels. It was found that graphitic carbon fuel is electrochemically less reactive than relatively amorphous carbon black fuel in the DCFC when tested under similar conditions.     

A nanostructured hybrid material based on polymer infiltrated porous silicon layer

In this work, we report on the fabrication of an hybrid material based on a porous silicon (PSi) layer infiltrated by an amino functionalized poly(ε-caprolattone) (PCL-NH₂). The organic–inorganic structure has been characterized by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, optical reflectometry and water contact angle measurements. A polymer coated PSi layer, 3 μm thick, shows improved wettability and chemical stability against long lasting, up to 18 min, exposure to an alkaline environment. Even after basic treatment, the structure still retains a very good quality optical response, so that it may be proposed as a high performance platform for biochemical sensing applications.     

Electrochemical properties of intermediate-temperature SOFCs based on proton conducting Sm-doped BaCeO3 electrolyte thin film

Dense BaCe_0.8Sm_0.2O_2.90 (BCSO) thin films were successfully fabricated on porous NiO–BCSO substrates by dry pressing process. As characterized by scanning electron microscope, the BCSO films were about 50 μm. With Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCF) as cathodes, single cells were tested at 600 and 700 °C with humidified (3% HB₂O) hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant. The open circuit voltage of 1.049 V at 600 °C and 1.032 V at 700 °C were achieved, indicating negligible gas permeation through the BCSO thin films. Maximum power densities of 132 and 340 mW/cm² were obtained at 600 and 700 °C, respectively. The impedance measurements at open circuit conditions showed that there were two rate-limiting processes for the electrode reactions and that the cell performances were essentially determined by the electrode polarization resistances at temperature below 650 °C, which implied that it was essential to reduce the electrode polarization by developing novel electrode materials to improve the performance of ITSOFC based on BCSO electrolyte. Conductivities of BCSO under the cell operating circumstances were obtained as 0.00416, 0.00662 and 0.00938 Scm^− 1 at 500, 600 and 700 °C, respectively. The activation energy of BCSO conductivity was calculated as 29.5 and 43.8 kJ/mol for the temperature range of 550–700 °C and of 400–550 °C, respectively. Endurance test was firstly carried out with 75 μm BCSO electrolyte at 650 °C at the operating voltage of 0.7 V and current density about 0.12 A/cm². Both voltage and current density remained stable for 1000 min.     

Electrochemical characterization of ionic liquid based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium battery application

High molecular weight polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIMFSI), and salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-based free-standing and conducting ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes (ILGPE) have been prepared by solution cast method. Thermal, electrical, and electrochemical properties of 80 wt% IL containing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) are investigated by thermogravimetric (TGA), impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The 80 wt% IL containing GPE shows good thermal stability (~?200 °C), ionic conductivity (6.42?×?10^?4 S cm^?1), lithium ion conductivity (1.40?×?10^?4 S cm^?1 at 30 °C), and wide electrochemical stability window (~?4.10 V versus Li/Li⁺ at 30 °C). Furthermore, the surface of LiFePO₄ cathode material was modified by graphene oxide, with smooth and uniform coating layer, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and with element content, as confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum. The graphene oxide-coated LiFePO₄ cathode shows improved electrochemical performance with a good charge-discharge capacity and cyclic stability up to 50 cycles at 1C rate, as compared with the without coated LiFePO₄. At 30 °C, the discharge capacity reaches a maximum value of 104.50 and 95.0 mAh g^?1 for graphene oxide-coated LiFePO₄ and without coated LiFePO₄ at 1C rate respectively. These results indicated improved electrochemical performance of pristine LiFePO₄ cathode after coating with graphene oxide.     

电容放电式脉冲励磁电源研究

针对大型直线感应加速器单次工作的特点,研制了一种电容放电式脉冲励磁电源。该电源利用电容器的储能特性,取代常规电源的变压整流滤波部分,先对其以小电流恒流充电,然后再以大电流恒流放电来获得直线感应加速器励磁电流。对这种电源进行了理论分析和模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。实验结果表明：这种电源能够脉冲工作,同时输入功率大幅度降低,在输出电流500 A,持续时间0.3 s时,输入功率400 W,输出功率25 kW,电流稳定度0.2%, 谐波小, 电流纹波小,所用电容器100块左右(33 mF),经济上也可承受,是一种非常适合直线感应加速器的励磁电源。     

电容放电式脉冲励磁电源研究

 针对大型直线感应加速器单次工作的特点,研制了一种电容放电式脉冲励磁电源。该电源利用电容器的储能特性,取代常规电源的变压整流滤波部分,先对其以小电流恒流充电,然后再以大电流恒流放电来获得直线感应加速器励磁电流。对这种电源进行了理论分析和模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。实验结果表明：这种电源能够脉冲工作,同时输入功率大幅度降低,在输出电流500 A,持续时间0.3 s时,输入功率400 W,输出功率25 kW,电流稳定度0.2%, 谐波小, 电流纹波小,所用电容器100块左右(33 mF),经济上也可承受,是一种非常适合直线感应加速器的励磁电源。     

结构紧凑陶瓷电容器型脉冲调制器

设计了一种结构紧凑的陶瓷电容器型脉冲调制器,对其电路进行了理论计算,分析了主要参数对调制器输出波形的影响,并用PSpice软件建立电路模型进行验证,模拟结果与理论计算结果相符较好。该调制器能够产生上升前沿小于10 ns、脉宽30～40 ns、幅度为100～200 kV的可调高电压脉冲。该调制器用陶瓷电容器作为储能器件,用SF6作为绝缘介质,是一种无液体的脉冲调制器,具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻等特点。     

结构紧凑陶瓷电容器型脉冲调制器

设计了一种结构紧凑的陶瓷电容器型脉冲调制器,对其电路进行了理论计算,分析了主要参数对调制器输出波形的影响,并用PSpice软件建立电路模型进行验证,模拟结果与理论计算结果相符较好。该调制器能够产生上升前沿小于10 ns、脉宽30~40 ns、幅度为100~200 kV的可调高电压脉冲。该调制器用陶瓷电容器作为储能器件,用SF6作为绝缘介质,是一种无液体的脉冲调制器,具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻等特点。     

基于超薄发光层及双极性混合间隔层的白光有机发光器件研究

本文采用非掺杂超薄发光层及双极性混合间隔层结构,获得了高效、光谱稳定的白光有机发光器件.基于单载流子器件及单色蓝光有机发光器件的研究,确定了双极性混合间隔层的最佳比例;通过瞬态光致发光寿命研究,验证了不同发光材料之间的能量传递过程;得到的三波段和四波段白光有机发光器件的最高效率分别为52 cd/A (53.5 lm/W)和13.8 cd/A (13.6 lm/W),最高外量子效率分别为17.1%和11.2%.由于发光层不同颜色之间依次的能量传递结构,三波段白光有机发光器件的亮度从465到15950 cd/m~2时,色度坐标的变化?CIE仅为(0.005, 0.001);四波段白光有机发光器件的亮度从5077到14390 cd/m~2时,色度坐标的变化?CIE为(0.023, 0.012).     

Analysis of hybrid donor layer in organic solar cells based on SubPc and rubrene

In this paper, photovoltaic characteristics of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/SubPc:Rubrene (mixed ratio R by weight)/C₆₀/Bphen/Ag organic solar cells (OSCs) are analyzed in detail. The intrinsic properties of a SubPc:rubrene doped layer on device performance were discussed based on theoretical analysis of the experimental OSCs. The ratio R was 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75,1, respectively. The results showed that when R was 0.75 performing the best, which owned the highest short circuit current (J _sc ) 6.61 mA/cm² and highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) 2.44%, the FF was 41% and the open circuit current (V _oc ) was 0.905 V. The suitable HOMO level, absorption capacity, carrier transport ability and exciton diffusion length (L _D ) of organic material are very important for the performance of the device.     

Microwave up-converter based on a nonlinear ferroelectric capacitor

An up-converter in which a capacitor with a nonlinear dielectric film is used as a nonlinear element is analyzed. Relationships between the conversion gain and capacitor parameters, such as loss tangent and the parameters of the C-V characteristic, which are of importance in converter design, are given. An up-converter using Ba_xSr_1−x TiO₃ capacitors is designed and tested. Experimental characteristics of this up-converter raising the frequency from 0.8 to 4.4 GHz are reported.