1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑系列室温离子液体表面张力的研究

合成了系列1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([C_2～7mim]BF₄)及六氟磷酸盐([C_4～7mim]PF₆)室温离子液体, 并通过核磁氢谱、红外光谱、质谱等手段对其进行了结构表征; 采用Wilhelmy白金板法, 在293～338 K范围内测定了离子液体的表面张力, 测试结果显示, 同类离子液体表面张力γ随温度的升高而线性下降, 同种离子液体的表面张力呈现出较宽的变化范围, 如293 K下, 表面张力值从[C₂mim]BF₄的50.4 mJ/m²到[C₇mim]BF₄的36.1 mJ/m². 最后对离子液体的表面性能进行了讨论.     

室温离子液体对氨基苯磺酸的萃取性能

系统研究了[C₄mim][PF₆], [C₆mim][PF₆], [C₆mim][BF₄]和[C₈mim][BF₄]室温离子液体对间氨基苯磺酸、对氨基苯磺酸稀水溶液的萃取平衡. 实验结果表明: 萃取温度和相体积比的变化对分配比影响不大; 水相pH值对萃取平衡有较大的影响, 氨基苯磺酸在离子液体/水体系中的分配比在pH＝4.2时达到最大值; 水相中CaCl₂或Na₂SO₄的存在能较大幅度地提高氨基苯磺酸的分配比; 离子液体的阴离子的性质对分配比有显著的影响, 阴离子为[BF₄]^－的离子液体对氨基苯磺酸的萃取能力大于阴离子为[PF₆]^－的离子液体; 咪唑环上烷基链的长度也对萃取效果有一定的影响. 在所研究的离子液体中, [C₆mim][BF₄]和[C₈mim][BF₄]对氨基苯磺酸有较好的萃取性能, 且萃取相中的氨基苯磺酸可回收利用, 离子液体也可循环使用.     

离子液体[bmim][PF6]与[moemim][PF6]结构微不均匀性以及微粘度的光谱探测

室温离子液体由于其极低的蒸汽压、比较好的热稳定性和化学稳定性、良好的分子结构与性能的可设计性等优点,作为一种新型的环境友好溶剂在很多领域有着广泛的应用.对于离子液体的微观结构和微观性能的研究是设计新型离子液体以及扩展离子液体应用的关键.本文通过荧光探针分子香豆素153(C153)的转动动力学和对微观环境敏感的荧光探针分子1, 3-二(1-芘基)丙烷(BPP)的稳态荧光光谱,探测和表征了烷基取代的离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([bmim][PF₆])和与其具有相似结构的醚键官能化的离子液体1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([moemim][PF₆])的微观结构和微粘度. C153探针分子在离子液体[bmim][PF₆]中的转动过程具有快、慢两个组分表明离子液体[bmim][PF₆]内部存在松散和紧密的两种结构微区;而C153探针分子在离子液体[moemim][PF₆]中的转动动力学只存在一种过程,说明醚键的引入使得[moemim][PF₆]内部趋于一种类型的微环境.通过C153探针分子的转动时间研究发现,醚键官能化的离子液体[moemim][PF₆]的微粘度小于烷基链取代的离子液体[bmim][PF₆],同时通过BPP探针分子的二聚体激基复合物(excimer)与单体(monomer)荧光发射强度的比值(I_E/I_M)研究也证明这一结果.醚键的引入使得离子液体[moemim][PF₆]相对于离子液体[bmim][PF₆],侧链的极性更大、柔顺性更好,同时醚键有可能作为氢键的受体与阳离子形成氢键从而削弱离子液体中阴、阳离子间的相互作用,使得离子液体[moemim][PF₆]的微观环境比离子液体[bmim][PF₆]更为均一,同时具有更小的微粘度.     

离子液体/乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物复合材料的制备与性能

分别将离子液体三正丁基甲铵(双三氟甲磺酰)亚胺盐([TBMA][NTf₂])和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM][BF₄])与乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物弹性体(EVM)熔融共混制备复合材料,研究了离子液体与EVM的相容性及抗静电性能。 样品宏观透明性和SEM测试结果显示,[TBMA][NTf₂]与EVM具有较好的相容性,相应的EVM/[TBMA][NTf₂]复合材料的抗静电效果更好;热重分析(TGA)结果表明,[TBMA][NTf₂]促进EVM热解,而[EMIM][BF₄]对EVM的热稳定影响较小。 室温下在EVM中填加[TBMA][NTf₂]的共混物表现出较好的柔性,当[TBMA][NTf₂]质量分数为20%时,EVM/[TBMA][NTf₂]复合材料的模量为0.58 MPa,断裂伸长率可达到2997%。     

新型离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑苯甲酰基三氟硼酸盐的合成与性质

合成了新型离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑苯甲酰基三氟硼酸盐[C_nmim][BTB](n=4,6,8),并通过NMR、差热、热重等方法研究了其基础物化性质。 结果发现,3种离子液体的分解温度在200 ℃左右;随着阳离子碳链的增长,离子液体的粘度、熔点逐渐升高,并从亲水性变为疏水性。 尤其是疏水性的[C₆mim][BTB]和[C₈mim][BTB]在与水长时间的混合中表现出较好的稳定性,基本解决了四氟硼酸盐离子液体亲水性强、$BF^{-}_{4}$易水解的缺点,有望用于乏燃料后处理并提高临界安全。     

离子液体增塑生物基聚丁内酰胺的热分解机理

采用疏水性1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM]PF₆)和亲水性1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐 ([BMIM]BF₄)两种咪唑类离子液体(IL)增塑聚丁内酰胺(PBL), 探讨了IL对PBL结晶性能及热性能的影响. 研究发现, 两种IL都会削弱PBL分子间氢键, 并抑制PBL晶体在(200)晶面的生长, 降低PBL结晶度. 当IL添加质量分数为5%时, 增塑膜熔点下降7~8 ℃. 与纯PBL膜相比, [BMIM]BF₄增塑PBL膜热稳定性下降, 而[BMIM]PF₆增塑PBL膜的热稳定性提高. [BMIM]PF₆增塑PBL膜热分解过程的热动力学分析结果表明, 其热分解反应活化能为46.68 kJ/mol, 反应级数为1, 热分解最概然机理函数模型符合Mampel单行法则(一级), 即PBL受到热刺激后, 在聚合物和分解产物界面无规律成核, 反应核心具备反应活性, 随后反应逐步扩大, 直至结束.     

酸性功能化离子液体催化合成叶青素

以含磺酸基离子液体1-(4-磺酸基)丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([4-sulfbmim][BF₄])为酸性催化剂,由乙缩醛和苯甲醇合成了叶青素。 采用正交实验方法考察了合成条件的影响,固定反应温度为20 ℃条件下,确定优化合成条件为：n(苯甲醇)∶n(乙缩醛)=1∶8,反应时间60 min,催化剂用量为每摩尔苯甲醇4 g,产率为92.2%。 与H₂SO₄催化剂相比[4-sulfbmim][BF₄]的催化活性相对较弱,但综合效果优于H₂SO₄。 [4-sulfbmim][BF₄]循环使用6次,催化活性基本不变。     

N,N′-二甲基-N,N′-二辛基-4-氧庚二酰胺萃取镧的研究

为了研究不同的酰胺夹醚化合物对萃取镧的性能，本文使用N,N′-二甲基-N,N′-二辛基-4-氧庚二酰胺(DMDOOHA)为萃取剂，以1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体([C₄mim⁺][PF₆^-])为稀释剂，研究其在水相中萃取La³⁺的行为，考察了萃取时间，pH,萃取剂的的浓度、及温度对萃取分配比的影响。实验表明，萃取剂在离子液体[C₄mim⁺][PF₆^-]中对La³⁺的具有强烈的萃取能力。机理研究表明，在([C₄mim⁺][PF₆^-]体系中，萃取剂与La³⁺可能形成3∶1配合物。萃取过程为热力学自发的过程。     

γ辐射下CMPO/[C2mim][NTf2]的辐解及其对Eu3+萃取的影响

主要考察了辛基(苯基)-N, N-二异丁基胺甲酰基甲基氧化膦(CMPO)在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲基磺酰胺酸盐([C₂mim][NTf₂])中的γ辐解行为,同时考察辐射对CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]萃取能力的影响。通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)进行定量分析、辐解产物认定以及产物半定量分析。CMPO/正十二烷作为对比条件进行了相同研究。结果表明：CMPO在[C₂mim][NTf₂]中的辐解率低于其在正十二烷中,并且辐解路径不同。在正十二烷体系中,CMPO主要发生C―P、C―N键的断链,而在离子液体体系中CMPO主要发生异丁基脱除反应,并与[C₂mim]^+·、·CF₃等离子液体产生的自由基发生取代反应。综合辐解研究结果,我们提出CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]的辐解路径,这加深了CMPO在离子液体中辐解机理的认识。最后,通过萃取实验发现,当硝酸浓度为0.01 mol·L^-1,辐照剂量为800 kGy时,CMPO/[C₂mim][NTf₂]对Eu³⁺的萃取率依旧达到99%以上。     

离子液体1-仲丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐的微波辅助合成、晶体结构及热稳定性

以具有支链结构的溴代仲丁烷作为烷基化试剂, 在微波辐射下采用两步法合成了1-仲丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([s-bmim][PF₆])离子液体. 在配比为V(水)∶V(乙醇)∶V(甲苯)=0.16∶2.84∶7的混合溶剂体系中, 培养出晶型完整的长约11 mm的离子液体大单晶体. 通过单晶体X衍射研究了[s-bmim][PF₆]的晶体结构. [s-bmim][PF₆]属于三斜立方晶系, 空间群为P2(1)/m, 晶胞参数为a=0.9042(4) nm, b=0.8213(3) nm, c=0.9775(4) nm, γ=116.618°(6), Z=2, V=64.909(4) nm³, D_c=1.454 g/cm³, μ=0.265 mm^-1, F(000)=292. 在[s-bmim][PF₆]晶体结构中, 阴阳离子间的离子键仍然是主要的, 同时还存在氢键和阳离子-阳离子间的非键斥力作用. 研究结果表明, [s-bmim][PF₆]的支化烷基结构对其晶体有效堆积、熔点、液程范围以及热分解温度等性质具有重要影响.     

The physicochemical properties of some imidazolium-based ionic liquids and their binary mixtures

The density, viscosity and conductivity of ionic liquids (ILs), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([omim][Cl]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([hmim] BF4]), 1-hexyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([hmim][Cl]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([hmim][PF6]), and the [omim][BF4] + [omim][Cl], [hmim][BF4] + [hmim][Cl], and [hmim][PF6] + [hmim][Cl] binary mixtures were studied at dif- ferent temperatures. It was demonstrated that the densities of both the neat ILs and their mixtures varied linearly with temper- ature. The density sensitivity of a binary mixture is between those of the two components. The excess molar volumes (VE) of [hmim][BF4] + [hmim][Cl] and [hmim][PF6] + [hmim][Cl] mixtures are positive in the whole composition range. For [omim][BF4] + [omim][Cl], the VE is also positive in the [omim][Cl]-rich region, but is negative in the [omim][BF4]-rich re- gion. The viscosity or conductivity of a mixture is in the intermediate of those of the two neat ILs. For all the neat ILs and the binary mixtures studied, the order of conductivity is opposite to that of the viscosity. The Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equations can be used to fit the viscosity and conductivity of all the neat ILs and the binary mixtures. The neat ILs and their mixtures obey the Fractional Walden Rule very well, and the values of the Walden slopes are all smaller than unit, indicating obvious ion associations in the neat ILs and the binary mixtures.     

Solubility of H2S in ionic liquids [hmim][PF6], [hmim][BF4], and [hmim][Tf2N]

The solubility of hydrogen sulphide in three ionic liquids, viz. 1-hexyl-3-methylilmidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([hmim][PF₆]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([hmim][BF₄]), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([hmim][Tf₂N]), at temperatures ranging from 303.15 K to 343.15 K and pressures up to 1.1 MPa were determined. The solubility values were correlated using the Krichevsky–Kasarnovsky equation and Henry’s constants were obtained at different temperatures. Partial molar thermodynamic functions of solvation such as standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated from the solubility results. Comparison of the values obtained show that the solubility of H₂S in these three ionic liquids was in the sequence: [hmim][BF₄] > [hmim][PF₆] ≈ [hmim][Tf₂N].     

Reverse ATRP Process of Methacrylonitrile in [C4mim][PF6]

In this original experiment, an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₄mim][PF₆]), was used as the reaction media for reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylonitrile (MAN) initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) with FeCl₃ and isophthalic acid (IA) as catalyst and ligand. The polymerization in [C₄mim][PF₆] proceeded in a well-controlled manner as evidenced by kinetic studies. Compared with the polymerization in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), the polymerization in [C₄mim][PF₆] not only showed better control of molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution but also provided more rapid reaction rate with the ratio of [MAN]:[AIBN]:[FeCl₃]:[IA] at 300:1:2:4. The block copolymer PMAN-b-PSt was obtained via a conventional ATRP process in [C₄mim][PF₆] by using the resulting PMAN as macroinitiator. [C₄mim][PF₆] and FeCl₃/IA could be easily recycled and reused and had no effect on the living nature of reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of MAN.     

[Bmim]PF6 and BF4 ionic liquids as novel and recyclable reaction media for aromatic amination

Activated aryl halides undergo smooth nucleophilic substitution reactions with secondary amines in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF₆) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF₄) ionic liquids (ILs) at room temperature to afford the corresponding arylamines in excellent yields under mild and neutral conditions.     

Solubility of CO2 in imidazolium-based tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids

The solubility of CO₂ in imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF₄]), 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([hmim][BF₄]) and 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrtafluoroborate ([omim][BF₄]) was determined at 305-25 K and pressures from 1 to 9 MPa. The influence of chain length of alkyl substituents on the imidazolium cation on the solubility of CO₂ was investigated. The differences in solubility with chain length are in the sequence [omim][BF₄] > [hmim][BF₄] > [bmim][BF₄]. The solubility data were correlated by the extended Henry's law, and enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy changes were obtained.     

Density and viscosity of three (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) ionic liquid binary systems

Densities and viscosities were determined for binary mixtures of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF₄]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([bmim][NTf₂]) over the entire range of composition. The experimental measurements were carried out at temperatures ranging from 278.15 K to 333.15 K, at atmospheric pressure. The densities and viscosities of the pure ionic liquids and their mixtures with TFE were described successfully by an empirical third-order polynomial and by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation, respectively. In addition, excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were determined from densities and viscosities of mixtures, respectively, and fitted by using the Redlich–Kister equation.     

Use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate room temperature ionic liquids as chelate extraction solvent with 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione

Possible use of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as chelate extraction solvent was evaluated by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([hmim][PF₆]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim][PF₆]). These RTILs showed high extraction performance for divalent metal cations with 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (Htta). The extracted metals were back-extracted into 1 mol dm⁻³ nitric acid quantitatively. Furthermore, the extracted species were estimated as neutral hydrated complexes M(tta)₂(H₂O)_n (n= 1 or 2) for M = Ni, Cu and Pb and anionic complexes M(tta)₃⁻ for M = Mn, Co, Zn and Cd.     

[Bmim]BF4 ionic liquid: a novel reaction medium for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols

Epoxides undergo smooth ring-opening with aryl amines in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF₄) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF₆) ionic liquids under mild and neutral conditions to afford the corresponding β-amino alcohols in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.     

Reverse ATRP process of acrylonitrile in the presence of ionic liquids

An ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C₄mim] [BF₄]), was first used as the solvent in azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)‐initiated reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) of acrylonitrile with FeCl₃/succinic acid (SA) as the catalyst system. The polymerization in [C₄mim][BF₄] proceeded in a well‐controlled manner as evidenced by kinetic studies. Compared with the polymerization in bulk, the polymerization in [C₄mim][BF₄] not only showed the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provided rather rapid reaction rate with the ratio of [C₄mim][BF₄] at 200:1:2:4. The polymerization apparent activation energies in [C₄mim][BF₄] and bulk were calculated to be 48.2 and 55.7 kJ mol^?1, respectively. Polyacrylonitrile obtained was successfully used as a macroinitiator to proceed the chain extension polymerization in [C₄mim][BF₄] via a conventional ATRP process. [C₄mim][BF₄] and the catalyst system could be easily recycled and reused after simple purification and had no effect on the living nature of polymerization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2701–2707, 2008     

Solubilities of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in aqueous salt solutions at 298.15 K

The solubilities of ionic liquids in the ternary systems (ionic liquid + H₂O + inorganic salt) were reported at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The examined ionic liquids are [C₄mim][PF₆] (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), [C₈mim][PF₆] (1-n-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), and [C₈mim][BF₄] (1-n-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). The examined inorganic salts are the chloride-based salts (sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride) and the sodium-based salts (sodium thiocyanate, sodium nitrate, sodium trifluoroacetate, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium perchlorate, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium sulfate, and sodium carbonate). The effects of the cations and the anions of the ionic liquids and of the inorganic salts on the solubility of the ionic liquids in the ternary solutions were systematically compared and discussed.