Exergetic and economic evaluation of a novel integrated system for trigeneration of power,refrigeration and freshwater using energy recovery in natural gas pressure reduction stations

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Nowadays, with increasing energy consumption, global warming, and many problems caused by weather conditions, the tendency to use novel methods of...     

Energy,exergy and economic analysis of utilizing the supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle integrated with solar energy in natural gas city gate station

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - To understand the impacts of adding twisted tape inside the tube with hybrid nanomaterial, the present paper has been examined with considering FVM....     

Optimal design of a novel NGL/LNG integrated scheme: economic and exergetic evaluation

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - A novel NGL/LNG integrated scheme based on C3MR refrigeration system is modeled by using Aspen plus® in this study. The mentioned scheme utilizes...     

Energetic and exergetic evaluation of methanol synthesis process in a hybridized system of methane cracking,chemical looping combustion,thermal desalination and photovoltaic panels

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Due to limited energy supply sources and environmental issues, the use of renewable energy to replace fossil fuels and reduce pollution has increased....     

Biogeochemistry, a valuable tool in mineral exploration and environmental assessment

Biogeochemistry enables us to assess the quality of an environment by determining whether the trace elements in that environment are normal or anomalous. Moreover, a biogeochemical study can be undertaken without harming that environment and, at the same time, may lead to the discovery of ore bodies.     

Assessment of natural radioactivity in soil samples and comparison of direct and indirect measurement of environmental air kerma rate

This study presents the high purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometric measurement of natural radioactivity mainly due to ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in soil samples collected in Ferozepur and Faridkot district of Punjab, India. ²²⁶Ra activity varied from 28.6 to 51.1 Bq kg⁻¹ with the mean of 39.7 Bq kg⁻¹. The range and mean activity of ²³²Th were 42.9–73.2 and 58.2 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. ⁴⁰K activity was in the range of 470.9–754.9 Bq kg⁻¹ with the mean of 595.2 Bq kg⁻¹. The air kerma rate (AKR) at 1 m height from the ground was also measured using gamma survey meter in all the sampling locations, which was ranging from 92.1 to 122.8 nGy h⁻¹ with the mean of 110.6 nGy h⁻¹. The radiological parameters such as Ra_eq and activity index of the soil samples were also evaluated, which are the tools to assess the external radiation hazard due to building materials. The mean and range of the Ra_eq values were 168.7 and 132.9–210.4 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively, whereas the activity index varied from 0.5 to 0.8 with the mean value of 0.62. These indices show that the indoor external dose due to natural radioactivity in the soil used for the construction will not exceed the dose criteria. The AKR was also evaluated from soil activity concentration and altitude correction of cosmic radiation contribution. The statistical tests such as Pearson correlation, spearman rank correlation, box and whisker plot, the Wilcoxon/Mann–Whitney test and chi-square test, were used to compare the measured AKR with evaluated AKR, which indicates good correlation.     

AT-column, a novel concentrating technique for large-volume injections in gas chromatography

Nowadays, large-volume injection is widely used for the GC determination of trace analytes, specifically to improve detectability. The most popular injectors for large-volume injections are the programmable temperature vaporisation (PTV) injector and the cold on-column (COC) injector, where each device has its own advantages and limitations. The novel AT-column concentrating technique combines features of two other injection techniques, loop-type large-volume and vapour overflow. AT-column injection is based on solvent evaporation in an empty liner with solvent vapour discharge via the split line. Little or no optimisation is required. The only relevant parameter is the injection temperature which can easily be calculated using the equation of Antoine. As an application, AT-column injection is combined with GC-MS for the trace-level determination of labile analytes and with GC-flame ionisation detection for the analysis of high molecular weight polymer additives. In summary, AT-column is an injection technique that combines the inertness of the COC, and the flexibility and robustness of the PTV large-volume technique.     

Determination of gas phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine,and particulate phase nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke with a collection bed – capillary gas chromatography system

A combined sampling and analysis technique for the determination of gas phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine, and of particulate phase nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke with capillary gas chromatography is reported. The major advantage of the technique is that all of the collected particulate phase material is analyzed by thermal desorption of the collected material rather than by analysis of only a fraction of the sample extracted from the collection medium. A Teflon filter microtube is used to collect particulate phase nicotine. This microtube is follwed by a small Tenax sorbent bed to collect gas phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine. After sampling, the Teflon filter is transferred to a clean glass tube and the tube becomes an insert for a modified packed column injector port where the material collected on the filter is heat desorbed to a cold capillary tubing trap. Gas phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine are also transferred from the Tenax to the GC column by thermal desorption from the Tenax sorbent bed. Gas phase nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine, and particulate phase nicotine are each determined by GC analysis of the desorbed material. Nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine are quantitated by the use of external standards. This technique is straightforward and can be used for semi-real time determination of both gas and particulate phase compounds in environmental tobacco smoke. The results obtained by this technique compare well with those obtained by sampling with annular diffusion denuders.     

Integrated system for on-line gas and liquid chromatography with a single mass spectrometric detector for the automated analysis of environmental samples

An integrated system has been developed which combines liquid (LC) and gas (GC) chromatographic separation with a single mass spectrometer (MS). On-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) of 10–200 ml aqueous samples on a short (10 × 2.0 mm I.D.) precolumn packed with a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is used for analyte enrichment. The trace-enrichment procedure was automated by means of a PROSPEKT cartridge-exchange/solvent-selection/valve-switching unit. After sample loading, the precolumn is eluted on-line in two subsequent runs, first onto the GC-MS system and, next, onto the LC-MS system using a particle beam (PB) interface. Prior to entering the PB-MS, the LC eluent passes through the flow cell of a UV diode-array detector (DAD). Both GC-MS and LC-PB-MS generate classical electron ionisation (EI) and chemical ionisation (CI) spectra which are useful for the identification of low- and sub-μg/l concentrations of environmental pollutants covering a wide polarity and volatility range. The LC-DAD data provide additional means for quantitation and yield complementary spectral information. All three detection systems (GC-MS, LC-DAD, LC-PB-MS) and the trace-enrichment procedure are fully automated and controlled from the keyboard of the central computer. With such a ‘MULTIANALYSIS’ system GC-MS, LC-DAD and LC-MS data of the same sample can be obtained within 3 h. The system was optimised with nine chlorinated pesticides in drinking water as test mixture. With 100-ml samples detection limits in GC-MS were 0.0005−0.03 μg/l, and in LC-PB-MS 0.5–7 μg/l, both in the full-scan (EI) mode. Negative chemical ionisation (NCI) with methane as reagent gas improved the sensitivity of six halogenated compounds 3- to 30-fold and provided relevant information for structural elucidation of unknown compounds in real-world samples. LC-DAD detection limits varied from 0.01 to 0.05 μg/l. Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of retention times were less than 0.2% in all systems, R.S.D.s of peak areas were 5–15% for GC-MS and LC-PB-MS and less than 5% for LC-DAD. The ‘MULTIANALYSIS’ system was used to analyse surface water samples and river sediment extracts; several pollutants were detected and identified.     

Development and validation of a stability-indicating gas chromatographic method for quality control of residual solvents in blonanserin: a novel atypical antipsychotic agent

Blonanserin is a novel atypical antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and toluene are utilized in the synthesis route of this bulk drug. A new validated gas chromatographic (GC) method for the simultaneous determination of residual solvents in blonanserin is described in this paper. Blonanserin was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide to make a sample solution that was directly injected into a DB-624 column. A postrun oven temperature at 240°C for approximately 2 h after the analysis cycle was performed to wash out blonanserin residue in the GC column. Quantitation was performed by external standard analyses and the validation was carried out according to International Conference on Harmonization validation guidelines Q2A and Q2B. The method was shown to be specific (no interference in the blank solution), linear (correlation coefficients ≥0.99998, n = 10), accurate (average recoveries between 94.1 and 101.7%), precise (intra-day and inter-day precision ≤2.6%), sensitive (limit of detection ≤0.2 ng, and limit of quantitation ≤0.7 ng), robust (small variations of carrier gas flow, initial oven temperature, temperature ramping rate, injector and detector temperatures did not significantly affect the system suitability test parameters and peak areas) and stable (reference standard and sample solutions were stable over 48 h). This extensively validated method is ready to be used for the quality control of blonanserin.     

用于煤制天然气的气化-热解耦合系统模拟研究及能量分析

大规模煤制天然气系统中气流床气化是一种重要且富吸引力的技术。对一种气流床气化-热解耦合系统进行了研究。该系统中气化炉分为两段:主要进行煤焦气化的气化段以及主要发生煤热解的热解段。采用流程模拟方法建立了耦合系统模型并与煤气化废锅系统进行了比较。同时,考察了操作条件对耦合系统气化性能的影响,提出了优化的操作条件。结果显示,气化温度1400 ℃时,耦合系统优化的蒸汽煤比为250~300 kg(steam)·t^-1(dry coal)。耦合系统的冷煤气效率为88.18%,高于气化废锅系统(84.14%),且其消耗指标均有所降低。但耦合系统的气化性能受到热解段焦油和CH₄产率很大的影响。耦合系统总体能量利用效率为92.26%,略低于气化废锅系统(93.39%),但其火用效率比气化废锅系统高2.2%。这说明通过热解-气化的耦合方式能够有效回收气化高温合成气中的显热并提高其能量品位。     

Optimization of a heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography-based method for the assessment of enantiomeric fractions of o,p′-DDT in environmental samples

The enantiomeric fractions present in soil samples may provide information useful in distinguishing recent inputs of DDT from past DDT pollution. In this study, a chromatographic procedure for the determination of the enantiomeric fractions of o,p′-DDT based on heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography was developed. The optimization carried out achieved low ratios of DDT degradation (<15%) in the chromatographic system. High selectivity and sensitivity in the detection of the target compounds, with a limit of detection as low as 2.1 pg μL⁻¹, was reached. In addition, high degrees of repeatability (RSD < 2.0%) and reproducibility (RSD < 3.2%) were obtained for the enantiomeric fractions measured in analytical standards and soil samples.     

A novel real-time cell electronic analysis technology for the authentication and quality control of natural medicines

The study was designed to explore the potential applications of the real-time cell electronic analysis technology in the quality evaluation of natural medicines. The natural medicinal Flos Carthami was discussed as a methodological example and the specific time/dose-dependent cell response profiles （TCRPs） were produced by the real-time cell electronic analysis technology. The similarity and bioactivity were obtained by analyzing all TCRPs. Meanwhile, an HPLC method according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia （edition 2010） was used to evaluate the quality of Flos Carthami. The correlation was obtained by comparing the results produced by the two different approaches. By analyzing the data, five different samples ofFlos Carthami can produce remarkably similar TCRPs. The quality ofFlos Carthami was evaluated by both the HPLC and the TCRPs analysis-based approaches and similar results were obtained. The results suggest that the same natural medicine from different locations could produce similar TCRPs. By analyzing the TCRPs, the bioactivity and quality evaluation of natural medicines can be obtained. This technology is a physiologically relevant approach for the quality evaluation of natural medicines. The ultimate aim of our study is to establish a new standard for quality evaluation.     

A novel derivative for the assessment of urinary and salivary nitrate using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Previous gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods for determining nitrate in biological samples involve either hazardous chemicals or produce multiple isomers that can be difficult to quantitate. Modification of these methods, by the nitration of mesitylene instead of benzene and in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride rather than sulphuric acid, should enable simple isotopic quantitation for use in tracer studies, for example, in the measurement of nitric oxide production. Desiccated urine and saliva samples, in addition to aqueous labelled and unlabelled nitrate standards, were treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and mesitylene at 70°C for 1 h, cooled, then sequentially washed with deionised water and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The solution of nitromesitylene in mesitylene was separated, dried and analysed by GC/MS. The full mass spectra exhibited abundant ions at m/z 165 and 166 corresponding to the unlabelled and labelled molecular species of nitromesitylene, respectively. Selected ion monitoring of these masses for a series of gravimetrically prepared standards indicated good agreement with isotopic enrichments in the range 0.0625–5 mole % excess, and at nitrate concentrations within the physiological range of 0.078–2 mmol/L. Derivatised samples were stable with respect to isotopic enrichments and nitrate concentrations at −20°C for up to 21 days and exhibited excellent repeatability. Nitration of mesitylene proved to be a simple and rapid method for the measurement of isotope ratios in aqueous nitrates by GC/MS, which has applications in tracer studies and in concentration determinations by isotope dilution techniques for nitric oxide production. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy,exergy, and sensitivity analyses of a new integrated system for generation of liquid methanol,liquefied natural gas,and crude helium using organic Rankine cycle,and solar collectors

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The increasing growth of helium consumption in industries and the limited resources of this element are the challenges that industries will face in the...     

Miniature liquid flow sensor and feedback control of electroosmotic and pneumatic flows for a micro gas analysis system.

Accurate liquid flow control is important in most chemical analyses. In this work, the measurement of liquid flow in microliters per minute was performed, and feedback control of the flow rate was examined. The flow sensor was arranged on a channel made in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) block. The center of the channel was cooled by a miniature Peltier device, and the change in temperature balance along the channel formed by the flow was measured by two temperature sensors. Using this flow sensor, feedback flow control was examined with two pumping methods. One was the electroosmotic flow method, made by applying a high voltage (HV) between the reagent and waste reservoirs; the other was the piezo valve method, in which a micro-valve-seat was fabricated in a PDMS cavity with a silicone diaphragm. The latter was adopted for a micro gas analysis system (microGAS) for measuring atmospheric H2S and SO2. The obtained baselines were stable, and better limits of detection were obtained.