Storage of Defective Fuel Pins in SFR Core

An open fuel pin failure is a breach in the fuel pin cladding that allows direct contact between the primary coolant and the nuclear fuel. In this paper we focus on the sodium-fuel interactions in a Sodium cooled Fast neutrons Reactor (SFR), reviewing the main aspects of the fuel pin failure evolution with an emphasis on the Reaction between the Oxide fuel and the Sodium (ROS). This reaction leads to the formation of an uranoplutonate phase with approximately half the density of the initial oxide. In turn this can cause significant fuel swelling and the potential further degradation of the fuel pin. The maximal fuel swelling due to the formation of the uranoplutonate can be estimated for non-irradiated fuel based on the physico-chemical properties of the pellets, as further described in this paper.     

车用燃料电池现状与电催化

本文综述了近年来车用燃料电池电催化的发展状况,分析了车用燃料电池电催化的发展趋势,重点介绍了大连化学物理研究所在燃料电池电催化方面的研究进展．指出车用燃料电池电催化的发展方向是提高现有铂基催化剂的活性,在保证车用燃料电池在变载等动态工况下的可靠性与寿命的前提下,应降低膜电极的贵金属铂用量,发展低铂／非铂电催化剂．针对车用燃料电池的使用条件,应发展抗燃料气与空气中杂质的电催化方法与抗腐蚀催化剂载体．从长远考虑,重点发展碱性聚合物膜燃料电池,拓展利于活化顺磁性氧的催化方法,有望摆脱车用燃料电池对铂催化剂的依赖．     

适应多种原料的生物航煤生产技术的开发

为了减少温室气体排放,扩大航煤的原料来源,生物航煤制备技术的开发受到许多国家的重视.中国石油化工股份有限公司(简称中国石化)开发出了适应多种原料的生物航煤制备技术,该技术以多种生物质油脂为原料,采用加氢法生产生物航煤.针对不同的产品需求,可有不同的产品方案,如最大量生产生物航煤方案,生物航煤兼顾生物柴油方案.以动植物油脂为原料,生物航煤质量收率为35%~45%,生物航煤的冰点可达48℃以下,同时还有7%~11%的柴油馏分和23%~29%的石脑油馏分.中国石化已在工业装置上生产出了符合ASTM D7566-11标准的生物航煤产品,并成功进行了试飞.     

Preparation of metallic fuel rodlets for irradiation testing in the HANARO research reactor

U–10 wt% Zr fuel rodlets, which will be irradiated in the HANARO research reactor in order to evaluate the irradiation performance of metallic fuel and validate the in-reactor behavior, were prepared through determined fabrication processes. Injection casting technology was applied to produce U–10Zr fuel slugs, and sodium melt and a bonding process were conducted to bond a fuel slug to the fuel cladding. To seal the end plug to the fuel cladding tube, a gas tungsten arc welding technique was adopted. Based on the results of these experiments, sodium-cooled fast reactor fuel rodlets for irradiation testing in the HANARO research reactor have been soundly fabricated.     

燃料电池聚合物电解质膜的研究进展

本文根据聚合物电解质膜燃料电池操作温度、使用的电解质和燃料的不同,将其分为高温质子交换膜燃料电池、低温质子换膜燃料电池、直接甲醇燃料电池和阴离子交换膜燃料电池,综述了它们所用电解质膜的最新进展.第一部分简要介绍了这4种燃料电池的优点和不足.第二部分首先介绍了Nafion膜的结构模型,并对平行柱状纳米水通道模型在介观尺度上进行了修正;接着分别对应用于不同燃料电池的改性膜的改性思路作了分析;最后讨论了用于不同燃料电池的新型质子交换膜的研究,同时列举了性能突出的改性膜和新型质子交换膜.第三部分介绍了阴离子交换膜的研究现状.第四部分对未来聚合物电解质膜的研究作了展望.     

Expressions for Entropy Production Rate of Fuel Cells

On the basis of a general model of fuel cells, the entropy production rates of a fuel cell system under different conditions are derived by using theories of electrochemistry and thermodynamics. In order to analyze the influence of the irreversible losses existing in an actual fuel cell, the equivalent circuit of the fuel cell is introduced, so that the irreversible factor of the fuel cell may be determined directly as a function of the internal, leak and load resistances. Moreover, the maximum power output and efficiency of the fuel cell are calculated, the optimal operation of the fuel cell is discussed, and the matching condition of the load resistance is determined.     

Specific characteristics of molten carbonate fuel cell in realization of electrochemical coal oxidation

The test object was a fuel cell with free molten carbonate electrolyte providing realization of direct electrochemical oxidation of solid hydrocarbons. This study involved the effect of the fuel type and dispersion as well as cathode reagent gas mixture composition to the fuel cell functional parameters. The used fuels were dispersed and monolithic graphite, anthracite, and jet coal specimens. The effect of oxygen/carbon dioxide ratio on the mixture fed to cathode to the open circuit cell voltage and achieved current density levels was studied with respect to interrelation of the processes taking place in the cathode and anode units of the fuel cell. A correlation was noted between the specific fuel cell characteristics and hydrogen content in the fuel material. The highest level of current density and specific power was recorded for jet coal characterized with high hydrogen content. The different characteristics of monolithic and dispersed fuel specimens were accounted for by the effect of losses at contacts between particles. Achievement of high current density and specific power was demonstrated by using dispersed coal fuel.     

F-T柴油在直喷式柴油机中燃烧与排放特性的研究

煤通过Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)合成可得到十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃质量分数极低的F-T柴油。研究分析了未作改动的单缸直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油时的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时的滞燃期平均缩短18.7%,预混燃烧放热峰值降低26.8%,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,燃烧持续期相当。燃用F-T柴油时的最高燃烧压力略低,最大压力升高率显著下降,机械损失和燃烧噪音较小,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到显著改善。燃用F-T柴油可同时降低CO、HC、NOx和炭烟排放,其中NOx和炭烟分别平均降低16.7%和40.3%。研究表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料。     

聚合物燃料电池离子交换膜新进展

聚合物离子交换膜是聚合物电解质燃料电池的关键部件之一,根据聚合物携带反离子种类,可分为质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）和碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池（APEFC）。本文着重阐述近年来研究热点：高温低湿质子交换膜（HTPEM）和聚合物碱性阴离子交换膜（APE）的研究进展,指出燃料电池中聚合物离子交换膜（HTPEM和APE）面...     

Identification and quantification of diesel fuel components derived from off-shore drilling operation discharges

A GC/MS technique that provides quantitative and qualitative information on diesel fuel components in drilling muds is described. Several low molecular mass aromatic components of diesel fuel are identified as indicators of diesel fuel. The presence and relative concentration of these indicators is used to identify diesel fuel contamination. This information can be used to approximate the amount of diesel fuel contamination in off-shore drilling discharges.     

Modeling of LGV Supply Chain System for Land Transportation Sector

Liquid Gas for Vehicles (LGV) is an alternative fuel for land transportation sector besides gasoline. Until now, fuel conversion program from gasoline to gas fuel has not been fully implemented in Indonesia, as the availability of gas fuel distribution infrastructure is far behind the gasoline distribution infrastructure. This research was conducted to find out the necessity of gas fuel distribution infrastructure development as well as the feasibility of gasoline to gas fuel conversion implementation. The phases on this research were potential estimation of gas fuel necessity for public transportation, analysis of gasoline supply chain, analysis of the necessity of LGV distribution infrastructure development and simulation of gas fuel supply chain economic system using project financing scenario. The result of infrastructure analysis produced a recommendation of 11 new units of LGV filling stations in big cities on Java Island. The economical price for, LGV is as much as IDR 8,392/LSP. Based on this calculation, recommendation of LGV was only for executive cabs.     

Computational parametric analysis of fuel cells: Application to PEMFC and SOFC

This study presents a numerical investigation on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), using the aerothermal and electrochemistry equations to describe all phenomena included in both types of the fuel cells. The computational process is based on the implementation of the mathematical fuel cells models in FLUENT computational fluid dynamics code. This is in order to evaluate the temperature field, the production of the electricity, and the distribution of the water mass fraction in different region of the fuel cells. The obtained results show that the simulation is able to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters to explain the main phenomena in the fuel cells.     

A review of the development of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Due to the need for clean energy, the development of an efficient fuel cell technology for electricity generation has received considerable attention. Much of the current research efforts have investi‐gated the materials for and process development of fuel cells, including the optimization and simpli‐fication of the fuel cell components, and the modeling of the fuel cell systems to reduce their cost and improve their performance, durability and reliability to enable them to compete with the con‐ventional combustion engine. A high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT‐PEMFC) is an interesting alternative to conventional PEMFCs as it is able to mitigate CO poisoning and water management problems. Although the HT‐PEMFC has many attractive features, it also possesses many limitations and presents several challenges to its widespread commercialization. In this re‐view, the trends of HT‐PEMFC research and development with respect to electrochemistry, mem‐brane, modeling, fuel options, and system design were presented.     

Regulation of Power Conversion in Fuel Cells

Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel ceils. This regulation is expressed as that to-tal power produced by fuel ceils is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the equilibrium potential and work potential. With this regulation we deduced fuel cell performance equation which can describe the potential vs. the current performance curves, namely, polarization curves of fuel cells with three power source parameters: equilibrium potential E0; internal resistance R; and power conversion coefficient K. The concept of the power conversion coefficient is a new criterion to evaluate and compare the characteristics and capacity of different fuel ceils. The calculated values obtained with this equation agree with practical performance of different types of fuel cells.     

Estimation of chemical exergy of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels used in thermal power plants

This paper presents the methods for the calculation of chemical exergies of coal, heavy fuel oil and natural gas that are used as fuel in conventional thermal power plants. Calculations have shown that the chemical composition of the fuel greatly influences the value of its chemical exergy. In case of coal in which carbon and hydrogen are not combined together, an increase in both carbon and hydrogen contents increases its chemical exergy value. In case of heavy fuel oils, hydrogen–carbon ratio is the most influencing parameter in the chemical exergy value. An increase in hydrogen–carbon ratio in the fuel tends to increase its chemical exergy. In case of natural gases, a decrease in lighter hydrocarbon gas contents and an increase in heavier hydrocarbon gas contents tend to increase the chemical exergy value of the fuel. High moisture and/or ash contents also tend to lower the value of the chemical exergy.     

秸秆发酵燃料乙醇关键问题及其进展

利用木质纤维素原料生产燃料乙醇是国际公认的难题.本文从秸秆原料组分不均一性出发,分析了秸秆难以高值化原因;进一步分析了秸秆酶解发酵燃料乙醇的关键问题,介绍了有关秸秆原料预处理、纤维素酶生产、秸秆酶解发酵乙醇和产业化示范工程等的进展.秸秆酶解发酵燃料乙醇产业化示范工程具有自主知识产权,为实现我国秸秆转化燃料乙醇的规模化、产业化、低成本生产奠定了基础.     

秸秆发酵燃料乙醇关键问题及其进展

利用木质纤维素原料生产燃料乙醇是国际公认的难题。本文从秸秆原料组分不均一性出发,分析了秸秆难以高值化原因;进一步分析了秸秆酶解发酵燃料乙醇的关键问题,介绍了有关秸秆原料预处理、纤维素酶生产、秸秆酶解发酵乙醇和产业化示范工程等的进展。秸秆酶解发酵燃料乙醇产业化示范工程具有自主知识产权,为实现我国秸秆转化燃料乙醇的规模化、产业化、低成本生产奠定了基础。     

质子交换膜燃料电池及电池组模型分析

本文对现有质子交换膜燃料电池以及电池组模型进行比较分析,认为数学模型的建立,可以增加对燃料电池及电池组内部的传递现象和反应机理的认识,同时可以预测电池以及电池组的性能,并且对优化电池结构参数具有指导意义.模型分析包括了现阶段质子交换膜燃料电池单电池模型和电池组模型的基本类别,它们是单电池CFD数值模拟模型、单电池以及电池组性能模拟模型、燃料电池组气体分配模型、系统模型和非稳态模型.比较了几种模型的建模方式及不同模型的应用范围和各自的优缺点.     

生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的理化及排放特性研究

对生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力、运动黏度、抗磨性、氧化稳定性以及碳烟排放等特性进行了测试和研究.结果表明,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的表面张力随生物柴油含量的增加呈抛物线趋势变化,并随温度升高呈幂函数曲线下降.生物柴油的磨斑直径小于柴油,最大卡咬极限压力大于柴油.生物柴油的质量分数为40％-70％,混合燃料的氧化稳定性...