声-地震耦合探雷技术分析

根据声-地震耦合原理,分析地震波与地雷的机械作用,并设计一个基于地震检波器串的探雷实验系统。把高顺性雷体与其上方的土壤视作一个质量-弹簧系统,用解析法分析其谐振机理。采用扬声器发出可扫频的单音正弦波穿透到地下土壤,作为系统信号激励源,采用地震检波器串测出地表震动速度。根据有无地雷处的地表震动速度幅频特性曲线,分析地雷对地表震动的影响。实验结果显示,地雷上方的地表震动速度要明显高于没有地雷的情况,该系统可用于声波探雷的进一步研究。     

Investigation of microphones as near-ground sensors for seismic detection of buried landmines

Commercially available microphones were investigated as near-ground sensors to measure the acoustic pressure and the vertical pressure gradient of evanescent air-acoustic waves associated with audio-frequency seismic waves. Measurements in close proximity to the surface and the use of waveguides were found to improve the microphone signal's quality, the comparison of its seismic sensitivity to its sensitivity to propagating sound (ambient acoustic noise and nonseismic reverberation). Landmine images formed using microphone data collected in a laboratory experimental model clearly locate buried inert landmines but exhibit more clutter than images of the same objects formed with seismic displacement data collected using other techniques.     

Nonlinear vibrations of buried landmines

The seismo-acoustic method is one of the most promising emerging techniques for the detection of landmines. Numerous field tests have demonstrated that buried landmines manifest themselves at the surface through linear and nonlinear responses to acoustic/seismic excitation. The present paper describes modeling of the nonlinear response in the framework of the mass-spring model of the soil-mine system. The perturbation method used in the model allows for the derivation of an analytical solution describing both quadratic and cubic acoustic interactions at the soil-mine interface. This solution has been compared with actual field measurements to obtain nonlinear parameters of the buried mines. These parameters have been analyzed with respect to mine types and burial depths. It was found that the cubic nonlinearity could be a significant contributor to the nonlinear response. This effect has led to the development of a new intermodulation detection algorithm based on dual-frequency excitation. Both quadratic and intermodulation nonlinear algorithms were evaluated at the U.S. Army outdoor testing facilities. The algorithms appear to complement each other in improving the overall detection performance.     

声波远探测测井与地震缝洞精细评价技术研究*

地震勘探探测范围广、空间尺度大,数据采集、处理、解释体系完善,资料运用率高,但纵向分辨率低。声波远探测可实现井周数十米范围内的异常体探测,克服了常规测井方法探测深度浅的局限,具有很高的纵向、周向、径向分辨率,但偶极横波远探测具有180°方位不确定性,径向探测范围不及地震勘探。本研究将两者优势结合,通过对缝洞型地质异常体远探测和地震响应特征进行综合分析,约束远探测方位解释结果,精细刻画地质异常体形态及发育情况,完善远探测测井的横向延伸信息,有效提高远探测解释的精准度,最终形成声波远探测测井与地震一体化缝洞综合评价技术,提升缝洞油气藏钻遇率和开发效率。在塔河等缝洞发育地区进行应用,实现多尺度、全方位和高精度的地质异常体描述与解释,为解决油气勘探过程中由于地震分辨率不足造成的脱靶等现象提供了新的思路。     

Temporal resolution in radio, seismic, and acoustic detection

We consider the possibility of using a monochromatic sounding signal modulated in amplitude by a slowly varying function for detection purposes. It is shown that when conventional processing techniques are used, such a sounding signal should be considered as a narrow-band signal not providing high temporal resolution, whereas with another well-known technique this sounding signal allows one to obtain a higher temporal resolution corresponding to the total width of the signal spectrum. In the latter case, the signal-to-noise ratio is determined by the maximum of the sounding signal, while the resolution is determined by the spectrum width measured at the level of the spectrum minimum. We discuss the spectral and cepstral methods for obtaining high temporal resolution. The considered methods for obtaining high temporal resolution in detection are compared with the methods of image formation by monochromatic wave fields. Talk delivered at the scientific seminar of the Radiophysics Department of the Nizhny Novgorod University on November 4, 1999. Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 406–412, May, 2000.     

On the detection of objects buried at a shallow depth using seismic wave reflections

This paper concerns the detection of shallow (of the order 1 m) buried objects using seismic excitation. Time-extended signals are used to generate a compressional wave using a shaker attached to the ground. The wave propagates through the ground, reflects off a buried object and is captured by an array of geophones on the surface. The envelopes of the cross-correlation functions between the measured ground velocities and the excitation signal are calculated and summed to generate a cross-sectional image of the ground. The wide cross-correlation peaks caused by high ground attenuation are partially compensated for by using the generalized cross-correlation function called the phase transform. Simple simulations are conducted to demonstrate the method, and some field experiments have been carried out aimed at the detection of a buried concrete pipe. In the experiments the pipe could be detected using the method proposed, with experimental and simulated data producing good agreement.     

Algorithms for data evaluation applied to the detection of buried objects

A non-iterative spectral estimation technique, the PDFT algorithm, is used to image buried objects from scattered field data. We discuss the PDFT as a generalized linear back-propagation method for Fourier transform data. Apart from its ability to incorporate prior knowledge about the target into the imaging model, it allows one to determine whether this prior information is consistent with the data. We discuss how this can be used to evaluate the quality of data sets. The PDFT is applied to real data of buried plastic land-mines and we show preliminary results indicating the potential of ground-penetrating radar for demining.     

Contribution to classification of buried objects based on acoustic impedance matching

Determination of material the buried objects are made of could contribute significantly to their recognition, or classification. This is important in detecting buried antipersonnel landmines within the context of humanitarian demining, as well as in a variety of other applications. In this article the concept has been formulated of the approach to buried object's material determination starting with ultrasonic impulse propagation analysis in a particular testing set configuration. The impulse propagates through a characterized transfer material in such a way that a part of it, a reflected wave, carries the information about the buried object's surface material acoustic impedance. The limit of resolution capability is theoretically analyzed and experimentally evaluated and the influencing factors described. Among these, the contact between clean surfaces of the transfer material and buried object is emphasized.     

A new synthetic detection technique for trackside acoustic identification of railroad roller bearing defects

The detection of railroad roller bearing defects is of great importance for railway traffic. The acoustic defective bearing detector (ADBD) via a trackside acoustic detection system (TADS) is a popular and reliable tool for trackside identification of railroad bearing incipient defects. However, the defective trackside acoustic signal of bearing is confronted with three challenges: demodulation of acoustic signal, removal of Doppler effect and enhancement of defect frequency. This paper proposes a synthetic detection technique to overcome these difficulties successively. In the technique, the signal envelope is first extracted by a new variable-resolution ridge demodulation (VRRD) method. Then the Doppler effect is removed in the envelope via a dynamic signal resampling method. Finally, the rectified defect frequency is enhanced through the means of logarithmic transformation and piecewise linear detrending. The VRRD technique extracts the envelope from the signal time–frequency distribution (TFD) along the Doppler shift curve of resonance frequency traced by an improved ridge extraction algorithm. The resampling method is carried out on the envelope according to the Doppler shift curve of defect frequency obtained by the same ridge extraction algorithm. The sidebands around defect frequency can be suppressed by the logarithmic transformation and the low-frequency non-linear trend can be removed by the detrending method. The signal amplitude is unified at the same time. Two practical bearing signals with inner-race and outer-race defects separately verify the effectiveness of proposed technique.     

水下目标前向声散射探测的干涉声场畸变量分析与应用

前向声散射探测中的信直比SDR;能衡量目标前向散射波与直达波的相对大小,但未考虑两种波的干涉叠加。前向散射波与直达波实际上是干涉在一起的且很难分离,因而信直比在目标探测分析中难以直接应用。以信直比为基础并计入前向散射波与直达波的干涉效果,引入了新的参量——干涉声场畸变量ΔFTL——并给出了理论计算公式。与SDR;相比,ΔFTL可以直接从声场数据中得到,在一定程度上具有不依赖先验信息的优势。以该公式为基础并结合千岛湖缩比目标探测试验数据,(1)通过估算几何扩展损失系数发现试验中的声波为球面波,结果与依据实测水文参数的射线声场模型仿真结果相符;(2)定量地证实了ΔFTL与目标穿越位置的对应关系,同时也证明了ΔFTL理论计算公式的有效性;(3)建立了一种新的直达波抑制效果评估方案,并完成了对自适应直达波抑制方法的效能评估。目标透声和航行姿态扰动对试验结果的影响可以忽略。分析结果表明:ΔFTL能够有效代替SDR,为开展前向声散射探测性能分析或直达波抑制效果评估提供理论参考。     

Accelerometer measurements of acoustic-to-seismic coupling above buried objects

The surface velocity of sand inside a large PVC container, induced by the sound pressure from either a large loudspeaker radiating into an inverted cone and pipe or a Bruel and Kjaer point source loudspeaker mounted with its axis vertical, has been measured using accelerometers. Results of white noise and stepped frequency excitation are presented. Without any buried object the mass loading of an accelerometer creates resonances in the spectral ratio of sand surface velocity to incident acoustic pressure, i.e., the acoustic-to-seismic (A/S) admittance spectra. The A/S responses above a buried compliant object are larger and distinctive. The linear A/S admittance spectra in the presence of a buried electronic components box have been studied as a function of burial depth and sand state. The nonlinear responses above the buried box have been studied as a function of depth, sand state, and amplitude. Predictions of a modified one-dimensional lumped parameter model have been found to be consistent with the observed nonlinear responses. Also the modified model has been used to explain features of the A/S responses observed when using an accelerometer without any buried object.     

An acoustic backscattering technique for the detection of transient cavitation produced by microsecond pulses of ultrasound

An acoustic backscattering technique for detecting transient cavitation produced by 10-microseconds-long pulses of 757-kHz ultrasound is described. The system employs 10-microseconds-long, 30-MHz center frequency tone bursts that scatter from cavitation microbubbles. Experiments were performed with suspensions of hydrophobic polystyrene spheres in ultraclean water. Transient cavitation threshold pressures measured with the active cavitation detector (ACD) were always less than or equal to those measured using a passive acoustic detection scheme. The measured cavitation thresholds decreased with increasing dissolved gas content and increasing suspended particle concentration. Results also show that ultrasonic irradiation of the polystyrene sphere suspensions by the ACD lowered the threshold pressure measured with the passive detector. A possible mechanism through which suspensions of hydrophobic particles might nucleate bubbles is presented.     

Nonlinear acoustic techniques for landmine detection

Measurements of the top surface vibration of a buried (inert) VS 2.2 anti-tank plastic landmine reveal significant resonances in the frequency range between 80 and 650 Hz. Resonances from measurements of the normal component of the acoustically induced soil surface particle velocity (due to sufficient acoustic-to-seismic coupling) have been used in detection schemes. Since the interface between the top plate and the soil responds nonlinearly to pressure fluctuations, characteristics of landmines, the soil, and the interface are rich in nonlinear physics and allow for a method of buried landmine detection not previously exploited. Tuning curve experiments (revealing "softening" and a back-bone curve linear in particle velocity amplitude versus frequency) help characterize the nonlinear resonant behavior of the soil-landmine oscillator. The results appear to exhibit the characteristics of nonlinear mesoscopic elastic behavior, which is explored. When two primary waves f1 and f2 drive the soil over the mine near resonance, a rich spectrum of nonlinearly generated tones is measured with a geophone on the surface over the buried landmine in agreement with Donskoy [SPIE Proc. 3392, 221-217 (1998); 3710, 239-246 (1999)]. In profiling, particular nonlinear tonals can improve the contrast ratio compared to using either primary tone in the spectrum.     

Full distributed fiber optical sensor for intrusion detection in application to buried pipelines

Based on the microbend effect of optical fiber, a distributed sensor for real-time continuous monitoring of intrusion in application to buried pipelines is proposed. The sensing element is a long cable with a special structure made up of an elastic polymer wire, an optical fiber, and a metal wire. The damage point is located with an embedded optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) instrument. The intrusion types can be indicated by the amplitude of output voltage. Experimental results show that the detection system can alarm adequately under abnormal load and can locate the intrusion point within 22.4 m for distance of 3.023 km.     

Dephasing in quantum dots: quadratic coupling to acoustic phonons

A microscopic theory of optical transitions in quantum dots with a carrier-phonon interaction is developed. Virtual transitions into higher confined states with acoustic phonon assistance add a quadratic phonon coupling to the standard linear one, thus extending the independent boson model. Summing infinitely many diagrams in the cumulant, a numerically exact solution for the interband polarization is found. Its full time dependence and the absorption line shape of the quantum dot are calculated. It is the quadratic interaction which gives rise to a temperature-dependent broadening of the zero-phonon line, calculated here for the first time in a consistent scheme.     

A novel technique for laser diode to single mode fiber coupling

An optical fiber coupler based on the semi-linear passive phase conjugate mirror is analyzed. The threshold coupling strength is determined from theoretical considerations. An estimate of 50% for the overall coupling efficiency is made, assuming there is good mode matching between the light incident on the fiber and the propagating mode. The coupler exhibits a high degree of alignment insensitivity allowing for simple manufacture.     

Inversion of acoustic mode coupling coefficient matrix

It is found that the normal mode amplitude time series consist of multi-frequency component by analyzing the structure of acoustical signal when internal wave propagation exists, and each frequency is the product of internal wave speed and the normal mode wave number difference between acoustical receivers and source. The amplitude of each component is proportional to the acoustic mode coupling coefficient. The structure of the normal mode coefficient time series is still complex even the internal waves do not reshape when they propagate from the acoustical receivers to the source. A method is presented to compute the AMCCM by the feature of IWs' motion and the relation between the AMCCM and the acoustical signal fluctuation amplitude. The IWs data measured in the 2001 Asia experiment (ASIAEX2001) is used to check the accuracy of this method by numerical simulation. It is show that the method is accurate to compute the AMCCM.     

行波半导体激光放大器耦合技术研究

本文从理论上分析了单模光纤与行波半导体激光放大器之间的耦合特性,导出一套简捷的设计光纤耦合头公式,比较不同的结构参数对光纤头耦合性能的影响,选出一种最佳设计方案.经实验验证.采用本文提出的光纤头微透镜处理技术,可使光纤-光放大器耦合损耗降至-3dB.     

An impulse test technique with application to acoustic measurements

A method is described for measuring the acoustic properties of an absorbent material and a duct/nozzle system (with or without airflow) in which a high voltage spark discharge is used as an impulse source of sound. The cross-spectra of the incident, reflected and transmitted acoustic pressure transients are analyzed by way of a FFT digital processor in the form of complex transfer functions. These transfer functions have a direct relationship to the termination impedance and radiation directivity. The impulse method has been justified by comparisons that show excellent agreement with data obtained from existing methods (both experimental and theoretical).