On-line solid phase extraction of humic acid from environmental water and monitoring with flow-through chemiluminescence

An on-line solid phase extraction device combined with flow-through chemiluminescence monitoring was presented for the enrichment and determination of humic acid (HA) in water samples. The chemiluminescence principle was based on the enhancement effect of HA on the Ce(IV)/H(2)SO(4)-rhodamine 6G chemiluminescence system. For sample pretreatment, the on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) material was packed into a cartridge which was then installed in the manifold. Experimental parameters including reagent concentration, flow rate and extraction time, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the relative standard deviation was 3.6% for determining 2 mg L(-1) HA standard solution and the detection limit was 3 μg L(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of HA in the range of 0.1-35 mg L(-1). The results were validated by spike recovery experiments. The recovery was from 74.0% to 121%, which was good enough for the determination of HA in environmental waters.     

液相微萃取/离子色谱测定牛奶中的氨

以水为微滴萃取溶剂,采用顶空液相微萃取/离子色谱检测了牛奶中的氨.优化了顶空液相微萃取的实验条件:pH=12,萃取温度为35 ℃,萃取时间为15 min,搅拌速率为800 r/min,萃取溶剂体积为5 μL.测定氨的线性范围为10 ～300 μg·L-1(R2=0.998),检出限达1.8 μg·L-1,回收率为92% ～105%.     

磁固相萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定尿样中的1-羟基芘

采用磁固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法(MSPE-HPLC-FD)分析了尿样中芘代谢物1-羟基芘(1-Hydroxyperene 1-OHP).2mL尿样以0.1 mol/L醋酸钠溶液(pH 4.5)稀释至4 mL,酶水解后,再以0.1 mol/L醋酸钠溶液(pH 5.0)稀释至10mL,采用十八烷基膦酸改性的磁性介孔纳米粒子(50 mg)为萃取介质,对其进行MSPE富集,涡旋萃取1 min,甲醇解吸3min.解吸液经氮气吹干重新定容后,进行液相色谱分析.本方法在0.01～ 1.00 μg/L范围内线性良好(R2=0.9996);检出限为0.001μg/L日内相对标准偏差小于9.7％(n=5),日间相对标准偏差小于12.9％.将本方法应用于多个人体尿液样品中1-OHP含量的检测,结果满意.为确保结果的科学性和可靠性,测定结果用尿肌酐含量进行了归一化.     

浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的痕量钴

研究了基于表面活性剂Triton X-114和络合剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵（APDC）浊点萃取钴的样品前处理方法.优化了浊点萃取条件参数,包括pH值、Triton X-114用量、APDC浓度、平衡温度及时间等,建立了浊点萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定痕量钴的方法.该法的检测限（3σ）为2.6μg/L,相对标准偏差RSD为6.2%（n=7,c=200μg/L）.该法成功地应用于海带、维生素B12注射液等样品中钴的测定.     

磁性固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定环境水样中的四环素类抗生素

建立了磁性固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定环境水样中四环素类抗生素的方法。以6种四环素类抗生素(差向四环素、土霉素、四环素、去甲金霉素、金霉素和脱水四环素)为目标化合物,考察并优化了吸附和解吸条件,确定了最佳萃取条件。萃取后的目标化合物经ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈柱分离,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱在多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行检测。在优化的条件下,6种四环素在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数为0.9967~0.9993,检出限为2.44~25.21 ng/L,样品加标回收率为80.6%~90.0%,日内相对标准偏差(RSDs)为0.6%~2.5%,日间RSDs为1.1%~7.1%。该方法灵敏度高、背景干扰低,适用于环境水样中6种痕量四环素类抗生素的同时检测。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相法测定酒中的甲醇和杂醇油

 采用环氧树脂作为固相涂层制作固相微萃取 (SPME)装置 ,建立了顶空固相微萃取 气相法 (HS SPME GC)测定酒精饮料中甲醇和杂醇油的方法 ,并对萃取条件和条件进行了优化。方法的检出限为 0 0 2mg/L～0 0 4mg/L ,相对标准偏差为 1 4 %～ 4 1% ;与顶空气相法相比 ,灵敏度可提高 2 0倍～ 30 0倍。将该法用于啤酒、葡萄酒和保健酒中的甲醇和杂醇油的测定 ,加标回收率为 80 8%～ 110 3% ;与顶空气相法 (国家标准方法 )进行了比较 ,相对误差不大于 7 3%。该法简便、快速、灵敏、精密度好 ,拓宽了SPME的应用范围。     

Quantitative analysis of xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids in hops and beer by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method for quantitation of six prenylflavonoids (xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, desmethylxanthohumol, 6- and 8-prenylnaringenins and 6-geranylnaringenin) in hops and beer by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. The method allows direct analysis of beer and crude methanolic extracts of hops. After HPLC separation, prenylflavonoids were detected by positive ion multiple-reaction monitoring using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a heated nebulizer--atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by replicate analyses of (spiked) samples. Thirteen commercial beers were analysed with the method. Isoxanthohumol, formed by isomerization of xanthohumol during the brewing process, was the most abundant flavonoid in hopped beers, ranging from 0.04 to 3.44 mg/l.     

固相萃取-高效阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培法检测人体尿液中的异黄蝶呤

建立了固相萃取-高效阴离子交换色谱-积分脉冲安培法(SPE-HPAEC-IPAD)测定人体尿液中异黄蝶呤的分析方法。尿液经ENVI-18与732型阳离子交换柱串联萃取后,除去了大量干扰物质。采用IonPac AS21分析柱(250 mm×2 mm),以0.025 mol/L NaOH溶液为淋洗液,流速为0.40 mL/min,在优化的安培检测波形条件下,异黄蝶呤的质量浓度在0.005～0.200 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998 4,检出限为0.003 mg/L。健康人及癌症病人尿液在2 mg/L和5 mg/L两个添加水平的平均回收率在95.4%～96.8%之间,相对标准偏差小于5%。此方法环保、快速、准确,可用于健康人与癌症病人尿液中异黄蝶呤的测定。     

Vortex‐assisted surfactant‐enhanced‐emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction of biogenic amines in fermented foods before their simultaneous analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method, based on modified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for the simultaneous determination of five biogenic amines in fermented food samples. Biogenic amines were derivatized with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, extracted by vortex‐assisted surfactant‐enhanced emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction, and then analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Five biogenic amine compounds were separated within 30 min using a C₁₈ column and gradient elution with acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid. Factors influencing the derivatization and extraction efficiency such as type and volume of extraction solvent, type, and concentration of surfactant, pH, salt addition, and vortex time were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method provided the enrichment factors in the range of 161–553. Good linearity was obtained from 0.002–0.5 mg/L for cadaverine and tyramine, 0.003–1 mg/L for tryptamine and histamine, and 0.005–1 mg/L for spermidine with coefficient of determination (R²) > 0.992. The limits of detection ranged from 0.0010 to 0.0026 mg/L. The proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of biogenic amines in fermented foods such as fermented fish (plaa‐som), wine and beer where good recoveries were obtained in the range of 83.2–112.5%     

Ultrasonication extraction coupled with magnetic solid-phase clean-up for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by high-performance liquid chromatography

C18-functionalized magnetic microspheres synthesized in a three-stage system and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and SEM were applied for clean-up and enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples combined with ultrasonication extraction. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) parameters, such as elution solvents, amounts of sorbents, enrichment time and organic modifier, were optimized together with ultrasonication time and extraction solvents. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method provided spiked recoveries of 63.2-92.8% with RSDs of less than 6.4% and limits of detection were 0.5-1.0 ng/g. This new method provides several advantages, such as high extraction efficiency, convenient extraction procedure and short analysis times. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples.     

Polypyrrole‐magnetite dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction combined with ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry for the determination of rhodamine 6G and crystal violet in textile wastewater

Polypyrrole‐magnetite dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction method combined with ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry was developed for the determination of selected cationic dyes in textile wastewater. Polypyrrole‐magnetite was used as adsorbent due to its thermal stability, magnetic properties, and ability to adsorb Rhodamine 6G and crystal violet. Dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction parameters were optimized, including sample pH, adsorbent amount, extraction time, and desorption solvent. The optimum polypyrrole‐magnetite dispersive micro‐solid phase‐extraction conditions were sample pH 8, 60 mg polypyrrole‐magnetite adsorbent, 5 min of extraction time, and acetonitrile as the desorption solvent. Under the optimized conditions, the polypyrrole‐magnetite dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction with ultraviolet‐visible method showed good linearity in the range of 0.05–7 mg/L (R ² > 0.9980). The method also showed a good limit of detection for the dyes (0.05 mg/L) and good analyte recoveries (97.4–111.3%) with relative standard deviations < 10%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of dyes in textile wastewater samples where the concentration found was 1.03 mg (RSD ±7.9%) and 1.13 mg/L (RSD ± 4.6%) for Rhodamine 6G and crystal violet, respectively. It can be concluded that this method can be adopted for the rapid extraction and determination of dyes at trace concentration levels.     

Magnetic micro‐solid‐phase extraction based on magnetite‐MCM‐41 with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of antidepressant drugs in biological fluids

A new facile magnetic micro‐solid‐phase extraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection was developed for the extraction and determination of selected antidepressant drugs in biological fluids using magnetite‐MCM‐41 as adsorbent. The synthesized sorbent was characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The maximum extraction efficiency for extraction of 500 μg/L antidepressant drugs from aqueous solution was obtained with 15 mg of magnetite‐MCM‐41 at pH 12. The analyte was desorbed using 100 μL of acetonitrile prior to gas chromatography determination. This method was rapid in which the adsorption procedure was completed in 60 s. Under the optimized conditions using 15 mL of antidepressant drugs sample, the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 0.05–500 μg/L (r ² = 0.996–0.999). Good limits of detection (0.008–0.010 μg/L) were obtained for the analytes with good relative standard deviations of <8.0% (n  = 5) for the determination of 0.1, 5.0, and 500.0 μg/L of antidepressant drugs. This method was successfully applied to the determination of amitriptyline and chlorpromazine in plasma and urine samples. The recoveries of spiked plasma and urine samples were in the range of 86.1–115.4%. Results indicate that magnetite micro‐solid‐phase extraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is a convenient, fast, and economical method for the extraction and determination of amitriptyline and chlorpromazine in biological samples.     

Reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with multivariate optimization for sensitive HPLC determination of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil

A reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) method coupled to HPLC was developed for the extraction of hydroxytyrosol (HTy) and tyrosol (Ty) from virgin olive oil. In this first application of the RP-DLLME method to non-polar samples, the phenolic compounds were directly extracted into an aqueous micro-drop, which could be injected into a chromatography column without any further pretreatment. A glass test tube with lengthened conical bottom was fitted inside a centrifuge tube in this work for more efficient withdrawal of the sedimented phase with a microsyringe. The volumes of water and ethyl acetate, the pH of water and the centrifuge time as four effective parameters on the extraction were optimized by a central composite design (response surface) method. Five replicated analyses under the optimized conditions (i.e., 0.2 mL ethyl acetate as disperser and 100 μL water at pH 11 as the extraction solvent) resulted in recoveries of 104.3 and 97.6%, and relative standard deviations of 5.75 and 4.57 for HTy and Ty, respectively. The detection limit of the method (3σ) was 0.043 mg L(-1) for HTy and 0.032 mg L(-1) for Ty. The method was successfully applied to the determination of HTy and Ty in five olive oil samples.     

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of carbamazepine in human plasma and urine samples

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography was used for separation/preconcentration and determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) in human plasma and urine samples. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, ionic strength, sodium hydroxide concentration, stirring rate, sample volume and extraction time, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent, 40 μL of 1-undecanol; sodium hydroxide concentration, 1 mol/L; temperature, 50 ℃; stirring speed, 400 r/min; sample volume, 8 mL; sodium chloride concentration, 3% (w/v) and extraction time, 60 min) the calibration curve was found to be linear in the mass concentration range of 0.4-700.0 μg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 μg/L and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate extraction and determination of carbamazepine at 100 μg/L level was found to be 4.1%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of CBZ in human plasma and urine samples.     

磁固相萃取-气相色谱-火焰光度检测联用测定果汁中的有机磷农药

制备了苯乙烯（St）和甲基丙烯酸（MAA）共聚物改性的磁性微球Fe₃O₄@P（St-co-MAA）,并将其作为磁固相萃取吸附剂,建立了磁固相萃取（MSPE）-气相色谱（GC）-火焰光度检测（FPD）联用分析有机磷农药（OPPs）残留的新方法。以5种有机磷农药（二嗪农、甲基毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷、毒死蜱和喹硫磷）为目标分析物,考察并优化了吸附和解吸条件,确定了最佳实验条件。在最优的实验条件下,方法对5种OPPs的检出限（S/N=3）为0.013~0.305 μg/L,方法的相对标准偏差（RSD,n=7）为3.1%~8.8%,富集倍数为406~951,线性范围达3个数量级。将该方法应用于新鲜番茄汁、草莓汁样品中的OPPs残留分析,加标回收率为85.4%~118.9%。该方法具有检出限低、分析速度快、富集倍数高等优点,为有机磷农药的残留分析提供了新的技术平台。     

基于冷冻熔炼的液-液萃取/气相色谱法测定啤酒中的N-二甲基亚硝胺

建立了一种新型的冷冻熔炼液-液萃取法直接提取啤酒中的N-二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）,萃取液经GC-FID分析,双柱法定性,外标法定量。优化的前处理条件为：以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,啤酒样品和萃取溶剂的体积比为9：1,-19 ℃下冷冻16 h。结果表明：NDMA在5~200 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系（r²=0.9996）;在5、10和20 mg/L 3个加标水平下的回收率分别为84.94%、83.24%、85.14%,平行7次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为3.06%、3.19%、2.63%。与常规液-液萃取方法（需要经过蒸馏、萃取、旋蒸、氮吹4个步骤）相比,本方法稳定、可靠,且操作简单,有机溶剂消耗量少。     

微囊藻毒素分子印迹搅拌棒涂层的研制及其吸附性能

以微囊藻毒素(MC)-LR为模板,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合技术,在凹凸棒土(ATP)表面制备了磁性分子印迹聚合物,并通过溶胶-凝胶法将分子印迹聚合物作为涂层介质制作搅拌棒。同时通过红外吸收光谱和扫描电镜等对印迹聚合物进行了结构和形貌的表征,并用液相色谱研究了搅拌棒涂层对水体中微囊藻毒素的吸附性能。结果表明,在最佳萃取条件下,分子印迹搅拌棒涂层对MC-LR具有较高的选择性能,在0.010~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r²>0.997),检出限(S/N=3)可低至0.27 μg/L。MC-LR加标水平为20.0~80.0 μg/L的回收率范围为83.33%~100.07%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.40%~9.17%。该方法快速、灵敏、选择性高,可用于环境水体中微囊藻毒素的分析检测。     

Extraction of fluoxetine from aquatic and urine samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles followed by spectrofluorimetric determination

A new method based on the combination of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and spectrofluorimetric determination was developed for isolation and preconcentration of fluoxetine form aquatic and biological samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (NPs) as a sorbent. The unique properties of Fe(3)O(4) NPs including high surface area and strong magnetism were utilized effectively in the MSPE process. Effect of different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of fluoxetine including the amount of Fe(3)O(4) and SDS, pH value, sample volume, extraction time, desorption solvent and time were optimized. Under optimized condition, the method was successfully applied to the extraction of fluoxetine from water and urine samples and absolute recovery amount of 85%, detection limit of 20 μg L(-1) and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.4% were obtained. The method linear response was over a range of 50-1000 μg L(-1) with R(2)=0.9968. The relative recovery in different aquatic and urine matrices were investigated and values of 80% to 104% were obtained. The whole procedure showed to be conveniently fast, efficient and economical for extraction of fluoxetine from environmental and biological samples.     

微波辅助提取/HPLC分析石蒜中的生物碱

石蒜科石蒜属(amaryllidaceae)植物,含有石蒜碱、力可拉敏和加兰他敏(图1)等生物碱,具有镇静、镇痛、解热、降压、抗炎、催吐、抗病毒、抗癌等作用[1]。目前石蒜生物碱的提取主要采用溶剂回流法(SRE),但SRE提取效率低、耗时、耗溶剂,而且有效成分易被破坏[2-3]。微波辅助提取法     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定啤酒中的4种异构化α-酸

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定啤酒中4种异构化α-酸的方法。采用Sep-Pak C18萃取柱,系统研究了啤酒中异构化α-酸的最佳固相萃取条件。选择以2 mL酸化甲醇为洗脱溶剂,萃取前调啤酒样品的pH至2.5。该方法准确可靠,重现性好,4种异构化α-酸的回收率为90.6%～96.4%,相对标准偏差小于4%。异α-酸、二氢异α-酸、四氢异α-酸和六氢异α-酸的最低检测限依次为0.14,0.36,0.33和0.53 mg/L。