Dynamic response of a monorail steel bridge under a moving train

This study proposes a dynamic response analysis procedure for traffic-induced vibration of a monorail bridge and train. Each car in the monorail train is idealized as a dynamic system of 15-degrees-of-freedom. The governing equations of motion for a three-dimensional monorail bridge-train interaction system are derived using Lagrange's formulation for monorail trains, and a finite-element method for modal analysis of monorail bridges. Analytical results on dynamic response of the monorail train and bridge are compared with field-test data in order to verify the validity of the proposed analysis procedure, and a positive correlation is found. An interesting feature of the monorail bridge response is that sway motion is caused by torsional behavior resulting from eccentricity between the shear center of the bridge section and the train load.     

Scanning moiré and spatial-offset phase-stepping for surface inspection of structures

In order to develop a high-speed and accurate surface inspection system of structures such as tunnels, a new surface profile measurement method using linear array sensors is studied. The sinusoidal grating is projected on a structure surface. Then, the deformed grating is scanned by linear array sensors that move together with the grating projector. The phase of the grating is analyzed by a spatial offset phase-stepping method to perform accurate measurement. The surface profile measurements of the wall with bricks and the concrete surface of a structure are demonstrated using the proposed method. The change of geometry or fabric of structures and the defects on structure surfaces can be detected by the proposed method. It is expected that the surface profile inspection system of tunnels measuring from a running train can be constructed based on the proposed method.     

Application of MetaRail railway noise measurement methodology: comparison of three track systems

Within the fourth RTD Framework Programme, the European Union has supported a research project dealing with the improvement of railway noise (emission) measurement methodologies. This project was called MetaRail and proposed a number of procedures and methods to decrease systematic measurement errors and to increase reproducibility. In 1999 the Austrian Federal Railways installed 1000 m of test track to explore the long-term behaviour of three different ballast track systems. This test included track stability, rail forces and ballast forces, as well as vibration transmission and noise emission. The noise study was carried out using the experience and methods developed within MetaRail. This includes rail roughness measurements as well as measurements of vertical railhead, sleeper and ballast vibration in parallel with the noise emission measurement with a single microphone at a distance of 7.5 m from the track. Using a test train with block- and disc-braked vehicles helped to control operational conditions and indicated the influence of different wheel roughness.It has been shown that the parallel recording of several vibration signals together with the noise signal makes it possible to evaluate the contributions of car body, sleeper, track and wheel sources to the overall noise emission. It must be stressed that this method is not focused as is a microphone-array. However, this methodology is far easier to apply and thus cheaper. Within this study, noise emission was allocated to the different elements to answer questions such as whether the sleeper eigenfrequency is transmitted into the rail.     

Application of structured lighting sensor for online measurement

On the background of increasing request for stringent quality improvement and rising productivity, requirements for online measurement systems are growing as well. Among all the measurement tools, the vision system is considered as the most appropriate tool to provide proper accuracy, high speed, low cost, and 100% online inspection. Structure lighting sensor is the most popular method used in vision system. In this paper, the theory of vision system based on structure lighting is introduced. The measurement application to the seamless steel tube is introduced particularly. Another typical application, the online measurement on car body using structure lighting, is also illustrated.     

“网格式平行线法”在螺纹参数测量中的应用

在计算机视觉理论基础上发展起来的视觉检测(vision inspection)技术具有非接触、速度快、精度适中、可实现在线等优点，已广泛地应用于工业产品的在线检测。在计算机视觉检测技术中CCD摄像机是一个最关键的器件，其参数是否准确决定了检测的精度。所以，摄像机标定是视觉检测技术中最基本的也是最重要的一步。在比较其他标定方法的基础上，为了解决传统标定方法对螺纹图像测量系统所带来的一系列问题，采用了一种新的图像测量系统的标定方法——网格式平行线标定方法，该方法运用了CCD亚像素细分技术及调焦技术，可直接得到纵横2个方向的像素，经过理论分析及实验结果均表明，采用该方法具有标定简单、精度高、重复性好等优点，是一种较好的螺纹图像测量系统标定方法。     

Control of ground-borne noise and vibration

Ground-borne noise and vibration created by train operations is one of the major environmental problems faced by rail transit systems. In the past 10–20 years there have been a number of developments in the control and prediction of ground-borne noise and vibration although it is evident that further research is needed. In this paper the focus is on two methods of controlling the vibration radiated by the transit structure. First is the use of floating slab trackbeds, a method that has proven to be very effective at reducing vibration at frequencies above the resonance frequency of the floating slab system. Second is to modify the design of transit car bogies such that the wheel/rail forces are reduced. Although this method is still in the exploratory phase it has been shown that proper design of the bogie suspension can significantly reduce the levels of ground-borne noise and vibration.     

Non-incremental interferometric displacement measurement using a laser Doppler sensor with phase coding

The inspection of fast rotating objects with rough surfaces is an important task in the emerging field of process control. However, this is challenging since fast and non-contact inspection techniques with a measurement uncertainty in the nanometer range are often required. We present a novel optical sensor allowing non-incremental interferometric displacement measurement of moving solid state objects with rough surfaces. It features three wavelength coded interference fringe systems which are superposed slightly tilted. The displacement is determined by evaluating the phase shift between the resulting scattered light signals. Experimentally, a measurement uncertainty of 660 nm was obtained. This displacement uncertainty is independent of the lateral object velocity in principle. Due to this unique feature, the sensor can be utilized advantageously for precise displacement and vibration measurements of high speed objects as demonstrated by vibration measurements at a turbo pump shaft rotating with 48 000 rpm.     

光学系统受迫振动的激光测量方法

将激光信号与高帧频CCD结合,解决了光学系统中振动信号和激光信号之间的转换问题,不仅能够测量振动对系统光束指向稳定性的影响,而且能够得到振动信号本身的频率特性。利用该方法对振源为150 Hz和200 Hz两种条件下的光学系统受迫振动进行测量,得到了与输入信号相吻合的振动信号属性。通过实验与分析得知:时域振幅测量精度为6.25 m,频域分辨力为2 Hz,方法简便高效,测量结果准确,已应用于角多路准分子激光主振荡功率放大器系统打靶试验平台光束指向稳定性的研究中。     

SEA and contribution analysis for interior noise of a high speed train

This paper presents a detailed Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and contribution analysis of the interior noise of a high-speed train through extensive simulations and measurements. The SEA model was developed based on the actual geometrical parameters of a benchmark high-speed coach. Sound transmission loss levels of the structural components of the car body, which are required in the SEA model, were tested in a dedicated acoustic laboratory following international standard ISO 140-3:1995. Modal densities of these structural components were derived from measured frequency response functions using the modal counting method. Damping loss factors were obtained using the half-power bandwidth method and the vibration attenuation method. By considering the relationship between sound radiation and power transmission, coupling loss factors between structures and cavities were estimated. Source inputs to the SEA model were derived from field experiment data. Interior noise due to those sources was predicted using the SEA model and the prediction was generally in good agreement with measurement. Contribution analysis was then performed using this validated model through parametric study, and this analysis was further examined experimentally. In conclusion, for the coach that was investigated in this paper, the key factors for interior noise are sidewall vibration, bogie area noise, and floor sound transmission loss. Based on this and other engineering considerations, an interior noise control strategy can be defined.     

低真空管道列车表面压力变化规律研究

既有高速铁路进一步提速受限,构建低真空管道运行超高速列车的发展趋势日益明显.运用滑移网格技术,建立动车组列车和低真空管道的三维耦合模型,考虑管道气体的瞬态压缩效应,分析低真空管道横截面积、动车组列车运行速度、管道环境温度和环境压力对车体表面压力的影响.研究表明,低真空管道横截面积、动车组列车运行速度、管道环境温度和环境...     

Numerical simulation of phase modulation method used as high sensitive self-mixing vibrometry in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

The self-mixing interference technique is a compact sensing technique that has widely used for measuring vibrations. For purpose of increasing the accuracy of the vibration measurement system, a new phase modulation technique based on the self-mixing interferometer is presented. The phase modulation is obtained by varying the length of external cavity periodically. The vibration information of the external target is determined by the Fourier analysis method. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of phase modulation method used as high sensitive self-mixing vibrometry based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser are given in this paper.     

Using a time-delay and integration camera at a non-zero viewing angle under vibration conditions

The use of a TDI camera is restricted to cases of viewing from the direction of the surface normal. Our previous work indicated that a TDI camera can be used with viewing angles up to 30° from the surface normal which extends the usability of TDI for visual inspection applications. The objective of this paper is to examine the use of a TDI camera at a non-zero viewing angle under vibration conditions. The effects caused by vibration of the surface to be viewed become critical when using a TDI camera at non-zero viewing angles. A method of approximating the TDI performance under vibration conditions was determined and evaluated experimentally. The resulting measurements support the approximating method developed here.     

基于扰动源分类控制的二维陀螺平台过顶稳定方法

针对二维陀螺平台方位瞄准线控制在过顶位置时因驱动轴和敏感轴存在非线性约束导致的不稳定问题,分析了不同类型扰动源对方位瞄准线稳定的影响及其随俯仰角变化的规律,提出了基于扰动源分类控制的过顶稳定方法。该方法采用反馈和前馈双通道复合控制结构,在过顶位置时基于控制结构自身消除陀螺测量噪声放大导致的内生力矩扰动,通过增加前馈通道的滤波环节,抑制横滚扰动高频分量引起的力矩扰动,解决了过顶位置时方位驱动轴震荡的问题,同时通过反馈通道和前馈通道分别实现对方位扰动和横滚扰动低频分量的有效隔离。仿真结果表明,该方法能够大幅衰减陀螺测量噪声和横滚扰动高频分量引起的方位电机力矩扰动幅值,增强系统稳定性。最后通过某二维陀螺平台进行了实验,过顶位置时瞄准线方位经受振动条件下的稳定精度由82.4 μrad 减小为44.6 μrad,经受摇摆条件下的隔离度由?14.54 dB提升至?27.85 dB。实验结果验证了该方法能够有效提升过顶位置方位瞄准线的扰动隔离性能。     

基于相位分析的时间平均数字全息测振研究

传统的时间平均全息术通过对再现像光强分布的测量来实现振幅分布的检测,由于噪音影响往往得不到满意的结果.第一类零阶贝塞尔函数相位只有0和π两个取值,所以利用再现光场的相位可以确定振幅分布.理论分析发现,以往的讨论忽略了照明光之间位移引起的相位变化,研究通过叠加一个相位因子对此进行了修正,并利用贝塞尔函数平方的相位特点提出了消除该相位因子的办法.实验结果表明,该相位因子确实存在并影响测量,用本文所提出的方法可以很好地消除该相位因子的影响,使利用时间平均数字全息再现光场的相位检测振动物体的振幅分布变得方便和准确.     

管外流诱导管束振动强化传热试验研究

本文提出了利用管外流体诱导振动实现强化传热的新方法.采用了一种新的传热元件-弹性管束,它对管外流体流动具有良好的振动响应特性.提出了正置三角柱脉动流发生装置,该装置可诱导起弹性管束一定频率的周期性振动,并对强化传热具有显著的促进作用.在恒热流条件下,对管外水流诱导振动强化对流换热规律进行了试验研究,得到了管外对流换热的准则方程式.     

Concrete bridge-borne low-frequency noise simulation based on train–track–bridge dynamic interaction

Both the vibration of a railway bridge under a moving train and the associated bridge-borne noise are time-varying in nature. The former is commonly predicted in the time domain to take its time-varying and nonlinear properties into account, whereas acoustic computation is generally conducted in the frequency domain to obtain steady responses. This paper presents a general procedure for obtaining various characteristics of concrete bridge-borne low-frequency noise by bridging the gap between time-domain bridge vibration computation and frequency-domain bridge-borne noise simulation. The finite element method (FEM) is first used to solve the transient train–track–bridge dynamic interaction problem, with an emphasis on the local vibration of the bridge. The boundary element method (BEM) is then applied to find the frequency-dependent modal acoustic transfer vectors (MATVs). The time-domain sound pressure is finally obtained with the help of time–frequency transforms. The proposed procedure is applied to a real urban rail transit U-shaped concrete bridge to compute the bridge acceleration and bridge-borne noise, and these results are compared with the field measurement results. Both sets of results show the proposed procedure to be feasible and accurate and the dominant frequencies of concrete bridge-borne noise to range from 32 Hz to 100 Hz.     

A Study of the Suitable Measurement Location and Metrics for Assessing the Vibration Source Strength Based on the Field-Testing Data of Nanchang Underground Railway

Underground railway vibration source strength is one of the key values used for environmental impact assessment and the evaluation of mitigation measure’s performance. However, currently there is no international standard of measuring the underground railway vibration source strength for such purposes. The available local standards and industrial guidelines do not agree on measurement locations as well as the metrics for presenting the source strength. This has caused many confusions. This paper aims to study the suitable measurement location and metrics using the data from a large scale field-testing carried out at the Nanchang underground railway (Metro Line 1, China) in 2017. 200 passing trains were recorded during the test at two different sections of the railway line, one with the spring floating slab installed and the other without. Three locations were chosen at each section, including one in the middle of the track and two on the tunnel wall at different heights. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the maximum of z-weighted vertical vibration level (VLzmax) obtained at a lower measurement location on the tunnel wall is the best for representing the underground railway vibration source strength, which is 76.66 dB obtained from this study.     

基于角锥棱镜和面阵CCD的动态基座航向角校准

研究用于飞行器等动态基座航向角校准的大范围、中高精度航向角度测量系统.系统采用2个面阵电荷耦合装置(CCD)检测反射光斑的相对位置,实时测定动态基座航向角,为避免基座晃动的影响,提出了角锥棱镜反射测量方法并设计了整套光路,所需元件少,结构简单,光路调谐简便,适合空中作业.根据预估参数搭建了实验系统,对面阵CCD传感器的检测信号进行阈值分割处理后,采用重心亚像素检测方法,定位精度达到0.4像元大小,航向角度测量不受基座晃动影响,测量精度优于1',测量范围满足±10°,为应用于外场实验打下了基础.     

Calculation of ground vibration spectra from heavy military vehicles

The demand for reliable autonomous systems capable to detect and identify heavy military vehicles becomes an important issue for UN peacekeeping forces in the current delicate political climate. A promising method of detection and identification is the one using the information extracted from ground vibration spectra generated by heavy military vehicles, often termed as their seismic signatures. This paper presents the results of the theoretical investigation of ground vibration spectra generated by heavy military vehicles, such as tanks and armed personnel carriers. A simple quarter car model is considered to identify the resulting dynamic forces applied from a vehicle to the ground. Then the obtained analytical expressions for vehicle dynamic forces are used for calculations of generated ground vibrations, predominantly Rayleigh surface waves, using Green's function method. A comparison of the obtained theoretical results with the published experimental data shows that analytical techniques based on the simplified quarter car vehicle model are capable of producing ground vibration spectra of heavy military vehicles that reproduce basic properties of experimental spectra.     

AN INTELLIGENT TAP TEST AS AN INSPECTION TOOL FOR CORROSION IN CHEQUER PLATE FLOORS

The “coin-tap” test has the ability to indicate damage in a structural element due to a localized change of stiffness or damping. The change in vibration signature may be detected by ear or more precisely by measurement of the dynamic contact force. A method for discriminating between measurements made on sound and damaged structures is presented. An unsupervised neural network algorithm is used for recognizing the differences between contact force patterns. The method is used for non-destructive inspection of corrosion damage to steel chequer plate floors in industrial buildings. It is shown that the intelligent tap test is a useful and practical diagnostic tool for detecting localized damage in structures.