苯部分加氢制环己烯的非晶态Ru-M-B/ZrO2催化剂的表征

采用化学还原法，制备了高活性，高选择性非晶态RU-M-B/ZRO2催化剂，并将其用于催化苯部分加氢制环己烯，在140℃、5.0Mpa氢压下，苯转化40%时，环己烯选择性达到85%左右。环己烯最高收率达到52.1%，用XRD、SEM、BET比表面积测定等手段对摧化剂进行表征，XRD和SEM测试表明，RU-U-B/ZRO2属于非晶态，活性组分高度分散，XRD结果证实，在加氢过程中，非晶分解，RU晶化；温度愈高，RU晶化愈快，催化剂的活性、选择性与RU微晶的粒径有关，RU微晶粒径应控制在5nm左右，BET比表面积测定表明，ZRO2的负载提高了催化剂的比表面积，从而有利于活性组分的高度分散，并可阻止RU微晶的长大，讨论了B和ZRO2对提高选择性的作用。     

浸渍法制备的苯部分加氢制环己烯催化剂的表征

利用XRD和BET比表面测定等手段对钌催化剂进行了表征 .研究结果表明 ,催化剂的活性与Ru原子的分散度和Ru微晶的晶粒度有关 ,Ru微晶在 5nm左右 ,催化剂活性最好 .催化剂合适的孔径分布范围为 2 5nm～ 70nm ,平均孔径大者 ,选择性较好 .孔的有效表面积大者 ,活性较好     

浸渍法制备的苯部分加氢制环已烯催化剂的表征

利用XRD和BET比表面测定等手段对的钌催化剂进行了表征。研究结构表明,催化剂的活性与Ru原子的分散度和Ru微晶的晶粒度有关,Ru微晶在5nm左右,催化剂活性最好,催化剂合适的孔径分布范围为25nm-70nm,平均孔径大者,选择性较好。孔的有效表面积大者,活性较好。     

ZnSO_4和La_2O_3作共修饰剂单金属Ru催化剂上苯选择加氢制环己烯

用沉淀法制备了单金属纳米Ru(0)催化剂,考察了ZnSO4和La2O3作共修饰剂对该催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)、透射电镜(TEM)和N2物理吸附等手段对加氢前后催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在ZnSO4存在下,随着添加碱性La2O3量的增加,ZnSO4水解生成的(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)x(x=1,3)盐量增加,催化剂活性单调降低,环己烯选择性单调升高.当La2O3/Ru物质的量比为0.075时,Ru催化剂上苯转化率为77.6%,环己烯选择性和收率分别为75.2%和58.4%.且该催化体系具有良好的重复使用性能.传质计算结果表明,苯、环己烯和氢气的液-固扩散限制和孔内扩散限制都可忽略.因此,高环己烯选择性和收率的获得不能简单归结为物理效应,而与催化剂的结构和催化体系密切相关.根据实验结果,我们推测在化学吸附有(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)x(x=1,3)盐的Ru(0)催化剂有两种活化苯的活性位:Ru0和Zn2+.因为Zn2+将部分电子转移给了Ru,Zn2+活化苯的能力比Ru0弱.同时由于Ru和Zn2+的原子半径接近,Zn2+可以覆盖一部分Ru0活性位,导致解离H2的Ru0活性位减少.这导致了Zn2+上活化的苯只能加氢生成环己烯和Ru(0)催化剂活性的降低.本文利用双活性位模型来解释Ru基催化剂上的苯加氢反应,并用Hückel分子轨道理论说明了该模型的合理性.     

一种新型Ru-Zn体系催化苯选择加氢制环己烯的研究

制备了一种新型苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂.研究表明,该催化剂不但具有较好的活性选择性,而且具有稳定的晶态结构,良好的沉降分离性能.Zn/Ru比为8/92时,15min环己烯的收率达48.3%.利用XRD和物理吸附仪等手段对催化剂进行了表征.XRD证实了Ru和Zn形成固溶体,并观察到金属锌物相的存在.     

反应修饰剂ZnSO_4和预处理对苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂性能的影响

共沉淀法制备了Ru-Zn催化剂,考察了反应修饰剂ZnSO_4和预处理对苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,反应修饰剂ZnSO_4可以与Ru-Zn催化剂中助剂Zn O反应生成(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO_4)(H_2O)盐。随反应修饰剂ZnSO_4浓度增加,(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO_4)(H_2O)盐量逐渐增加,Ru-Zn催化剂活性逐渐降低,环己烯选择性逐渐升高。因为(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO_4)(H_2O)盐中的Zn2+可以使Ru变为有利环己烯生成的缺电子的Ruδ+物种,而且还可以占据不适宜环己烯生成的强Ru活性位。但当反应修饰剂ZnSO_4浓度高于0.41 mol·L-1后,继续增加ZnSO_4浓度,由于Zn2+水解浆液酸性太强,可以溶解部分(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO_4)(H_2O)盐,RuZn催化剂活性升高,环己烯选择性降低。环己烯选择性略微降低,是由于ZnSO_4溶液中大量的Zn2+可以与生成的环己烯形成配合物,稳定生成的环己烯,抑制环己烯再吸附到催化剂表面并加氢生成环己烷。在ZnSO_4最佳浓度0.61 mol·L-1下对Ru-Zn催化剂预处理15 h,Ru-Zn催化剂中助剂Zn O可以与ZnSO_4完全反应生成(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO_4)(H_2O)盐,在该催化剂上25 min苯转化68.2%时环己烯选择性和收率分别为80.2%和54.7%。而且该催化剂具有良好的稳定性和重复使用性能。     

苯在Ru-Zn/ZrO2表面部分加氢反应的理论和实验研究

采用理论计算和实验方法研究了 Ru-Zn/ZrO2 催化剂上苯的部分加氢反应. 在还原阶段于水相中引入 Zn2+可使部分 Zn 以原子态进入 Ru 基催化剂. 理论计算表明, Zn 原子在 Ru 基催化剂中的存在同时抑制了苯和环己烯在催化剂表面的化学吸附, 尤其是环己烯在整个催化剂表面的吸附处于一定钝化状态, 这是环己烯选择性提高的重要原因. 实验结果表明, Zn 原子在催化剂中浓度的增加使得催化剂的加氢活性单调下降, 而环己烯选择性则单调上升. 实验和理论计算都证实了 Ru 基催化剂中最佳 Zn 含量的存在.     

Ru-Zn催化剂在苯选择加氢制环己烯反应中的粒径效应

采用共沉淀法制备了水溶性聚合物修饰的苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂, 并用X射线衍射、 透射电镜、 X射线能量色散谱、 X射线光电子能谱和氮气物理吸附等对加氢后催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 水溶性聚合物的种类和聚乙二醇-20000(PEG-20000)的用量对Ru-Zn催化剂微晶尺寸有显著影响. 在ZnSO₄存在下, 随着Ru-Zn催化剂Ru微晶尺寸增加, 苯转化率降低, 环己烯最高收率则呈火山型变化趋势. 用0.4 g PEG-20000修饰的Ru-Zn催化剂[m(PEG-20000)∶m(Ru)=0.2]Ru的微晶尺寸为4.8 nm, 环己烯最高收率为62.2%. Ru微晶尺寸影响催化剂表面的Zn/Ru原子比, 进而影响Ru-Zn催化剂性能.     

沉淀法制备苯选择加氢制环己烯双助剂Ru系催化剂研究

用沉淀法制备了苯选择加氢制环己烯双助剂Ru系催化剂．其中Ru为活性组分，Zn和La为助剂，ZrO2为分散剂．研究了Ru／ZrO2比、Zn和La及其含量、ZnSO4及碱金属离子等对催化剂性能的影响．结果表明，Ru／ZrO2=10％、(Zn La)／Ru=8％、La／Zn=1：3，加入ZnSO4且保留碱金属离子，Ru—La—Zn／ZrO2催化剂不但具有较高的活性选择性，而且具有很好的沉降分离性能．运用TPR、XRD、BET比表面测定等技术对催化剂进行了表征，并对双助剂Ru—La—Zn／ZrO2的催化作用给予了解释．     

碱处理对β分子筛催化苯与苯甲醇液相傅-克烷基化反应性能的影响

采用Na OH水溶液对β分子筛进行碱处理,利用XRD、N_2-Physisorption、XRF、NH_3-TPD及SEM等表征手段,使用苯与苯甲醇为反应物进行傅-克烷基化反应,对碱处理前后β分子筛的物性和反应性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:随着碱处理程度的加深,β分子筛的孔径增大,催化剂外比表面积显著增加,β分子筛的弱酸强度和弱酸总量有所下降,由此带来的反应结果是苯甲醇的转化率显著提高.对于孔径最大的催化剂,在常压下80℃时进行反应,当反应时间为140 min时,苯甲醇的转化率已达到100%,选择性有所提高.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.