Sensitivities for eight medium Z-elements with eleven different radionuclides using a new radiometric X-ray analysis technique

In this work we shall discuss the preliminary results of employing eleven different radionuclides for elemental X-ray analysis using a new analytical technique. This new technique mixes the radioisotope directly with the sample and this source sample is directly placed on the detector window which is protected by a thin plastic film from contamination. An equal atomic mixture of eight elements (Ti, Mn, Zn, Br, Zr, Ag, Sn and Ag) was prepared and doped separately with the eleven different isotopes (Pm-147, S-35, Ni-63, Na-22, Co-137, Co-57, Cd-109, I-125, Am-241, Zn-65 and Fe-55). The spectrum of each is shown herein with a discussion of the background, signal to noise ratio, corrected peak intensities, etc. Finally, the possible future applications of this technique with some of the isotopes are presented.     

Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Staubproben durch Röntgenfluorescenzanalyse mit Radionuklidanregung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Matrixeffekte

The analysis of dust samples by X-ray fluorescence using Cd-109 as X-ray source is described. For calibration silica gel standards are used. The correction for matrix effects is carried out by means of the Compton peaks. Besides the elements K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, which may be considered to be natural components of the ground, the elements Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb are determined in the dust samples.     

Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Staubproben durch Röntgenfluorescenzanalyse mit Radionuklidanregung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Matrixeffekte

The analysis of dust samples by X-ray fluorescence using Cd-109 as X-ray source is described. For calibration silica gel standards are used. The correction for matrix effects is carried out by means of the Compton peaks. Besides the elements K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, which may be considered to be natural components of the ground, the elements Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb are determined in the dust samples.     

The status of trace and minor elements in some Bangladeshi foodstuffs

An investigation is conducted on the status of trace and minor elements in some foodstuffs (cereals, vegetables, milk, egg and fish), commonly consumed in Bangladesh, using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. In PIXE measurements, the samples were irradiated in air with 2.0 MeV (energy on the target) protons having the beam intensity of 30 nA for characteristic X-ray excitation, while in XRF analysis, the samples were excited for 5000 seconds with a 10 mCi Cd-109 annular X-ray source. The elemental concentration of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, and Pb were determined in the samples by comparison with X-ray yield curves constructed from IAEA and NBS standard reference materials. The validity of the analytical procedures (PIXE and XRF) followed in this study has been confirmed by comparative measurements of Cu, Zn and Mn in some varieties of rice with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicate that none of the food regimes investigated here is burdened with heavy metals beyond permissible limits except five species of vegetables with chromium having the range of 0.99–3.59 mg/kg compared to the literature value of 0.0–0.36 mg/kg (dry weight basis). An average value of 0.2 mg/kg of arsenic was observed both in IRRI (n=16) and local Aman (n=12) varieties of rice and only one hen egg contained 1.7 mg/kg of lead in yolk. The zinc content in some marine fish from Bay of Bengal was reported to be 5.4–19.5 mg/kg, whereas in the present study of sweet-water fish, the level is found to be 15.2–62.1 mg/kg (fresh weight basis) for five species. In human milk, both Cu (0.12–0.25 mg/l, n=8) and Zn (0.28–1.80 mg/l, n=8) levels appear to be almost half the literature values (n=25). On the other hand formula milk has higher values of Cu (0.32–1.63 mg/kg, n=16) and Zn (5.16–19.8 mg/kg, n=16).     

Low energy tail spectra of characteristic X-rays detected by a Si(Li) X-ray detector

Characteristic X-ray spectra are inherently accompanied by the tail spectra in the low energy side when X-rays are detected with a semiconductor X-ray detector. The tail spectra of Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr and Mn KX-rays have been observed using two different Si(Li) X-ray detectors. An annular source of 55Fe has been used to excite the Mg (1.25 keV) to Ti (4.5 keV) KX-rays, and 54Mn and 55Fe sources have been used for the detection of Cr (5.4 keV) and Mn (5.9 keV) KX-rays, respectively. Observed intensity ratios of the tail area Nt to the Gaussian X-ray peak area NP have exhibited to change remarkably at the Si-K adsorption edge energy 1.84 ke V. When X-ray spectra detected with different Si(Li) detectors are compared at some specific characteristic X-ray, different values of Nt/Np intensity ratios as well as different line shapes of tail spectra have been observed. Using a simple model, the thickness of Si layer which generates the tail spectrum has been estimated, i.e., the thicknesses are about 0.05 micron for one detector and 0.09 micron for the other detector. The generation of the tail spectrum is known to be partially due to the escape effect of photoelectrons or Auger electrons from the intrinsic region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

硅溶胶粒度与分布对高硅铝比镁碱沸石合成的影响机理

以硅溶胶为硅源,在不同碱度的溶液中对其进行前处理,制得不同粒度与分布的硅溶胶母液,并以此为原料合成了高硅铝比镁碱沸石分子筛(FER zeolite).通过激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜/能量色散X射线光谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线荧光(XRF)等对母液和产物进行了表征,考察了碱度对硅溶胶粒度特性和分子筛晶化过程以及产物性质的影响.结果表明,随着碱度增加,硅溶胶母液的粒径逐渐增大,对应于溶液中更多的Q³硅单元向Q²硅单元转变.在低碱度下,高聚合度的Q³硅单元倾向于使晶化过程遵循固相转化机理,生成大片纯相镁碱沸石,且产物的相对结晶度和固体收率均较高;而在高碱度下,大量活性的Q²硅单元则易于使凝胶成块,晶化过程遵循液相转化机制,产物尺寸较小且含有杂晶,相对结晶度和固体收率均较低.     

Accurate and Reproducible Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution of Sodium Heparin U.S.P. By HPLC

Abstract

Accurate molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions have been determined for bulk Sodium Heparin, USP. The molecular weight averages were approximately 10,000 daltons (one dalton = one molecular weight unit) and ranged from 3,000 to 17,000 daltons in a given sample. The method uses high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with 5–10 micron particle size controlled porous glass of different pore diameters (40 Å, 100 Å, and 250 Å) and simultaneous detection with a differential refractometer and ultraviolet detector (254 nm). The columns were calibrated with different molecular weight fractions of Sodium Heparin and baseline resolution obtained between 6.5K daltons differences in molecular weight. Analysis time was 25 minutes per sample and the method gave excellent reproducibility for calculated molecular weight averages in a repeated series of analysis. It was determined that the column doing most of the separation in the set was the one packed with 250 Å pore diameter size material.     

Study of the influence of the aspect ratio on efficiency, flow resistance and retention factors of packed capillary columns in pressure- and electrically-driven liquid chromatography

The influence of the aspect ratio, rho (rho = column diameter/particle diameter), on column parameters such as efficiency, retention factors and flow resistance was studied in both high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography with packed capillary columns. In order to compare the true efficiencies of different columns, a procedure to account for external band broadening was applied. High efficiencies (reduced plate height h approximately 2) were obtained with capillary columns with internal diameters of 150-, 100-, and 75-microm, packed with 10-microm particles. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, no significant improvements in efficiency or flow resistance were observed when the aspect ratio of such columns was decreased. Our observations suggest that the wall effect in these types of columns is not significant. When the aspect ratio was decreased by increasing the particle size, a decrease in reduced plate height was observed. However, the results of flow resistance measurements showed that the latter effect should be attributed to differences in packing and particle batch quality rather than to differences in the aspect ratio.     

Particle Size Determination of Trace Elements in Urban Air

Abstract

Airborne urban particulate matter was collected and fractionated according to size by cascade impactors. The elements zinc, cadmium, copper and lead on each size fraction were analyzed by anodic stripping voltammetry. The elements aluminum, iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data showed three different classes of particle size distribution for these nine elements. Lead and cadmium belonged to the first class with more than 70 % of the total collected element associated with particles having aerodynamic diameters below 0.5 micron. The calculated average mass median equivalent diameter (MMD) of cadmium and lead was approx. 0.1 micron. In the second class about 60% of the elements Zn, Cu, Mg and Fe was associated with particles smaller than 0.5 micron. The average MMD's for these elements were between 0.3 and 0.4 micron. For the elements Al, Ca and Mn about 50% of the metal was associated with particles smaller than 0.5 micron and the MMD's were between 0.5 and 0.6 micron. Examination of elemental ratios (using Al as a reference element) showed that Pb and Cd were about 1000 times more concentrated in atmospheric particulate matter than in average crustal material and that in general the Pb/Al and Cd/Al ratios are inversely proportional to particle size. The Zn/Al and Cu/Al ratios of atmospheric partides were age or less independent of particle size and approx. 20 times higher than these same ratios in average crustal material. The ratios Fe/Al, Mn/AI, Ca/M and Mg/AI in all sizes of particulate matter were essentially identical to the same ratios in average crustal material.     

二氧化钛包裹金纳米棒核壳材料的制备及其光解水制氢

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了金纳米棒(GNR)与TiO₂的核壳结构复合材料--GNR@TiO₂,粒径为200 nm左右。 经水热晶化后的材料粒径为300 nm左右,GNR形貌和局域表面等离子共振(LSPR)峰保持稳定,其外边包裹着树枝状的锐钛矿相TiO₂壳层。 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、紫外可见吸收光谱、光催化制氢性能等技术手段测试表征了样品的结构及性能。 结果表明,晶化后的GNR@TiO₂在可见光范围内制氢速率为31.0 μmol/(g·h),相较与晶化前7.3 μmol/(g·h)得到了明显提升。 最后结合实验结果和时域有限差分(FDTD)分析了催化产氢机理:LSPR促进了可见光吸收,锐钛矿TiO₂对电场的增强促进了光生电子-空穴分离,同时晶化后的TiO₂壳层疏松多介孔,增加了活性位点,有利于传质。     

Optimization of process for the production of bio-oil from eucalyptus wood

The pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood was carried out in a batch reactor to optimize the yield of bio-oil.Effect of various parameters like feed(particle) size,temperature,presence of catalyst and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil was investigated.The optimum conditions for high yield of bio-oil are for the particle size 2 mm~5 mm(average l/d=12.84/2.03 mm) at 450 ℃ in high heating rate.The reaction kinetics and the quality of bio-oil produced are independent of the presence of different catalysts like mordenite,kaoline clay,fly ash and silica alumina.The physical properties like odour,colour,PH,viscosity,heating value were determined.The FT-IR analysis of bio-oil indicates the presence of different functional groups such as monomeric alcohol,phenol,ketones,aldehydes,carboxylic acid,amines,and nitro compounds.The composition of the bio-oil at different conditions was analyzed using GC-MS and found that the components are temperature dependent but independent of catalysts used.     

Analysis of a polydisperse system using small-angle X-ray scattering

The small-angle X-ray data from a polydisperse solution of sodium silicate have been measured in the concentration range 3.6–169 mg/cm³ using aKratky camera. The following values of the particle parameters were obtained: the average radius of gyration =7.5 nm, the average particle weight =900 000, the average volume =671 nm³, and the average particle surface area =717 nm².From the above parameters and the apparent specific volume, analysed to be 0.422 cm³/g, the water content of the silicate particles was determined to be 3% (by weight).From small-angle X-ray measurements, performed on solutions exposed to a hydrodynamic field, it is indicated that at least the larger particles in the solution have a relatively symmetric shape. Based on this observation it was assumed that the particles in solution are spherical, and particle size distribution functions were calculated using a least-squares program. It was found that the distribution cannot be described by a simple function, such as aGaussian function; instead, the distribution follows a histogram with three local maxima.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr.Otto Kratky, Graz, on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

Phase behavior and properties of reverse vesicles in salt-free catanionic surfactant mixtures

Salt-free 1:1 cationic/anionic (catanionic) surfactant mixture tetradecyltrimethylammonium laurate (TTAL) could be prepared by mixing equimolar tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH) and lauric acid (LA) in water. Given the condition of suitable range of weight fraction of TTAL in total surfactant, rho=WTTAL/(WTTAL+WLA), and at existence of a small amount of water, it was found that the mixtures of so-obtained TTAL and LA could spontaneously form stable reverse vesicles in various organic solvents including toluene, tert-butylbenzene, and cyclohexane. The reverse vesicle phase shows a blue color against room light and exhibits strong birefringence under polarized microscope. The reverse vesicles are very sensitive to temperature change. Increasing temperature could make the rho values within which reverse vesicles were constructed move to higher values. In organic solvents of alkanes such as n-heptane, reverse vesicles could still form but become unstable upon time and centrifugation. Increasing temperature could accelerate phase separation, and finally a gel-like bottom phase was usually observed. Interestingly, the stable reverse vesicles formed by so-called salt-free catanionic surfactant mixtures still show some resistance against adding inorganic salts. They can trap inorganic ions such as Zn2+ and S2- into their hydrophilic layers. This opens the door for template applications of reverse vesicles to prepare inorganic nanoparticles.     

(Fe(III)(OH(2))(2))(3)(A-alpha-PW(9)O(34))(2)](9-) on cationic silica nanoparticles,a new type of material and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidations

Polyoxometalates (POMs) electrostatically bind to silica nanoparticles coated with cationic aluminum oxide "(Si/AlO2)n+" to form a new type of material (the anionic POMs replace Cl- counterions associated with the cationic surface sites). Association of a new approximately D3h POM of formula [(FeIII(OH2)2)3(A-alpha-PW9O34)2]9- (1) with the cationic nanoparticles (to form "K81/(Si/AlO2)") was studied in detail. Elemental analysis, particle sizes from both laser light scattering and TEM before and after association of 1, the size of 1 from X-ray crystallography, and other methods provide mutually consistent data that indicate about 58 K8[(FeIII(OH2)2)3(A-alpha-PW9O34)2]- monoanions associate with the average nanoparticle (diameter of the K81/(Si/AlO2) product = approximately 17 nm). While heterogeneity of the cationic sites and roughness of the (Si/AlO2)n+ surfaces make the associated POMs structurally nonuniform, the equivalent of approximately 1 monolayer of 1 is present in K81/(Si/AlO2). Remarkably, while 1, the precursor (Si/AlO2)n+, and the components of 1, each alone, are inactive as catalysts for O2/air-based oxidation of sulfides or aldehydes in solution, K81/(Si/AlO2) is an active catalyst for both reactions (facile reaction with air at low temperature).     

Metal-sulfide species in oxic waters

Several analytical techniques were employed to characterize oxidation-resistant metal-sulfide species that have recently been suggested to be present in oxic waters. Sulfide in synthetic Cd-, Zn-, Pb-, Cu-sulfide solutions was found to persist in oxic waters for a prolonged period of time (2 to more than 10 weeks) whereas it was oxidized rapidly in Fe-, Mn- and Ni-sulfide solutions. Multiple lines of evidence did not support the presence of soluble molecular metal-sulfide clusters in these solutions as suggested previously. Instead, the metal-sulfide species resistant to oxidation in oxic waters were more likely a mixture of truly dissolved metal-sulfide complexes and dynamic metal-sulfide colloids. The morphology and size of the colloids, as monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), changed significantly with time. Nanomolar to sub-micromolar levels of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and chromous-volatile sulfide (CVS) were measured in oxic surface waters of six lakes located on the Canadian Shield and in the nearby areas. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that at the AVS levels measured, the dissolved metal-sulfide complexes play a minor role in the speciation of Class B metal ions such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg. The relative importance of metal-sulfide colloids in these natural oxic waters remains unknown.     

以L-组氨酸为模板仿生合成针状纳米碳酸钙

依据仿生合成原理, 以L-组氨酸为有机基质, 无水氯化钙和无水碳酸钠为原料, 通过简单的复分解反应制备出了平均直径约为80 nm, 长径比约为12∶1的针状纳米碳酸钙晶体. 利用高分辨扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱议(FTIR)对产物进行了表征, 结果表明, 在不添加有机基质的溶液中得到立方状微米级的碳酸钙晶体, 添加L-组氨酸后得到针状纳米级的碳酸钙晶体, 并对L-组氨酸在仿生合成针状纳米碳酸钙过程中的作用机理进行了初步探讨.     

Adsorption of nanoparticles at the solid-liquid interface

The adsorption of differently charged nanoparticles at liquid-solid interfaces was investigated by in situ X-ray reflectivity measurements. The layer formation of positively charged maghemite (γ-Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles at the aqueous solution-SiO(2) interface was observed while negatively charged gold nanoparticles show no adsorption at this interface. Thus, the electrostatic interaction between the particles and the charged surface was determined as the driving force for the adsorption process. The data analysis shows that a logarithmic particle size distribution describes the density profile of the thin adsorbed maghemite layer. The size distribution in the nanoparticle solution determined by small angle X-ray scattering shows an average particle size which is similar to that found for the adsorbed film. The formed magehemite film exhibits a rather high stability.     

一步热解法制备Cu/Fe双金属生物炭复合材料及其高效吸附Pb2+性能

使用一步热解法制备了Cu/Fe双金属生物炭复合材料(BC@Cu/Fe-X,X=3、5、10)和Fe生物炭复合材料(BC@Fe)。考察了Cu掺杂量对BC@Cu/Fe-X吸附Pb²⁺的影响,确定最佳掺杂比例。结果显示BC@Cu/Fe-5吸附Pb²⁺性能最好。考察了吸附时间、Pb²⁺浓度、p H、背景离子、空气中老化等实验条件对BC@Cu/Fe-5吸附Pb²⁺的影响。通过动力学、热力学数据拟合分析了BC@Cu/Fe-5吸附Pb²⁺的行为,利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段解析了BC@Cu/Fe-5吸附Pb²⁺前后特征峰变化。BC@Cu/Fe-5吸附Pb²⁺的机理如下：大约42%的Pb²⁺被还原为Pb⁰,33%的Pb²⁺形成Pb O/Pb(OH)₂,25%的Pb²⁺与O—...