芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的结构与功能

芳香电子供体-受体折叠体是由一定长度的柔性连接分子、含π电子供体(D)或称为富π电子的1,5-二烷基萘酚(Dan)等和含π电子受体(A)或称为缺π电子的1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸二酰亚胺(Ndi)等基团构成,通过分子内或分子间D-A交替堆叠而形成的折叠体。芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的形成涉及二级结构(构象)的分子自组装。自愈合功能的发现是芳香电子供体-受体折叠体研究的新亮点。本文综述各种芳香电子供体-受体折叠体的链结构、分子内或分子间D-A协同相互作用、折叠体结构和形成机理、以及镊子型折叠体的自愈合功能。     

非酰胺类共轭分子的折叠

本文综述了几类人工合成的非酰胺类共轭分子为单元的寡聚体和聚合物的构象调控策略,运用超分子化学手段构建有序二级结构.主要介绍刚性的苯乙炔及其并入杂环或金属Pt等的共轭体系的折叠,三氮唑以及与三氮唑杂交的结构的折叠,富电子供体分子与缺电子受体分子相互作用形成折叠结构,自由基二聚形成折叠,以及芳香堆积产生的折叠.这些折叠过程可形成螺旋、发夹、片层、双螺旋等多种二级结构形式.     

含丁三醇端基富电子醚链与阳离子环蕃超分子准轮烷的表征和性能研究

以4-(2-(4-(苄氧基)苯氧基)乙氧基)-1,2,3-丁三醇(C)为富电子供体的醚链,与缺电子联吡啶大环化合物环双(百草枯-亚苯基)四阳离子环蕃(CPQT)和四氟取代环蕃(4FCPQT)自组装形成超分子准轮烷C(CPQT)和C(4FCPQT),并利用1HNMR的化学位移变化来研究两种不同准轮烷在温度变化时它们的相互作用。实验结果表明,由于富电子供体的一端含有3个羟基,易和缺电子联吡啶大环形成氢键,因此醚链的丁三醇端不能进入大环;缺电子联吡啶大环的一个苯环上的氢被氟取代后,由于电场力的作用,使富电子供体进入大环的概率相对降低,并使富电子醚链供体穿入大环的位置发生"偏心"作用。     

超分子自组装中的非共价键协同作用

本文综述了近年来氢键、π-π堆积作用、配位作用、供体-受体相互作用和疏溶剂作用等多种非共价键协同作用在超分子自组装研究中的新进展。     

两种异质结太阳能电池聚合物供体材料的设计与理论性质

模拟了以苯并噻吩作为富电子基团分别与1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole和1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-6-carbonitrile作为缺电子基团构成的两种聚合物太阳能电池供体材料(PBnDT-HTAZ, PBnDT-6CNTAZ)及PC60BM为受体材料的理论性质. 利用DFT理论分析了两种聚合物的电子和光物理性质, 通过Marcus理论研究了供-受体化合物在供受体界面的电荷转移性质和供体聚合物的空穴迁移能力. 计算结果表明: 供体聚合物具有强而宽的吸收, 并且具有强的分子内电子转移和从电子供体到电子受体的分子间电子转移, 对应的复合物都具有较小的激子束缚能; 与PBnDT-HTAZ相比, 设计的供体PBnDT-6CNTAZ, 由于引入了强吸电性的氰基而具有更大的开路电压和更好的抗氧化能力, 另外, 在供受体界面具有更好的电荷转移特性, 并且在供体中具有相对大的空穴迁移速率. 因此, 可以推断得知引入氰基的PBnDT-6CNTAZ是一种潜在的更好的太阳能电池供体材料.     

有机分子识别和聚集体组装中的非共价键协同作用

综述了近年来不同的非共价键作用力包括分子间氢键、供体-受体相互作用、π-π堆积作用、静电作用、疏溶剂作用和金属-配体配位作用等的协同作用在有机分子识别和有序聚集体组装研究中的应用.     

通过自分类构筑以两种分立金属有机大环为交联点的超分子聚合物凝胶

通过合理分子设计,合成了分别含有柱芳烃主体基元和氰基客体基元且具有不同尺寸的吡啶给体D1和D2,同时选择120?双铂金属盐A作为受体,从三组分出发,通过"一锅法"配位键导向自组装,自分类得到分别含有3个柱[5]芳烃单元的金属有机大环H和含有3个氰基中性客体的金属有机大环G.随着体系浓度增大,通过柱芳烃共价大环与中性氰基客体之间主客相互作用,逐级自组装形成以2种分立金属有机大环为交联点的新型超分子聚合物.所得到的超分子聚合物通过变浓度核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)、动态光散射(DLS)、二维核磁扩散序谱(DOSY)、扫描电镜(SEM)等进行了表征.有趣的是,进一步增加浓度(9.9 wt%),超分子聚合物转化成超分子聚合物凝胶,并且在温度、中性有机小分子及卤素离子等多重刺激下实现凝胶-溶液的可逆转化.     

金属卟啉配合物超分子自组装

介绍了金属卟啉配合物超分子自组装的基本方法和电子给-受体仿生超分子的研究；对金属卟啉配合物超分子自组装研究的发展方向进行了探讨。     

基于杯芳烃主体的分子自组装研究进展

分子自组装是超分子化学最重要的研究内容之一. 杯芳烃作为继冠醚、环糊精之后的第三代人工合成受体分子已在分子自组装研究方面取得了重要进展并显示了广泛的应用前景. 主要综述杯芳烃衍生物通过氢键、金属诱导配位、π-π作用、疏水作用等非共价键弱相互作用力在溶液状态、固态和界面的分子自组装方面的研究进展.     

卤键在超分子化学中的应用进展

卤键是指作用在卤原子(路易斯酸)和具有孤对电子的原子或π电子体系(路易斯碱)之间的新型弱相互作用,其在超分子多维自组装和分子识别(如超分子催化、超分子选择拆分、超分子传感)等领域有着广泛的应用。本文介绍了卤键的类别、特性、功能及在超分子化学结构与功能领域中的应用。     

Self-assembly of novel [3]- and [2]rotaxanes based on donor-acceptor and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Intensified inter-ring repulsion interaction and shuttling behavior

Three novel hetero[3]rotaxanes, which comprise one neutral tetraamide cyclophane, one tetracationic cyclophane, and one linear component, have been assembled by utilizing hydrogen-bonding and donor-acceptor interactions, through three neutral [2]rotaxanes as intermediates. Three tetracationic [2]rotaxanes are also prepared for property comparison. For all three linear components, diamide subunits, the hydrogen-bonding templating moieties, are introduced at the center of the molecules, while the electron-rich hydrogquinone subunits, the donor-acceptor interaction templates, are incorporated between the diamides and the triphenylmethyl stoppers. Compared with the reported [3]rotaxanes, the novel hetero[3]rotaxanes exhibit remarkably intensified spatial interaction between the two ring components, which had been proved by (1)H NMR and UV study. For the first time, inter-ring NOEs are observed for interlocked [3]rotaxanes.     

Electronic and magnetic characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with factorizable Kekulé structure counts

The Kekule? structure count (K) for some types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as fluoranthene and perylene, can be factorized into the product of those for two or more aromatic subunits. The ring-current map for these PAHs placed in a perpendicular magnetic field exhibits a substantial localization on aromatic subunits. We found that such localization of π circulation is a characteristic of fairly small K-factorizable species in the neutral electronic state. Even in such a case, no single π molecular orbital (πMO) is associated with localized π circulation. Apparent localization of π circulation is caused by the superposition of currents induced by all occupied πMOs. π circulation is less localized in larger K-factorizable species.     

Self-assembly of novel [3]- and [2]rotaxanes with two different ring components: donor-acceptor and hydrogen bonding interactions and molecular-shuttling behavior

Three of the first kind of hetero[3]rotaxanes, which comprise one linear component and one neutral and one tetracationic ring component, have been assembled by using the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and donor-acceptor interactions. Three neutral [2]rotaxanes and three tetracationic [2]rotaxanes have also been synthesized as intermediate products or for the sake of property comparison. The linear molecules are incorporated with two glycine subunits, for templating the formation of the neutral tetraamide cyclophane, and one or two hydroquinone subunits, for inducing the formation of the tetracationic cyclophane. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR investigation reveals that the shuttling behavior of the tetracationic ring component along the linear component is substantially influenced by the existence of the neutral ring component. The spatial repelling interaction of the neutral ring on the electron-deficient tetracationic ring simultaneously weakens the latter's "positioning" tendency at both electron-rich hydroquinone sites of the linear component. As a result, the activation energy associated with the shuttling process of the tetracationic ring between the two hydroquinone sites is remarkably reduced in comparison to that of the shuttling process of the corresponding neutral ring-free [2]rotaxanes. For the first time, the rotation of the dipyridinium subunit around the axis formed by the two methylene groups connecting them within the tetracationic cyclophane has been investigated by variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy and the associated kinetic data have also been successfully obtained. Furthermore, the UV-vis and fluorescent properties of the new [2]- and [3]rotaxanes have been studied. The results demonstrate that [3]rotaxanes with different ring components possess unique kinetic features that are not available in [3]rotaxanes with identical ring components.     

Excess permittivities,excess refractive indices and NMR spectroscopic studies of solutions of 1,2-dibromoethane in aromatic hydrocarbons

Excess permittivities and excess refractive indices data for solutions of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) in benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene over the whole composition range at 25°C have been obtained. The analysis of excess dielectric properties suggests the existence of weak electron donor-acceptor type interactions between 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and aromatic hydrocarbons. The equilibrium constants and the dipole moments of the DBE-aromatic hydrocarbon complexes in solutions have been evaluated. Strneght of interaction increases with electron donating power of aromatic hydrocarbons. NMR spectroscopic studies made on these binary liquid systems also provide evidence for the existence of weak electron donor-acceptor type specific interactions between DBE and aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Adapting semiconducting polymer doping techniques to create new types of click postfunctionalization

After the historical development from the insoluble polyacetylene film to soluble and processible aromatic polymers, donor-acceptor-type aromatic polymers have recently emerged as a new class of semiconducting polymers. The polymer energy levels and band gaps can be tuned by the appropriate selection of the donor and acceptor moieties, and some of these polymers showed good optoelectronic or photovoltaic performances. The conventional synthetic method for achieving donor-acceptor-type aromatic polymers is based on the metal-catalyzed polycondensation between donor-type monomers and acceptor-type co-monomers. In this tutorial review, a new methodology for introducing donor-acceptor chromophores into semiconducting polymers is described. The donor-acceptor structures are constructed in the main chains and side chains of semiconducting polymers using a polymer reaction based on high-yielding addition reactions between the electron-rich alkynes and strong acceptor molecules, such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). Considering the p-type doping features of TCNE and TCNQ, the experimental procedure is the same as the conventional doping technique for semiconducting polymers. However, the resulting donor-acceptor type polymers are chemically stable due to the absence of unstable unpaired electrons (polarons). The donor-acceptor alternating polymers were achieved in one step from the precursor poly(aryleneethynylene)s and poly(arylenebutadiynylene)s. When the side chain alkynes were post-functionalized, the polymer energy levels were controlled by the species and amount of the employed acceptor molecules. These atom-economic acceptor additions satisfy most of the requirements of the "click chemistry" concept. In contrast to the conventional click chemistry reactions, the reactions between electron-rich alkynes and acceptor molecules provide a wide variety of polymers with promising optoelectronic applications.     

Influence of substituents on the separation of aromatic esters by bonded-phase charge transfer liquid chromatography

Summary The separation of aromatic esters has been studied on acceptor bonded phases. It is likely that donor-acceptor complex (DAC) formation occurs between the acceptor phase and the electrons of the carbonyl groups. The influence of substituents attached to the aromatic rings and the role of the alkyl chains of phthalates on retention are discussed.     

Complexation of Neutral Molecules by Cyclophane Hosts

Since the discovery of the crown ethers by Pedersen twenty years ago, the chemistry of synthetic hosts for the selective complexation of organic and inorganic guests has seen an extraordinarily rapid development. This article discusses in particular the contributions provided by synthetic cyclophanes as hosts to the understanding of molecular complexation of neutral organic guest molecules in aqueous and organic solvents. In aqueous solution, cyclophanes form stoichiometric complexes with neutral aromatic guests which can approach enzyme-substrate complexes in their stability. Efficient molecular complexation is also observed in organic environments. Here, as a result of large solvation effects, the strength of complexation is strongly dependent on the nature of the organic solvent. Electron donor-acceptor interactions can contribute significantly to the stability of complexes formed between cyclophane hosts and aromatic guests. Force-field calculations together with computer graphics are powerful tools in the design of water-soluble, optically active hosts for chiral recognition of complexed racemic guests. Simple and selective functionalization of the cyclophane framework leads to stable, bioorganic catalysts. Like enzymes, these catalysts bind their substrates in a rapid equilibrium prior to the reaction steps. As a perspective, some fascinating research objectives in the field of molecular recognition and catalysis which can be targeted with designed cyclophane hosts are shown.     

Acid-catalyzed oligomerization of aromatic ethers (Rolivsans) with terminal styrene and methacrylate groups

Cationic mechanism of transformation of unsaturated aromatic monomers contained in Rolivsans into thermosetting aromatic oligoethers with increased molecular weight was analyzed. The composition and chemical structure of Rolivsans as influenced by catalytic systems with various donor-acceptor properties were studied.     

Triplet exciton mobilities in weak donor-acceptor complexes

The coupling between neutral and charge-transfer triplet excitons is considered from the viewpoint of its possible influence on triplet exciton migration in alternating stack donor-acceptor complexes. The results are applied for the anthracene-TCNB crystal.     

Reactions of Aromatic Nitro Compounds with Bases

Aromatic nitro compounds can react in many ways with bases. The reaction path followed depends mainly on the degree of nitration (with a sharp jump from mononitro to di- and trinitro compounds) and the base used. Redox reactions or nucleophilic aromatic substitutions predominate with mononitro compounds, whereas Meisenheimer additions together with nucleophilic aromatic substitutions are preferred by dinitro and trinitro compounds; deprotonations are less common. The bromine in nitrobromobenzenes can be replaced by metal at low temperatures. Very weak bases generally give electron donor-acceptor complexes.