A higher order numerical scheme for generalized fractional diffusion equations

In this article, we develop a higher order approximation for the generalized fractional derivative that includes a scale function z(t) and a weight function w(t). This is then used to solve a generalized fractional diffusion problem numerically. The stability and convergence analysis of the numerical scheme are conducted by the energy method. It is proven that the temporal convergence order is 3 and this is the best result to date. Finally, we present four examples to confirm the theoretical results.     

Computational aspects of the integration of the von Mises linear hardening constitutive laws

The problem of the integration of the von Mises linear kinematic and isotropic hardening constitutive equations is considered. A new numerical integration algorithm, a generalised trapezoidal rule, is proposed and discussed in detail. It is shown how the structure of the elastic-plastic constitutive equations of the, well known, backward difference and midpoint rules, leading to a symmetric consistent tangent modulus, can be adopted for this trapezoidal rule. On this base a unified treatment of the backward difference, midpoint, and trapezoidal rules is presented. An accuracy analysis is conducted by means of detailed isoerror maps so as to provide a comparison between different integration algorithms.     

Accurate numerical integration of Drucker-Prager's constitutive equations

The paper illustrates the application of a general two-step integration scheme for the rate plasticity equations to the case of Drucker-Prager's model with linear mixed hardening and associated flow rule. The integration scheme coincides, for the case of the Mises equations, with a tangent predictor-radial return method with automatic sub-incrementation, the sub-increment size being governed by a predefined tolerance on the value of the yield stress. However, in contrast with the integration methods commonly adopted in several codes, the return step is here based on a precisely formulated rate problem, and it is not necessarily a radial one, in general. Thus, the accuracy characteristics of the method should carry over to every constitutive model tackled, depending only on the choice of the tolerance parameter value. The application of the integration scheme to Drucker-Prager's equations shows that the accuracy is in fact comparable to that obtained in the Mises case, for similar values of the tolerance parameter; at the same time some peculiarities of Drucker-Prager's yield condition, most notably the presence of a singular point in the stress space, highlight the flexibility and generality of the proposed method. Its theoretical basis, in fact, holds for vector-valued yield functions, thus automatically incorporating the treatment of the cases in which the stress points reach a corner in the yield surface.

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Sommario Il lavoro illustra l'applicazione di uno schema di integrazione a due passi delle equazioni della plasticità incrementale al caso del modello di Drucker-Prager con incrudimento lineare misto e legge di scorrimento associata. Lo schema di integrazione si riduce, per il modello di Von Mises, a un metodo tangent predictor-radial return con subincrementazione automatica. L'ampiezza dei subincrementi è governata da una tolleranza prefissata sul valore dello sforzo di snervamento. A differenza dei metodi di integrazione comunemente impiegati in diversi codici di calcolo, il passo di ritorno qui è basato su un problema incrementale ben formulato, e non è necessariamente un passo radiale, in generale. In questo modo le caratteristiche di accuratezza del metodo non dovrebbero dipendere dalla legge costitutiva adottata, ma solo dal valore scelto della tolleranza. In effetti, l'applicazione del metodo alle equazioni di Drucker-Prager mostra che l'accuratezza ottenibile è paragonabile a quella ottenuta per il caso di Von Mises. Allo stesso tempo alcune caratteristiche della condizione di Drucker-Prager, in particolare la presenza di un punto singolare nello spazio degli sforzi, evidenziano la flessibilità e la generalità di applicazione del metodo studiato. Esso infatti ha basi teoriche valide anche per superfici di snervamento vettoriali, che incorporano perciò automaticamente il trattamento dei casi in cui lo sforzo si trova in punti angolosi.

     

On thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic solids with application to biomechanics

In this paper, we are interested in developing thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic bodies, in particular for transversely isotropic nonlinearly viscoelastic solids, in isothermal processes. It follows from results in the theory of algebraic invariants that constitutive equations for such materials can be expressed in terms of functions of 18 independent invariants associated with deformation and fiber orientation: 10 of them are isotropic invariants and 8 of them are associated with the deformation and the orientation of the fiber. Among the 8 anisotropic invariants just 6 are related to the viscoelastic response. The terms in the Cauchy stress tensor associated to these 6 invariants are analyzed with respect to thermodynamical consistency, and we obtain restrictions for the corresponding constitutive coefficients. This framework is applied to viscoelastic potentials within the context of biomaterials.     

A streamline element scheme for solving viscoelastic flow problems. Part I. Differential constitutive equations

A finite element program for solving viscoelastic flow problems in plane and axisymmetric geometries is described. The program is based on a streamline element scheme (S.E.S.). One of the principal features of the program is that it employs an iterative process to treat elastic stresses as pseudo-body forces; during each iteration it generates updated streamline-based elements and integrates Maxwell-type constitutive equations along the streamlines forming the element boundaries. The performance of this method was satisfactory, considering both accuracy and efficiency. Results of two simple test problems and two complex flow problems are shown. These problems are simple shearing flow, uniaxial and biaxial elongation, extrudate swelling and flow around a sphere in a long cylinder. In the simple test problems the results were very accurate and were compared with exact solutions and inthe more complex flows the results were in close agreement with data from other programs based on different methods. Some limitations and the current state of development of the program are also discussed.     

An implicit consistent algorithm for the integration of thermoviscoplastic constitutive equations in adiabatic conditions and finite deformations

The so-called viscoplastic consistency model, proposed by Wang, Sluys and de Borst, is extended here to the integration of a thermoviscoplastic constitutive equation for J₂ plasticity and adiabatic conditions. The consistency condition in this case includes not only strain rate but also the effect of temperature on the yield function. Using the backward Euler integration scheme to integrate the constitutive equations, an implicit algorithm is proposed, leading to generalized expressions of the classical return mapping algorithm for J₂ plasticity, both for the iterative calculation of the plastic multiplier increment and for the consistent tangent operator when strain rate and temperature are considered also as state variables of the hardening equation. The model was implemented in a commercial finite element code and its performance is demonstrated with the numerical simulation of four Taylor impact tests.     

A framework for numerical integration of crystal elasto-plastic constitutive equations compatible with explicit finite element codes

In this paper we summarize the elements of a numerical integration scheme for elasto-plastic response of single crystals. This is intended to be compatible with large-scale explicit finite element codes and therefore can be used for problems involving multiple crystals and also overall behavior of polycrystalline materials. The steps described here are general for anisotropic elastic and plastic response of crystals. The crystallographic axes of the lattice are explicitly stored and updated at each time step. A plastic predictor–elastic corrector scheme is used to calculate the plastic strain rates on all active slip systems based on a rate-dependent physics-based constitutive model without the need of further auxiliary assumptions. Finally we present the results of numerous calculations using a physics-based rate- and temperature-dependent model of copper and the effect of elastic unloading, elastic crystal anisotropy, and deformation-induced lattice rotation are emphasized.     

An improved SIP scheme for numerical solutions of transonic streamfunction equations

A new improved strongly implicit procedure (SIP) is presented for solving large sets of transonic streamfunction equations with matrix of coefficients [ B ]. This algorithm has several advantages over those now in use. First, Stone's auxiliary matrix [ B ′] is non-symmetric, while in the present scheme the auxiliary matrix [ B ′] is symmetric and the matrix [ B + B ′] is positive definite and symmetric when [ B ] is a symmetric matrix. This ensures the numerical stability of the iterative algorithms. Secondly, for an appropriate choice of iterative parameter ω, the rate of convergence of the new iterative procedure should be faster than the original SIP scheme. Numerical results of the blade-to-blade flows are given with the present scheme. It is shown that the algorithm is efficient and robust.     

A numerical method for rapid estimation of drawbead restraining force based on non-linear,anisotropic constitutive equations

Numerical procedures to predict drawbead restraining forces (DBRF) were developed based on the semi-analytical (non-finite-element) hybrid membrane/bending method. The section forces were derived by equating the work to pull sheet material through the drawbead to the work required to bend and unbend the sheet along with frictional forces on drawbead radii. As a semi-analytical method, the new approach was especially useful to analyze the effects of various constitutive parameters with less computational cost. The present model could accommodate general non-quadratic anisotropic yield function and non-linear anisotropic hardening under the plane strain condition. Several numerical sensitivity analyses for examining the effects of process parameters and material properties including the Bauschinger effect and the shape of yield surface on DBRF were presented. Finally, the DBRFs of SPCC steel sheet passing a single circular drawbead were predicted and compared with the measurements.     

A two-step godunov-type scheme for the euler equations

A second-order Godunov-type scheme for the Euler equations in conservation form is derived. The method is based on the ENO formulation proposed by Harten et al. The fundamental difference lies in the use of a two-step scheme to compute the time evolution. The scheme is TVD in the linear scalar case, and gives oscillation-free solutions when dealing with nonlinear hyperbolic systems. The admissible time step is twice that of classical Godunovtype schemes. This feature makes it computationally cheaper than one-step schemes, while requiring the same computer storage.

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Sommario Viene data una nuova estensione al secondo ordine del metodo di Godunov per la soluzione delle equazioni di Eulero in forma conservativa. Il metodo é basato sulla formulazione ENO proposta da Harten et al. La differenza fondamentale consiste nel calcolo dell'evoluzione temporale, ottenuta mediante uno schema a due passi. Questo consente l'uso di un passo di integrazione nel tempo doppio rispetto agli altri schemi alla Godunov ad un solo passo. Il metodo proposto risulta quindi piú efficiente e puó inoltre essere implementato senza alcun aumento dell'occupazione di memoria. Viene dimostrato che lo schema é TVD nel caso lineare, e che fornisce soluzioni prive di oscillazioni spurie nel caso di sistemi non-lineari.

     

各向异性本构关系在板料成形数值模拟中的应用

对几种能表达面内各向异性的屈服准则Hill、Barlat-Lian、Barlat进行了比较。以弹性变形服从各向同性广义虎克定律的情况下，给出了基于张量算法推导的弹塑性本构关系的一般表达式，并由此导出了相应屈服准则的弹塑性本构关系的显式表达。借助ABAQUS软件本构模块用户子程序接口，分别实现了这些屈服准则在ABAQUS的嵌入。以模拟方形盒的拉延过程为例，分析了不同的屈服准则在板料成形过程数值模拟中的应用。模拟结果表明，基于弹塑性本构关系一般表达所列出的相应屈服准则的显式表达式是正确的；在采用壳元来模拟板料成形时，采用Barlat准则的模拟结果和采用Barlat-Lian准则的结果差别不大。     

On the numerical stability of mixed finite-element methods for viscoelastic flows governed by differential constitutive equations

Mixed finite-element methods for computation of viscoelastic flows governed by differential constitutive equations vary by the polynomial approximations used for the velocity, pressure, and stress fields, and by the weighted residual methods used to discretize the momentum, continuity, and constitutive equations. This paper focuses on computation of the linear stability of the planar Couette flow as a test of the numerical stability for solution of the upper-convected Maxwell model. Previous theoretical results prove this inertialess flow to be always stable, but that accurate calculation is difficult at high De because eigenvalues with fine spatial structure and high temporal frequency approach neutral stability. Computations with the much used biquadratic finite-element approximations for velocity and deviatoric stress and bilinear interpolation for pressure demonstrate numerical instability beyond a critical value of De for either the explicitly elliptic momentum equation (EEME) or elastic-viscous split-stress (EVSS) formulations, applying Galerkin's method for solution of the momentum and continuity equations, and using streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method for solution of the hyperbolic constitutive equation. The disturbance that causes the instability is concentrated near the stationary streamline of the base flow. The removal of this instability in a slightly modified form of the EEME formulation suggests that the instability results from coupling the approximations to the variables. A new mixed finite-element method, EVSS-G, is presented that includes smooth interpolation of the velocity gradients in the constitutive equation that is compatible with bilinear interpolation of the stress field. This formulation is tested with SUPG, streamline upwinding (SU), and Galerkin least squares (GLS) discretization of the constitutive equation. The EVSS-G/SUPG and EVSS-G/SU do not have the numerical instability described above; linear stability calculations for planar Couette flow are stable to values of De in excess of 50 and converge with mesh and time step. Calculations for the steady-state flow and its linear stability for a sphere falling in a tube demonstrate the appearance of linear instability to a time-periodic instability simultaneously with the apparent loss of existence of the steady-state solution. The instability appears as finely structured secondary cells that move from the front to the back of the sphere.Financial support for this research was given by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the Defense Research Projects Agency. Computational resources were supplied by a grant from the Pittsburgh National Supercomputer Center and by the MIT Supercomputer Facility.     

A procedure to determine nonassociated constitutive equations for geomaterials

A procedure for determining a phenomenological elastic/viscoplastic nonassociated constitutive equation for geomaterials is presented. For this purpose, triaxial test data obtained with either a “true” or a classical triaxial device are necessary. The constitutive equation is aimed at describing such geomaterial properties as creep, irreversible compressibility or dilatancy, work-hardening, damage, and failure. Long-term failure can also be described with this model. According to the procedure, first the elastic parameters are determined from unloading tests (which follow short-term creep tests), then the yield function is determined, and finally the viscoplastic potential. No a priori assumption is made concerning the form of the yield function or of the viscoplastic potential; their expressions are obtained from the data by using the procedure suggested here. Examples for sand and rock salt are given. Comparisons of the model predictions with the experimental data are discussed.     

A numerical study of elastic bodies that are described by constitutive equations that exhibit limited strains

Recently, a very general and novel class of implicit bodies has been developed to describe the elastic response of solids. It contains as a special subclass the classical Cauchy and Green elastic bodies. Within the class of such bodies, one can obtain through a rigorous approximation, constitutive relations for the linearized strain as a nonlinear function of the stress. Such an approximation is not possible within classical theories of Cauchy and Green elasticity, where the process of linearization will only lead to the classical linearized elastic body.In this paper, we study numerically the states of stress and strain in a finite rectangular plate with an elliptic hole and a stepped flat tension bar with shoulder fillets, within the context of the new class of models for elastic bodies that guarantees that the linearized strain would stay bounded and limited below a value that can be fixed a priori, thereby guaranteeing the validity of the use of the model. This is in contrast to the classical linearized elastic model, wherein the strains can become large enough in the body leading to an obvious inconsistency.     

Convected derivatives for differential constitutive equations

To date, no differential constitutive equation has been proposed that agrees with each of four important experimental observations in relaxation after step shear strains: that the stress is often factorable into time and strain-dependent functions, that the strain-dependent function is shear thinning, that the ratio of first normal stress difference to shear stress equals the shear strain—that is, the Lodge-Meissner relationship holds, and that there is a negative second normal stress difference. The Johnson-Segalman model satisfies three of these, but fails to satisfy the Lodge-Meissner relationship, because in step strains the principal stress and strain axes do not rotate together. Using a mathematical technique for forcing co-rotation of stress and strain axes in an arbitrary deformation, we here present an explicit differential constitutive equation that satisfies all four of the above experimental observations.