ZrO2助剂对Ni/SiO2催化剂CO甲烷化催化活性及其吸附性能的影响

采用连续流动微反装置和原位漫反射红外光谱法考察了Ni/SiO₂及添加ZrO₂助剂的Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂CO甲烷化催化活性和吸附性能。结果表明,在CO体积分数 1%、空速 5000h^-1、常压的反应条件下,200℃时Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂可将CO完全转化。而相同反应条件下Ni/SiO₂催化剂上CO的转化率仅为35%,直至270℃时方可将CO完全转化。由此可见,ZrO₂助剂的添加明显提高了Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性。同时,ZrO₂助剂的添加显著提高了Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂对CO的吸附能力,H₂存在时可通过在较低温度时形成较多的桥式羰基氢化物来提高Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性;CO甲烷化反应条件下,Ni/SiO₂和Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂上C-O键的削弱和断裂是经由羰基氢化物 多氢羰基氢化物的途径,而不是经由C-O键的直接断裂途径。     

Promotion effect of additive Fe on Al2O3 supported Ni catalyst for CO2 methanation

In this paper, the effect of additive Fe on Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst for CO₂ methanation was studied. A series of bimetallic Ni–Fe catalysts with different Ni/Fe ratios were prepared by impregnation method. For comparison, monometallic Fe‐based and Ni‐based catalysts were also prepared by the same method. The characterization results showed that adding Fe to Ni catalyst on the premise of a low Ni loading(≦12 wt.%) enhanced CO₂ methanation performance. However, when the Ni loading reached 12 wt.%, the catalytic activity decreased with the increase of Fe content, but still higher than the corresponding Ni‐based catalyst without Fe. Among them, the 12Ni3Fe catalyst exhibited the highest CO₂ conversion of 84.3 % and nearly 100% CH₄ selectivity at 50000 ml g^‐1 h^‐1 and 420 °C. The enhancement effect of adding Fe on CO₂ methanation was attributed to the dual effect of suitable electronic environment and increased reducibility generated by Fe species.     

CO2 methanation over nickel-based catalysts prepared by citric acid complexation method

Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methane can not only achieve the recycling of carbon resources, but also effectively meet the increasing demand for natural gas. In this paper, Ni-based catalysts on different supports including ZrO₂, CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ were synthesized using citric acid complexation method and their CO₂ methanation performances were tested. Among these catalysts, the Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst achieved the best CO₂ methanation activity. The catalysts were characterized by N₂-physisorption, XRD, H₂-TPR and H₂-TPD. The results indicate that the superiority of the Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst can be mainly ascribed to its not only high Ni dispersion but also high reduction degree. Since the reduction degree of Ni/Al₂O₃ is low, it exhibits poor activity. The preparation condition for the Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst was further optimized. The result shows that at molar ratio of citric acid to Ni ions of 3, the catalyst exhibits the best activity owing to the highest Ni dispersion, the largest Ni surface area, an appropriate metal-support interaction and the most moderate basic sites.     

Highly selective CO methanation over amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst

Amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst was prepared by the means of chemical reduction,and selective CO methanation as a strategy for CO removal in fuel processing applications was investigated over the amorphous Ni-Ru-B/ZrO_2 catalyst.The result showed that,at the temperature of 210-230℃,the catalyst was shown to be capable of reducing CO in a hydrogen-rich reformate to less than 10 ppm,while keeping the CO_2 conversion below 1.55%and the hydrogen consumption below 6.50%.     

Robust nickel silicate catalysts with high Ni loading for CO2 methanation

CO₂ is the main component of greenhouse gases and also an important carbon source. The hydrogenation of CO₂ to methane using Ni-based catalysts can not only alleviate CO₂ emissions but also obtain useful fuels. However, Ni-based catalysts face one major problem of the sintering of Ni nanoparticles in the process of CO₂ methanation. Thus, this work has synthesized a series of efficient and robust nickel silicate catalysts (NiPS−X) with different nickel content derived from nickel phyllosilicate by the hydrothermal method. It was found that the Ni loading plays a critical role in the structure and catalytic performance of the NiPS−X catalysts. The catalytic performance gradually increases with the increase of Ni loading. In particular, the highly dispersed NiPS-1.6 catalyst with a high Ni loading of 34.3 wt% could obtain the CO₂ conversion greater than 80%, and the methane selectivity was close to 100% for 48 h at 330 °C and the GHSV of 40,000 mL g⁻¹ h⁻¹. The excellent catalytic property can be assigned to the high dispersion of Ni nanoparticles and the strong interaction between the active component and the carrier, which is derived from a unique layered silicate structure with lots of nickel phyllosilicate and a large number of Lewis acid sites.     

TiO2对Ni/Al2O3催化剂CO甲烷化性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了一系列不同TiO₂含量的TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并通过浸渍法制备了NiO/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。分别考察了不同TiO₂含量的NiO/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂及反应温度对CO甲烷化催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,当复合载体中TiO₂质量分数为30%,反应温度为350～450 ℃时,催化剂催化活性较高。利用N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)及H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)等手段对催化剂物化性能进行了表征。结果表明,加入适量的TiO₂能抑制镍铝尖晶石NiAl₂O₄物种的生成,改善NiO的表面分散性能,避免大晶粒NiO的形成,也改善了催化剂的还原性能,从而提高催化剂的CO甲烷化活性。     

Ni-Co、Ni-Cu双金属合金催化剂用于CO甲烷化

以钙钛矿型复合氧化物LaNi_0.9Co_0.1O₃和LaNi_0.9Cu_0.1O₃为前驱体制备了Ni-Co/La₂O₃和Ni-Cu/La₂O₃双金属合金催化剂。结果表明,双金属合金催化剂中,各组分间相互稀释,具有较强的抗烧结性能;催化剂表面的积炭主要取决于CO在催化剂表面的吸附形态,Ni-Co双金属催化剂中,Co掺杂改变了CO在催化剂表面的吸附形式和吸附强度,使得Ni-Co双金属催化剂具有较强的抗积炭性能。Ni-Co双金属合金催化剂用于CO甲烷化反应时,显现出较好的活性、选择性和稳定性。     

Selective catalytic methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gases over Ni/ZrO2 catalyst

Ni/ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by the incipient-wetness impregnation method and were investigated in activity and selectivity for the selective catalytic methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gases with more than 20 vol% CO2. The result showed that Ni loadings significantly influenced the performance of Ni/ZrO2 catalyst. The 1.6 wt% Ni loading catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity among all the catalysts in the selective methanation of CO in hydrogen-rich gas. The outlet concentration of CO was less than 20 ppm with the hydrogen consumption below 7%, at a gas-hourly-space velocity as high as 10000 h-1 and a temperature range of 260 °C to 280 °C. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and temperature programmed reduction （TPR） measurements showed that NiO was dispersed thoroughly on the surface of ZrO2 support if Ni loading was under 1.6 wt%. When Ni loading was increased to 3 wt% or above, the free bulk NiO species began to assemble, which was not favorable to increase the selectivity of the catalyst.     

CeO2的形貌特征对Ni/CeO2催化剂CO甲烷化性能的影响

通过改变制备方法合成了不同形貌的CeO_2载体(包括球状CeO_2-S、花苞状CeO_2-F和多面体状CeO_2-P),并用氨水配位浸渍法制备了Ni/CeO_2催化剂。研究了CeO_2载体结构与Ni/CeO_2催化剂上CO甲烷化反应性能的关系。结果表明,CeO_2-S、CeO_2-F和CeO_2-P载体暴露的晶面和氧空位不同,对Ni/CeO_2催化剂催化活性影响也不相同。CeO_2-S氧空位最多,Ni/CeO_2-S在350℃下CO转化率和CH4选择性分别达到99.19%和88.88%。10 h热稳定性测试结果表明,Ni/CeO_2-S催化剂上的积炭量最少(2.5%),CH4选择性一直保持在80%左右,分别是Ni/CeO_2-F的1.3倍和Ni/CeO_2-P的17.6倍。这主要归因于CeO_2-S载体比表面积较大,主要暴露[111]晶面,且表面氧空位含量较多,使Ni/CeO_2-S催化剂的载体与活性中心的相互作用增强,从而呈现出优异的抗积炭性能。     

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for CO methanation: Effect of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures

The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al₂O₃ supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) via CO methanation was systematically investigated. A series of 10 wt% NiO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and the phase structures and surface acidity of Al₂O₃ supports were adjusted by calcining the commercial γ-Al₂O₃ at different temperatures (600–1200 °C). CO methanation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 300–600 °C at different weight hourly space velocities (WHSV = 30000 and 120000 mL·g^?1·h^?1) and pressures (0.1 and 3.0 MPa). It was found that high calcination temperature not only led to the growth in Ni particle size, but also weakened the interaction between Ni nanoparticles and Al₂O₃ supports due to the rapid decrease of the specific surface area and acidity of Al₂O₃ supports. Interestingly, Ni catalysts supported on Al₂O₃ calcined at 1200 °C (Ni/Al₂O₃-1200) exhibited the best catalytic activity for CO methanation under different reaction conditions. Lifetime reaction tests also indicated that Ni/Al₂O₃-1200 was the most active and stable catalyst compared with the other three catalysts, whose supports were calcined at lower temperatures (600, 800 and 1000 °C). These findings would therefore be helpful to develop Ni/Al₂O₃ methanation catalyst for SNG production.     

Coking-resistant Ni-ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst for CO methanation

Highly coke-resisting Zr O2-decorated Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for CO methanation were prepared by a two-step process. The support was first loaded with Ni O by impregnating method and then modified with Zr O2 by deposition-precipitation method(IM-DP). Nitrogen adsorptiondesorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, H2 temperatureprogrammed reduction and desorption, NH3temperature-programmed desorption, and zeta potential analysis were employed to characterize the samples. The results revealed that, compared with the catalysts with the same composition prepared by co-impregnation(CI) and sequential impregnation(SI) methods, the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by IM-DP showed much enhanced catalytic performance for syngas methanation under the condition of atmospheric pressure and a high weight hourly space velocity of 120000 m L g-1 h-1. In a 80 h life time test under the condition of 300–600°C and 3.0 MPa, this catalyst showed high stability and resistance to coking, and the amount of deposited carbon was only 0.4 wt%. On the contrary, the deposited carbon over the catalyst without Zr O2 reached 1.5 wt% after a 60 h life time test. The improved catalytic performance was attributed to the selective deposition of Zr O2 nanoparticles on the surface of Ni O rather than Al2O3, which could be well controlled via changing the electrostatic interaction in the DP procedure. This unique structure could enhance the dissociation of CO2 and generate surface oxygen intermediates, thus preventing carbon deposition on the Ni particles in syngas methanation.     

Coking-resistant Ni-ZrO2/A1203 catalyst for CO methanation

Highly coke-resisting ZrO2-decorated Ni/A1203 catalysts for CO methanation were prepared by a two-step process. The support was first loaded with NiO by impregnating method and then modified with ZrO2 by deposition-precipitation method （IM-DP）. Nitrogen adsorption- desorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetdc analysis, H2 temperature- programmed reduction and desorption, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, and zeta potential analysis were employed to characterize the samples. The results revealed that, compared with the catalysts with the same composition prepared by co-impregnation （CI） and sequential impregnation （SI） methods, the Ni/A1203 catalyst prepared by IM-DP showed much enhanced catalytic performance for syngas methanation under the condition of atmospheric pressure and a high weight hourly space velocity of 120000 mL.g-1 .h-1. In a 80 h life time test under the condition of 300-600 ~C and 3.0 MPa, this catalyst showed high stability and resistance to coking, and the amount of deposited carbon was only 0.4 wt%. On the contrary, the deposited carbon over the catalyst without ZrO2 reached 1.5 wt% after a 60 h life time test. The improved catalytic performance was attributed to the selective deposition of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the surface of NiO rather than A1203, which could he well controlled via changing the electrostatic interaction in the DP procedure. This unique structure could enhance the dissociation of CO2 and generate surface oxygen intermediates, thus preventing carbon deposition on the Ni particles in syngas methanation.     

Ce含量对Ni-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂结构及浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响

以γ-Al2O3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ce含量的Ni-Ce/Al2O3催化剂,并考察了其浆态床CO甲烷化反应性能。借助XRD、BET、H2-TPR及CO-TPD等对催化剂进行了表征分析,研究了催化剂的微观结构与甲烷化性能之间的关系。结果表明,助剂Ce的引入能够加强Ni物种与载体之间的相互作用、增强活性组分Ni对CO的吸附能力。随着Ce含量的升高,Ni物种在载体表面的分散度提高、Ni晶粒粒径减小,催化剂的比表面积及与载体相互作用较强的β-NiO相对含量先升后降。催化剂的浆态床甲烷化活性随Ce含量的升高呈现规律性的变化,CO转化率和CH4时空收率先增加后略有下降,当Ce含量为4%(质量分数)时,催化剂甲烷化活性最佳。     

ZrO2晶型对Ni/ZrO2催化剂CO甲烷化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了四方相ZrO2(t-ZrO2)和单斜相ZrO2(m-ZrO2)负载的Ni含量为10%的催化剂,在连续流动微反装置上考察了Ni/m-ZrO2以及不同温度焙烧Ni/t-ZrO2催化剂的CO甲烷化催化活性.采用N2物理吸附-脱附、H2-TPR、XRD、CO-TPSR及原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在CO体积分数为1%,空速为20 000 h-1,常压的反应条件下,当CO转化率为50%时,Ni/m-ZrO2-673和Ni/t-ZrO2-673催化剂的反应温度分别为445 K和488 K,Ni/m-ZrO2-673催化剂的CO甲烷化活性远高于Ni/t-ZrO2-673催化剂.随焙烧温度的升高,Ni/t-ZrO2催化剂的CO甲烷化活性评价显著升高,产生这一现象的原因是在高温焙烧过程中Ni/t-ZrO2催化剂表面的t-ZrO2已转化为m-ZrO2,以m-ZrO2为载体的催化剂因m-ZrO2表面具有较多的配位不饱和O2-碱性中心和配位不饱和Zr4+-O2-位点而表现出高的CO甲烷化活性.     

ZrO2和Al2O3载体对Mo基催化剂上甲烷化反应性能的影响

通过共沉淀法制备了ZrO₂和Al₂O₃载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了MoO₃质量分数为5%的Mo/ZrO₂和Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂,并用于甲烷化反应。在三种反应气氛下对两种预硫化的Mo基催化剂进行评价,发现ZrO₂载体均可显著促进甲烷化反应,同时能够促进水汽变换（WGS）反应。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TEM等表征发现,两种载体上Mo物种的硫化程度以及暴露的活性位数量不同,从而导致两种催化剂上催化性能差异显著。与Mo/Al₂O₃相比,Mo/ZrO₂催化剂上的MoO₃更易被还原,硫化程度也更高,并且Mo⁴⁺的含量更高,Mo⁶⁺的含量更低。虽然ZrO₂载体上MoS₂尺寸较大,边位置的Mo比例有所降低,但是由于MoS₂沿ZrO₂颗粒表面弯曲生长,使得MoS₂基面成为反应的活性位;因此,Mo/ZrO₂催化剂在甲烷化与WGS反应中表现出更优异的催化性能。     

高镍负载量Ni/SiO2和低镍负载量Ni-Ce/SiO2催化CO甲烷化的比较研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了高镍负载量的13%Ni/SiO₂(13Ni/Si)催化剂和低镍负载量的7%Ni-2%Ce/SiO₂(7Ni-2Ce/Si)催化剂.通过N₂物理吸附、XRD、FT-IR、TEM、H₂-TPR/TPD等技术对催化剂进行表征,在连续流动微反装置上考察了催化剂的CO甲烷化活性.结果表明,在7Ni-2Ce/Si催化剂中NiO、CeO₂和SiO₂之间产生的相互作用,改变了Ni-O-Si键的化学环境,促进了氧化镍物种的分散和还原,进而提高了催化剂的活性比表面积,同时在催化剂表面形成了新的中等强度的CO吸附中心.与高镍负载量的13Ni/Si催化剂相比,低镍负载量的7Ni-2Ce/Si表现出更高的CO吸附能力和甲烷化活性.常压下,在CO体积分数1%和空速7 000 h^-1的反应条件下,低镍负载量的7Ni-2Ce/Si催化剂上CO完全甲烷化最低温度为230 ℃,比高镍负载量的13Ni/Si低了30 ℃.     

氧化锆改性的Ni/LaAl11O18用于CO甲烷化反应:催化剂结构对催化性能的影响

对于煤制天然气,CO甲烷化技术起着重要作用,其研究核心之一是高效催化剂的开发.目前,CO甲烷化催化剂主要采用金属Ni作为活性组分,但存在高温易烧结和易积炭等问题.因此,如何使其同时具有较高的催化活性和高温稳定性是亟待解决的问题.针对这些问题,本文以高热稳定性的六铝酸镧(LaAl11O18)为载体,采用浸渍法担载金属镍,制备了Ni/LaAl11O18催化剂;以高化学惰性的ZrO2为包覆层,采用改进的连续吸附反应法,将ZrO2前驱体液相沉积在Ni/LaAl11O18表面进行改性,制备了具有包覆结构的Ni/LaAl11O18@ZrO2甲烷化催化剂.探讨了ZrO2在Ni/LaAl11O18表面的分布形式以及不同沉积包覆量对催化剂结构、CO甲烷化催化剂活性和稳定性的影响.分别采用氮气物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、氢气程序升温还原、氢气程序升温脱附、X射线光电子能谱、热重分析和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法等手段对催化剂进行了系统表征.结果表明,ZrO2纳米粒子能够同时分布在催化剂活性组分和载体表面,增加了金属?载体间相互作用力,高温还原时可以有效抑制活性金属Ni的烧结,成功构筑了具有显著限域结构的包覆型催化剂.同时,ZrO2的包覆不利于金属的氢气化学吸附.在常压,260?600 oC和120 L g?1h?1条件下对催化剂进行了催化活性测试.结果显示,与未改性的催化剂相比,包覆后催化剂上CO转化率略有降低,但是其CH4选择性明显提高,适量的ZrO2包覆对CH4得率有较好的促进作用,但是过量的ZrO2包覆会因占据过多的金属镍表面使得CO转化率显著降低.在常压,550 oC和120 L g?1h?1空速的操作条件下所进行的107 h稳定性测试结果表明,包覆型Ni/LaAl11O18@ZrO2催化剂展示了良好的高温稳定性,具有优异的抗烧结和抗积碳性能.这主要是因为包覆型催化剂具有良好的"限域"效应,从而显著改善了催化剂的抗烧结性能;同时较强的金属?载体相互作用以及ZrO2助剂对CO2的活化提升了催化剂的消碳能力,增强了Ni/LaAl11O18@ZrO2催化剂的抗积碳能力.总之,本文构筑了一种高稳定性的包覆型催化剂Ni/LaAl11O18@ZrO2,可广泛应用到其他多种高温反应中.     

泡沫金属微反应器内富氢重整气中CO选择性甲烷化

在微反应器中,用泡沫金属镍为载体负载4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2双金属催化剂,用于选择性甲烷化去除富氢重整气中的CO。考察了催化剂负载方法、焙烧温度和空速等对CO选择性甲烷化的影响,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等手段对催化剂制备方法与催化性能的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,直接将4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2催化剂涂布在泡沫镍片上,350℃下焙烧,反应温度为260℃,空速为2 000 h-1~6 000 h-1,可将富氢转化气中CO降至30×10-6以下,其中空速为5 000 h-1,可将CO出口浓度降至7×10-6,CO2的转化率低于1.5%。反应温度在260℃~300℃,CO的转化率在99.6%以上,CO出口浓度在50×10-6以下。     

制备条件对Ru/Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2催化剂上CO_2甲烷化反应性能的影响

采用均相法制得Ce0.8Zr0.2O2载体,并以其为载体等体积浸渍制得一系列负载型Ru催化剂。在0.1 MPa、GHSV为10000 h-1、H2/CO2为3.5(物质的量比)的条件下,对催化剂进行评价。借助TG-DSC、BET、H2-TPR等技术对所制备的载体和催化剂进行表征,结果表明,500℃焙烧的载体具有适中的比表面积和孔径并形成了Ce-Zr固溶体,与载体形成弱相互作用的Ru能够显著提高催化剂的活性,适宜的还原方式能促进活性组分的均匀分布。采用500℃焙烧的载体浸渍Ru Cl3溶液,干燥后在400℃焙烧,并使用水合肼和H2两次还原后的催化剂活性最高,在290℃时,H2转化率可达到93.57%。     

卟啉金属-有机框架在二氧化碳捕获与转化上的应用研究

近几十年来，气候变暖、海平面上升等全球性气候问题日益严重，对人们赖以生存的自然环境造成了巨大的威胁.为了缓解并最终解决温室效应，多年来人们一直着手研究以二氧化碳（CO₂）为主的温室气体的处理方法.CO₂捕获和转化是一项新的技术，将捕获得到的CO₂直接转化成甲酸、甲醇、甲烷等小分子有机物或药物中间体等高附加值的化合物.卟啉金属-有机框架（Porphyrin Metal-Organic Frameworks，PMOFs）是一种基于卟啉配体和金属节点的多孔配位框架材料.卟啉配体具有良好热稳定性、化学稳定性以及优异独特的光学性能，结合MOFs框架的多孔性带来的对CO₂等气体分子的良好吸附性，使得PMOFs在CO₂捕获与转化上具有巨大的潜力.首先，介绍了PMOFs合成中常用的构筑策略，包括拓扑导向、柱层策略以及金属-有机笼策略.然后，根据次级结构基元对常见的PMOFs结构进行系统分类，包括基于低价态金属离子、桨轮状M₂（COO）₄、金属-氧无限长链和硬酸金属-氧簇四类，叙述了各类PMOFs的结构特性和稳定性.随后，通过一些代表性的实例分类总结了PMOFs在CO₂捕获与转化上的应用，包括CO₂的捕获、环加成反应、光催化反应和电催化反应.最后，总结了PMOFs在四大类应用中具有的优势与挑战，并展望了PMOFs在CO₂捕获与转化中的机遇和发展前景.