Reflectivity kinetics in the vicinity of exciton transitions in semiconductor nanostructures

The kinetics of the reflectivity of semiconductor samples with multiple GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells has been investigated by the pump-probe method with a resolution of 150 fs. Excitons of the E1HH1 and E1LH1 types manifest themselves in the kinetics of transient reflectivity spectra despite the high density of the photogenerated two-dimensional electron gas. Differences are revealed in the shape and kinetics of the transient reflectivity spectra of samples with different detuning of exciton transitions from the pump frequency.     

Time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy of LiF(U) crystals

We studied the luminescence spectra and decay kinetics of LiF(U) crystals excited by pulsed laser radiation (λ = 337 nm) in temperature range of 15–300 K. Two groups of lines with different exponential decay times are revealed in spectra. Based on comparative analysis of fast and slowly decaying luminescence spectra, temperature dependences of decay time constants, and line intensities, we conclude that electronic transitions from radiation levels of the impurity luminescence center can occur, not only in a vibrationally relaxed state, but also in a state with an excited high-frequency mode in O-U-O bonds.     

5d–4f luminescence of Ce3+, Gd3+ and Lu3+ in LiCaAlF6

The emission and excitation spectra as well as decay kinetics of luminescence due to 5d–4f transitions in Ce³⁺, Gd³⁺ and Lu³⁺ ions doped into LiCaAlF₆ crystals have been analyzed with high spectral and time resolution using synchrotron radiation for excitation. The rich fine structure originating from electronic origins of transitions and their phonon replica has been well resolved and identified. Experimental data are compared with the spectra simulated in the framework of the semiphenomenological models of the crystal field and the crystal lattice dynamics.     

A donor-acceptor pair broad band emission in AgGaS2

We interpret in this paper a broad band emission of silver thiogallate (AgGaS₂) peaked at 1.642 eV with a width of 395 meV. We show that the recombination kinetics are governed by donor-acceptor processes, with the band shape dominated by vibronic interaction. A theoretical calculation of the time-resolved spectra built with the parameters of donor-acceptor transitions gives good agreement with the experimental spectra.     

First measurements by the EDXD-PT technique of the effect of the melting time on polymer crystallization kinetics

A nonconventional energy-depressive X-ray diffraction method applied to phase transitions (EDXD-PT) was used to measure polymer crystallization rates. It enables one to follow the kinetics of phase transitions by a direct comparison of diffraction patterns collected during the process and suitably normalized with respect to X-ray absorption spectra taken with the same time scan. With this technique, the memory that a polymer retains of its thermal history is investigated by correlating the crystallization rates to the residence time in the melt.     

Magnetostatic effects in the nucleation of rare earth ferromagnetic phases

It has been reported that superheating, supercooling, and explosive kinetics coupled to other degrees of freedom occur at the ferromagnetic transitions of Er and Dy, and that metastable phases occur during the transition kinetics of Er. We explain these observations in terms of magnetostatic energy, which requires highly eccentric nuclei in the homogeneous nucleation of magnetic transitions in heavy rare earths. The magnetostatics favor transitions through ferrimagnetic intermediaries. The unusual kinetics derive from effective spin lattice relaxation.     

Simulation of kinetics of water temperature-programmed desorption from n-GaAs(100) and n-GaP(100) semiconductor surfaces

The energy spectra of adsorption centers on the n-GaAs(100) and n-GaP(100) surfaces are studied using temperature-programmed desorption of water. The desorption spectra are analyzed in terms of the model of discrete adsorption centers, which assumes the presence of a loosely bound precursor state. The values of frequency factors and activation energies of desorption are in good agreement with the frequency of electronic transitions and energies of surface electronic states in gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide. It is concluded that the water desorption kinetics is limited by slow electronic processes on the surface of the semiconductors.     

Low-temperature time-resolved vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of self-trapped excitons in KH<Subscript>2</Subscript> PO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals

A complex investigation of the dynamics of electronic excitations in potassium dihydrophosphate (KDP) crystals is performed by low-temperature time-resolved vacuum ultraviolet optical luminescence spectroscopy with subnanosecond time resolution and with selective photoexcitation by synchrotron radiation. For KDP crystals, data on the kinetics of the photoluminescence (PL) decay, time-resolved PL spectra (2–6.2 eV), and time-resolved excitation PL spectra (4–24 eV) at 10 K were obtained for the first time. The intrinsic character of the PL of KDP in the vicinity of 5.2 eV, which is caused by the radiative annihilation of self-trapped excitons (STEs), is ascertained; σ and π bands in the luminescence spectra of the STEs, which are due to singlet and triplet radiative transitions, are resolved; and the shift of the σ band with respect to the π band in the spectra of the STEs is explained.     

Rate spectra of small deformations in solids

The method of constructing the temperature dependence for the rate of small creep deformation (strain-rate spectra) is applied to determine relaxation transitions in solids. This method is based on precision measurements of the rate using a laser interferometer and is distinguished by its high resolution. The possibility of using the spectra for predicting critical temperatures in the fracture kinetics of polymers and metals, as well as changes in the electrical properties (for example, the superconducting transition in Y-Ba-Cu-O ceramics) is pointed out. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 848–850 (May 1999)     

Electronic transitions of fluorene, dibenzofuran, carbazole, and dibenzothiophene: From the onset of absorption to the ionization threshold

A comparative study of the electronic transitions of fluorene and its hetero-analogues dibenzofuran, carbazole, and dibenzothiophene was performed in a wide energy range. Gas phase, crystal phase, and linear dichroism electronic transmittance spectra were measured with synchrotron radiation. Electronic transitions to excited singlet states were predicted with time-dependent density functional theory, TD-B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p). Based on the experimental and theoretical results, symmetry assignments of electronic transitions in the vacuum and near-UV region are suggested. The correspondence between excited states in these molecules, similarities, and differences between their electronic spectra are discussed.     

Identification of excited singlet states of chlorophenol isomers

The UV spectra of optical absorption of para-, meta-, and ortho-chlorophenol are recorded in the gas phase. The bands of UV spectra are assigned to the electronic transitions of molecules to definite excited singlet states on the basis of calculations by the TDDFT B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) method. In each case the electron configuration making the predominant contribution to the particular singlet state is determined. The energies of singlet electronic transitions are shown to depend on the energy spacing between the molecular orbitals involved in these transitions.     

Resonant Auger decay in the L2,3-MM spectrum of Ar excited by electron bombardment

The L_2,3-MM Auger spectrum of argon was measured using electron beam excitation. A weak structure on the high energy side of the main transitions was identified as corresponding to the resonant Auger transitions by comparing these spectral structures with individual resonant Auger spectra excited by monochromatic synchrotron radiation.     

Changes in Auger spectra of Mg and Fe due to oxidation

Auger electron spectra of clean Mg and Fe surfaces have been investigated under UHV conditions. The main Auger peaks in the low energy Auger spectra of these elements are identified as due to L_2,3VV and M_2,3VV transitions for Mg and Fe respectively. Changes in the low energy spectra of these clean surfaces of Mg and Fe due to chemisorption of residual oxygen in the UHV system, were also studied. The results indicate that for each oxidised surface new larger Auger peaks appear at energies lower than the original main peaks in the clean spectra. The changes in the spectra are believed to be due to the energy shifts of inner energy levels and valence bands involved in the Auger transitions as an oxide is formed.     

Transient optical absorption of excited F -centres in BeO

Time-resolved spectra, decay kinetics and polarization of the transient optical absorption induced by irradiation of additively colored BeO crystals with electron pulses have been studied. It has been established that the two bands at 3.8 and 4.3 v eV of the transient optical absorption are due to the transitions between triplet and singlet excited states of F -centres in BeO. The polarization of excited F -centres absorption is discussed on the basis of analysis of the splitting of singlet and triplet states in crystalline field of the C 3v symmetry.     

Generalized Gibbs’ approach to the thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems and the kinetics of first-order phase transitions

In the theoretical interpretation of the kinetics of first-order phase transitions, thermodynamic concepts are widely employed that were developed long ago by Gibbs and van der Waals. However, the results of such analysis are partly unsatisfactory and internally contradictory. By generalizing Gibbs’ approach, the existing deficiencies and internal contradictions of these two well-established theories can be removed and a new generally applicable tool for the interpretation of these processes can be developed. The basic ideas of the generalized Gibbs approach and a variety of consequences obtained on its basis with respect to the understanding of the general features of the kinetics of first-order phase transitions are outlined. Dedicated to the memory of Vladimir P. Skripov. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Luminescence and absorption spectra of polyatomic molecules subjected to conformational transitions

A general approach and results of specific calculations of conjugated vibronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of “soft” molecules subjected to conformational transitions are presented. The vibronic spectra of these molecules exhibit significant anomalies such as a large energy gap between the fluorescence and absorption spectra, a strong deviation from the mirror symmetry, etc., which cannot be explained within the framework of the theory of vibronic spectra based on single-well adiabatic potentials.     

Differential analysis of band-edge photoluminescence spectra of germanium single crystals with different orientations under biaxial tensile strains

The previously published photoluminescence spectra of bulk germanium single crystals with orientations (100), (110), and (111) under different biaxial tensile strains have been investigated using the differential method proposed by the author for the analysis of luminescence spectra of semiconductors. An increase in the strain for all these orientations of the single crystals leads to a shift in the maxima of the differential spectra in the region of direct radiative transitions toward lower photon energies due to the narrowing of the germanium direct band gap. At the same time, the positions of the maxima of the differential spectra in the region of indirect radiative transitions remain almost unchanged. This indicates that the germanium indirect band gap does not depend on the tensile strains, at least for their values of ～0.2–0.3%.     

Two Methods of Amplification of Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation During Harmonic Generation in Plasmas

Different recently revealed approaches of harmonic enhancement in plasmas are reviewed. The 4-step analytical model of resonant enhancement of high-order harmonic generation is extended to the systems possessing resonant transitions of inner-shell electrons. Role of inelastic scattering is discussed by simulation of excited state’s population dynamics. The enhancement of harmonics in the In plasma using different pumps is analyzed to prove the concept. We also discuss the plasma emission and harmonic generation spectra in the case of resonance enhancement of single harmonic using various laser-produced plasmas. The analysis of these spectra showed that the enhancement of harmonics depended on the oscillator strengths of the nearby ionic transitions rather than the plasma emission transitions. Finally, we review some recent experimental studies of the phase-matching of high-order harmonic generation in multi-jet plasmas.     

Charge transfer-transitions and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of copper(II) complexes

Satellite structure in the X-ray photoelectron (Cu 2p) spectra of some squareplanar cupric complexes has been compared to electron paramagnetic resonance and electronic spectra results on the electronic structure of these complexes. It is shown that these satellites can be assigned to various ligand → metal 3d or ligand → ligand* transitions within the monopole selection rules of the sudden approximation.     

GaN激子跃迁的时间分辨光谱学研究

用时间分辨光谱学方法研究低压有机金属化学汽相沉积生长的ＧａＮ中自由，束缚激子（ＢＸ）的跃迁，讨论了这些跃迁的光致发光谱，复合寿命及其与温度的关系，给出了中性施主束缚激子和自由激子（ＦＸ）的辐射复合寿命分别为０．１２ｎｓ和０．４ｎｓ。