Plastic-strain evolution for cyclic loading based on the equations of the field theory of defects

A relation governing the plastic-strain evolution under applied stresses is obtained within the field theory of defects to analyze the specific features of deformation under sign-varying cyclic loading. The effect of the applied stress amplitude, loading frequency, and cycle skewness on the deformation process under uniaxial loading conditions is studied. Specific features of the plastic-strain evolution in a stable deformation process are considered, and the time to failure of the system in an unstable process is determined. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 112–118, May–June, 2006.     

基于“钉床型”飞片的斜波加载技术及应用

为了实现斜波加载,设计了一种“钉床型”广义波阻抗梯度飞片,即在基座上密排叠加许多小圆锥,简称“钉床型”飞片。该飞片采用激光选区熔化金属增材制造技术进行制备。利用一级轻气炮加载装置和全光纤激光位移干涉测试系统,开展不同工况下“钉床型”飞片高速击靶压缩实验和层裂实验,重点讨论小圆锥高度和撞击速度对斜波压缩加载波形的影响规律,以及斜波加载对不锈钢靶板层裂特性的影响。实验结果显示:（1）“钉床型”飞片对靶板产生的压缩是逐步的,从自由面速度剖面上观察到压缩波上升前沿时间被显著延长,形成了斜波波阵面,明显不同于冲击压缩的陡峭波阵面;（2）在飞片击靶速度近似恒定条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间、平台速度峰值都明显依赖于“钉床型”飞片上的小圆锥高度,随着小圆锥高度增大,上升沿时间呈线性增大,而平台速度峰值呈线性减小;（3）在“钉床型”飞片的几何尺寸保持不变的条件下,斜波波阵面的上升沿时间随着飞片击靶速度的增大而线性减小,平台速度峰值则线性增大;（4）与冲击加载相比,“钉床型”飞片产生的斜波加载不会对材料的层裂强度产生明显影响,但对材料内部损伤演化速率有一定的影响。     

密闭空间内不同炸药爆源的能量输出结构及与目标作用研究

对钝化黑索今（RDX）、含铝炸药（RDX/Al）、一次引爆型燃料空气炸药（SEFAE）在爆炸容器和爆炸水池中爆炸波的能量输出结构进行了实验研究。用TVD格式数值模拟了带平板封头爆炸容器的内部爆炸载荷的分布规律。并对在不同爆炸载荷作用下,容器典型位置的应变进行了测量。结果表明:（1）密闭空间内,RDX/Al（90/10）和SEFAE体系具有后燃效应;（2）在本实验条件下,平板封头与罐体结合处的载荷最大;（3）SEFAE产生的爆炸载荷对容器的作用最小,钝化RDX和RDX/Al（90/10）两者相当。3种炸药产生应变的频谱相似,强度略有差别;（4）在本实验的条件下,爆炸载荷的结构不是应变增长的主要原因。     

Rate dependent critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone

Critical strain energy density of rock can be defined as a fundamental parameter in rock fracture mechanics, an intrinsic material property related to resistance to crack initiation and propagation. By means of the three-point bending experiments, the critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 8.97 × 10⁻⁴ MPam^1/2 s⁻¹ to 1.545 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and magnitude of load is obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) when the loading rate is higher than 0.0279 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹, the critical strain energy density factor of rock increased markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.0279 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹, the critical strain energy density factor slightly increased with an increase in loading rate. It is found from experimental results that the critical strain energy density factor is linear proportional to the exponential expression of loading rate, (2) for Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, value of the maximum load was nearly a constant. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1000 m/s, value of the maximum load dramatically increases with increasing the crack growth velocity, and (3) the critical SED of Huanglong limestone is higher as the loading rate is higher.     

Thermoelastoplastic Stress—Strain State of Laminated Transversely Isotropic Shells under Axisymmetric Loading

A method is proposed for determining the thermoelastoplastic stress–strain state of laminated shells of revolution, made of isotropic and transversely isotropic materials, under axisymmetric loading. The method is based on the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses for a layer stack, the theory of deformation along paths of small curvature for isotropic materials, and Hill's flow theory with isotropic hardening for transversely isotropic materials. The loading history is accounted for. The problem is solved by the method of successive approximations. Numerical examples are given     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。     

Elastoplastic Deformation of a Compound Disk under Impulsive Loading

The small elastoplastic deformation theory and the finite-element method are used to analyze the behavior of a compound disk under axisymmetric impulsive loading. Numerical results are presented, which describe the development of plastic deformation, the effect of hardening and the duration of the loading impulse on the oscillatory elastoplastic deformation of the disk__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 94–99, April 2005.     

Numerical Nonaxisymmetric Thermostress Analysis of Compound Solids of Revolution with Damage

A technique is proposed to allow for deformation damage of cylindrically orthotropic elastic materials in a thermoelastoplastic stress–strain analysis of composite bodies of revolution under nonaxisymmetric loading and heating     

Thermoelastoplastic Stress-Strain State of Rectangular Plates

A technique is proposed to solve a thermoplastic problem for rectangular plates of varying thickness with arbitrary boundary conditions at all edges. The technique is based on the hypothesis of rectilinear element, the theory of simple loading, and the method of complete systems __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 53–63, October 2005.     

Cyclic multiaxial and shear finite deformation responses of OFHC Cu. Part II: An extension to the KHL model and simulations

In this part, the Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) constitutive model was extended to account for kinematic hardening characteristic behavior of materials. The extended model is then generalized and used to simulate experimental response of oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper under cyclic shear straining and biaxial tension–torsion (multiaxial ratchetting) experiments presented in Part I (Khan et al., 2007). In addition, a new modification for the non-linear kinematic hardening rule of Karim–Ohno (Abdel-Karim and Ohno, 2000) is proposed to simulate multiaxial ratchetting behaviors. Although, the kinematic hardening contributes the most to the response, it is shown that, the loading rate effect, and a coupled isotropic and kinematic hardening effect should also be considered while simulating the multiaxial ratchetting behavior of OFHC copper. Furthermore, the newly modified kinematic hardening rules is able to fairly well simulate the multiaxial ratchetting experiments under different loading conditions, irrespective of the value of applied axial tensile stress, shear strain amplitude, pre-cyclic hardening and/or loading sequence.     

Limit equilibrium of an orthotropic plate weakened by a periodic row of collinear cracks

A modified δ_c-model is used to study the limiting state of an orthotropic plate weakened by a periodic row of collinear cracks and satisfying a general failure criterion. The failure mechanism of the plate is analyzed.Astudy is made of the effects of the degree of orthotropy, the biaxiality of external loading, and the geometrical parameters on the fracture process zones at the crack tips and the limiting state of the plate. The safe loading of an orthotropic viscoelastic plate with a periodic row of collinear cracks is examined. The effect of the rheological parameters on the safe-load region is studied Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 126–135, August 2008.     

On the threshold force pulses for spall fracture of materials

Spall fracture is considered using the classical one-dimensional model. Results of the analysis are used to predict the dynamic strength properties of some structural materials, in particular, rail steels. The dependence of the time of fracture of the material on the threshold amplitude and time of loading is obtained. A model for the comparative estimation of the dynamic strength of materials is proposed, and corresponding diagrams are constructed. It is shown that the fracture process can be optimized by choosing the duration of loading of the material. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 97–106, September–October, 2006.     

坚硬岩石在强冲击荷载作用近区的性状研究

根据坚硬岩石的性质,利用力学模型分析了在冲击荷载作用下的岩石破坏过程,经由弹性状态向内摩擦状态的转变,最终达到流体力学状态。通过对内摩擦状态的分析,认为在强冲击荷载区域的变形近似为一维变形状态。冲击荷载作用在岩石中产生的应力波可以看作类似于冲击波的短波,在波阵面附近的某个狭窄区域内将发生参数的急剧变化。根据近区变形状态与质量守恒导出了侵彻近区的速度场表达式。根据短波的研究,给出了近区应力波的衰减规律。     

单向纤维加强复合材料的总体弹粘塑性响应

应用GMC方法计算了单向纤维加强复合材料在承受不同载荷之后的总体松驰响应。Bodner和Partom的弹－粘塑性统一模型用于描述非弹性相的本构关系，该模型不假设存在屈服条件，也就不必指定加载和卸载条件，可以在加载和卸载的任何时刻使用相同的公式，计算表明，与有限元方法相比，利用GMC方法和统一模型计算单向纤维加强复合材料的总体非弹性响应简单快捷。     

RHEOLOGICAL FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF CABLE BY CONSIDERING THE SECOND ORDER EFFECTS OF RANDOM SLACK

In this paper,we consider the cable as a bundle consisting of n sub-bundles,with mparallel tension members per sub-bundle,and the tension members themselves are polymeric yarns im-pregnated with a resin matrix.The nonfailed members at any instant must share an applied system loadaccording to some rule,since there is a clearly expressed dependence of the fracture on the durationand character of the loading.So then,the fracture of cable is a process of nonlinear dynamic evolu-tion,which accommodates to the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of irreversible processes by itself.Let us assume that the polymeric yarns are as viscoelastic solid,under certain probabilistic assump-tions,according to the principles of theology of bodies with defects,the relationship between the singlemember loading and failure and the bundle loading are investigated.It can be shown that the bundlefailure time is asymptotically normally distributed as the number of members grows large.After astudy of the second order effects of random slack,it is known that the asymptotic mean and varianceare functions of the parameters of loading and single member rhcological behavior.Hence the loss inthe asymptotic bundle strength mean brought about by random member and sub-bundle slack,L.,andthe loss in the asymptotic bundle strength variance caused by random member slack,Δ_(?),are deter-mined.And finally,it is known that the asymptotic time of failure can make up a considerable part ofthe fracture of cable,and the fracture of cable is a time-dependent process of rheological fracture.     

A two dimensional, experimental study on the evolution of the detachment and its time-behavior in filled rubber

Summary The detachment of a rubber matrix from a rigid inclusion under monotonic loading and at subsequent relaxation is investigated within two dimensional analysis. Examined are stress–strain experimental data acquired with the help of a test bed equipped with a digital image-acquisition device. The influence of the interfacial bonding strength and the particle size on the detachment process is analyzed. The influence of the interfacial bonding strength is visible in the stress–strain diagram of loading and in the recorded images. The relaxation test reveals no influence of the bonding strength on the stress-relaxation. However, the image analysis indicates a secondary transient creep of the contour of detachment, which depends on the interfacial bonding.     

二维有限区域饱和软土Biot固结的数值模拟

针对二维有限矩形区域饱和软土固结问题,选取四种不同边界条件组合,利用数值模拟方法研究了在上表面剪切载荷作用下土体沉降变形的特征和规律。结果表明:在剪切载荷单独作用下,土体位移以水平位移为主,同时竖向位移也客观存在。这反映了土体固结过程中流固耦合的物理现象。土层最终变形量(沉降和水平位移)由剪切载荷与土体物性决定,与边界透水性无关;边界条件对土体的变形模式有着决定性影响。剪切载荷作用、法向载荷作用及二者联合作用的计算结果对比表明:虽然软土Biot固结是复杂的流固耦合过程,但在这个过程中载荷叠加原理依然成立。     

A method to study the nonaxisymmetric plastic deformation of solids of revolution with allowance for the stress mode

The paper proposes a method to allow for the stress mode in analyzing the thermoelastoplastic stress-strain state of compound bodies of revolution under asymmetric loading and heating. Use is made of a semianalytic finite-element method and the method of successive approximations. Some numerical results are presented Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 26–35, September 2008.     

Justification of Paris-type Fatigue Laws from Cohesive Forces Model via a Variational Approach

By using a principle of least energy and a surface energy of the Dugdale-Barenblatt type which is supplemented by an irreversibility condition, we build a debonding model of thin films valid for a monotone loadings as well as for cyclic loadings. When the internal length of the Dugdale model is small in comparison to the characteristic length of the film, we show that the growth of the debonding follows Griffith’s law under a monotone loading and a Paris-type law under a cyclic loading.     

Crack kinking from an interface crack with initial contact between the crack lips

The authors recently theoretically studied crack kinking and opening from an initially closed crack (without friction) in some homogeneous medium. The same problem, but for an interface crack, is considered here. Comninou has shown that the asymptotic stress field prior to kinking is governed by a single, mode II stress intensity factor (SIF). Using this result, plus a homogeneity property of the problems of elastic fracture mechanics with unilateral contact envisaged, a change of scale, and two reasonable hypotheses, we establish the expression of the SIF at the tip of the small, open crack extension. It is shown that whatever the geometry of the external boundary and the crack and whatever the loading, these SIF depend solely upon the initial (mode II) SIF (in a linear way), the kink angle and Dundurs' parameters α and β. Using this result and Goldstein and Salganik's “principle of local symmetry” to predict the kink angle, one finds that it is independent of the loading but does depend upon Dundurs' parameters α and β. This contrasts with the case of an ordinary (initially closed) crack in some homogeneous medium, for which the kink angle was not only independent of the loading but an absolute constant. However, it is numerically found that the influence of the mismatch of elastic properties upon the kink angle is rather weak.