A hybrid approach for aeroacoustic analysis of the engine exhaust system

This paper presents a new hybrid approach for prediction of noise radiation from engine exhaust systems. It couples the time domain analysis of the engine and the frequency domain analysis of the muffler, and has the advantages of both. In this approach, cylinder/cavity is analyzed in the time domain to calculate the exhaust mass flux history at the exhaust valve by means of the method of characteristics, avoiding the tedious procedure of interpolation at every mesh point and solving a number of equations simultaneously at every junction. This is done by making use of an interrelationship between progressive wave variables of the linear acoustic theory and those of the method of characteristics. In this approach, nonlinear propagation in the exhaust pipe is neglected and free expansion is assumed at the radiation end of the exhaust pipe. In the case of a muffler proper, expansion from the exhaust pipe into the first chamber is assumed to be a free expansion. Various results of this approach are compared with those of the method of characteristics and the classical acoustic theory, and various peaks and troughs in insertion loss curves are analytically validated.     

利用大型通用程序求解声学问题

本文介绍了利用有限元通用程序求解声学问题的声学——固体力学比拟法。该方法允许使用固体单元来模拟声介质。结合二维声空腔的模态分析和排气消声单元的传递损失计算说明了该方法的应用。给出了边界条件的处理方法及声粒子速度的计算公式。     

Coupled FEM/BEM for control of noise radiation and sound transmission using piezoelectric shunt damping

In this paper, we present a coupled finite element/boundary element method (FEM/BEM) for control of noise radiation and sound transmission of vibrating structure by passive piezoelectric techniques. The system consists of an elastic structure (with surface mounted piezoelectric patches) coupled to external/internal acoustic domains. The passive shunt damping strategy is employed for vibration attenuation in the low frequency range. The originality of the present paper lies in evaluating the classically used FEM/BEM methods for structural–acoustics problems when taking account smart systems at the fluid–structure interfaces.     

流体加载下加肋板结构的声辐射特性研究

本文采用有限元和边界元方法对加肋板结构的声辐射进行了计算分析,研究分析了加肋板结构的板厚、板面积、板边长比、肋骨惯性矩和间距、边界条件以及板材和流体介质等对结构辐射声功率的影响,得到了一些有意义的结论,从而为揭示加板结构声辐射规律,降低结构的声辐射提供了一定的依据。     

开口/封闭薄壳体声辐射和散射的统一边界积分方程解法

推导了在二维和三维空间下开口和封闭薄壳体在任意阻抗边界条件下声辐射和散射的统一边界积分方程.相对于以前的求解方法,该方程求解声辐射和散射问题具有相同的影响矩阵,能够同时求解薄壳体气动和振动噪声的辐射和散射现象,以及分析壳体声阻抗对声波传播的影响.推导的方程可以应用于叶轮机械、管道等噪声和消声器消声性能的预测等方面.在此方程基础上,可以进一步考虑运动边界和运动介质对声辐射和散射的影响. 关键词： 薄壳体 声阻抗 积分方程 边界元方法     

Predicting insertion loss of large duct systems above the plane wave cutoff frequency

If the dimensions of a silencer or muffler component are small compared to an acoustic wavelength, plane wave propagation can be assumed. This is not the case for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) duct systems, and large diesel engine mufflers commonly used in ship and generator sets. For such applications, the wave behavior in the inlet and outlet ducts is three-dimensional. In this paper, the finite element method is utilized to simulate large duct systems with an aim to predict the insertion loss. The boundary condition on the source side is a diffuse field applied by determining a suitable cross-spectral force matrix of the excitation. At the termination, the radiation impedance is calculated utilizing a wavelet algorithm. Simulation results are compared to published measurement results for HVAC plenums and demonstrate good agreement.     

结构声辐射的振动模态分析和声辐射模态分析研究

基于辐射声功率的二次型表达式,采用有限元法、Rayleigh积分和边界元法对结构声辐射进行了振动模态分析和声辐射模态分析研究。振动模态间的耦合对辐射声功率影响的研究表明:结构各阶振动模态自身对结构辐射声功率的贡献是增大结构的辐射声功率,而振动模态间的耦合可能会增大结构辐射声功率,也可能会减小结构辐射声功率,或对辐射声功率没有影响。而且,当振动模态间的耦合作用对辐射声功率的影响不大时,采用振动模态控制可取得较好的减振降噪双重控制效果。将混合的Helmholtz积分方程方法用广义逆引入到三维复杂结构声辐射分析的声辐射模态公式中,解决了特征频率下解不唯一问题。还研究了正方形封闭空间结构声辐射模态的辐射效率和形状,并对结构声辐射的振动模态控制和声辐射模态控制进行了讨论。     

Expansion-chamber muffler for impulse noise of pneumatic frictional clutch and brake in mechanical presses

A compound expansion-chamber muffler, which consists of a sound absorbing chamber and a switch valve, the chamber integrating structural features of impedance muffler and micropunch plate muffler, is proposed to diminish impulse exhaust noise of pneumatic friction clutch and pneumatic friction brake (PFC/B) in mechanical presses. The structure decreases the impulse exhaust noise of PFC/B over 30 dB(A). A one-dimensional flow model is applied to study the aerodynamic characteristics of compound exhaust process of the single acting cylinder and muffler because the exhaust time is a critical factor for application of muffler in PFC/B. The volume of sound absorbing chamber is found to be an important design parameter to minimize the exhaust resistance of pneumatic cylinder. Experiments are also conducted to validate analytical results. Then the effects of diameter of exhaust ducts and volume of muffler on the exhaust time are discussed in detail. The proposed one-dimensional computational method, which considers the coupling of air-flow field and sound field, gives satisfactory results for the preliminary design of an expansion-chamber muffler. This method has been applied to an existing model HKM3-40MN to reduce its impulse noise.     

On an Integrated Transfer Matrix method for multiply connected mufflers

The commercial automotive mufflers are generally of a complicated shape with multiply connected parts and complex acoustic elements. The analysis of such complex mufflers has always been a great challenge. In this paper, an Integrated Transfer Matrix method has been developed to analyze complex mufflers. Integrated transfer matrix relates the state variables across the entire cross-section of the muffler shell, as one moves along the axis of the muffler, and can be partitioned appropriately in order to relate the state variables of different tubes constituting the cross-section. The paper presents a generalized one-dimensional (1-D) approach, using the transfer matrices of simple acoustic elements, which are available from the literature. The present approach is robust and flexible owing to its capability to construct an overall matrix of the muffler with the transfer matrices of individual acoustic elements and boundary conditions, which can then be used to evaluate the transmission loss, insertion loss, etc. Results from the present approach have been validated through comparisons with the available experimental and three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) based results. The results show good agreement with both measurements and FEM analysis up to the cut-off frequency.     

基于低频吸声超构材料的复合消声器研究*

针对管道内低频噪声难以抑制的问题，本文基于亥姆霍兹共振腔（HR）阵列吸声板和穿孔管消声器组合，设计了一种复合式宽带消声器。首先利用有限元法仿真分析传统穿孔管消声器，发现中低频消声能力较差，通过嵌入HR阵列吸声板吸收中低频噪声。采用仿真与实验的方式研究吸声板的声学性能：在400-1000 Hz频段内的平均吸声系数达到了0.88。然后对复合式消声器进行数值模拟及3D打印阻抗管实验测试对比：复合式消声器在400-1718Hz频率范围内的平均传递损失为18.15 dB ，最终实现了管道内全频带噪声有效控制。     

用有限元/边界元方法进行结构声辐射的模态分析

采用有限元方法和边界元方法建立了轻流体介质中复杂结构振动声辐射的模态分析模型,可计算结构的模态辐射效率、场点声压、结构辐射声功率和辐射效率等声场特性参数.文中以板和加筋板结构的振动声辐射为例进行了模态分析,并与用远场 Rayleigh积分计算所得结果进行了比较.研究了激励力作用位置对板结构声辐射的影响和加筋板与板的模态辐射效率特点,并指出板加筋后会改变板的模态辐射效率规律.     

Numerical analysis of immersed finite cylindrical shells using a coupled BEM/FEM and spatial spectrum approach

This study numerically analyzes submerged cylindrical shells using a coupled boundary element method (BEM) with finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with the wave number theory, in which the spatial Fourier transform of surface velocity for cylinders is directly related to pressure in a far field. The acoustic loading is formulated using a symmetric complex matrix derived from a boundary integral equation where the symmetry is based on an acoustic reciprocal principle for surface acoustics. In this formulation the acoustic loading matrix is a large acoustic element whose degree of freedom is connected to the normal displacement of the vibrating structures. The coupled BEM/FEM equation is a banded, symmetric matrix, and thus its bandwidth can be minimized using a proper algorithm. This formulation significantly increases numerical efficiency. The computed normal velocity is thus transformed to wave number representation to examine acoustic radiation. A finite plane cylindrical shell, without attached stiffeners, and a shell with internal ring stiffeners are chosen to demonstrate the present analysis procedure. The far field pressure computed directly from the integral equation and predicted by wave number theory correlates closely with increasing vibrating frequency. Meanwhile, the influences of the internal ring structures on acoustic radiation are examined using the wave number theory, which helps in understanding how internal structures influence radiated noise.     

COMBINATION OF FINITE AND BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS IN INVESTIGATION AND PREDICTION OF LOAD-CONTROLLED NOISE OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

A recently developed calculation scheme for the computer modelling of the load-controlled noise of oil-insulated three-phase power transformers is presented. This modelling scheme allows the precise and efficient computation of the coupled electromagnetic, mechanical and acoustic fields. The equations are solved using the finite element method (FEM) as well as the boundary element method (BEM), resulting in a separation of the calculation of the winding and tank surface vibrations (using FEM) and the computation of the acoustic free-field radiation (using BEM). The complex dynamic behaviour of the loaded transformer can then be studied and, furthermore, an appropriate computer-aided design including an investigation and optimization of design parameters can be established.The validity of the computer simulations has been verified by means of appropriate measurements. Simulated and measured values for winding and tank surface vibrations as well as sound power levels of the loaded transformer are found to be in good agreement. The applicability of the calculation scheme with respect to the computer-aided design of power transformers is demonstrated by reporting two practical applications: the influence of the stiffness of winding supports and the influence of the tap changer positions.     

Structural instability in fluid-structure systems under hydrodynamic shock conditions

The effects of non-linear fluid-structure interaction on the dynamic buckling of structures are investigated. In particular the structural buckling characteristics are studied for the case of a strong shock wave propagating through a fluid medium striking a structure. Non-linear terms are retained for both fluid and structural systems. A one-dimensional example consisting of a perfect gas-spring-mass system is solved for shock wave loading. Solutions are obtained by using the finite element method. The numerical methods utilized appear to be applicable to complex multi-dimensional systems. It is shown that in a non-linear fluid-structure interaction problem the incident pressure may be amplified significantly during reflection from a structure. Thus, an acoustic fluid model may be non-conservative for strong shock problems. Structures in a fluid will buckle at an incident pressure level which is much less than that which causes buckling in a vacuum.     

The research on semi-active muffler device of controlling the exhaust pipe’s low-frequency noise

In order to control low frequency noise in exhaust pipe, this paper puts forward a new concept of H-Q tube based semi-active muffler device. The semi-active muffler device and bench testing system have been designed and operated. Finite element simulation study on semi-active muffler and experimental study on semi-active muffler and passive muffler have been carried on. The effect of simulation and experiment are consistent. The semi-active muffler device acts well in low frequency band, especially between 50 Hz and 150 Hz. The average level of noise reduction is around 35 dB, which is much better than passive muffler. Between 150 Hz and 350 Hz, semi-active muffler has a better performance than passive muffler; above 350 Hz, it has worse performance compared with the passive muffler.     

Design sensitivity analysis for sequential structural-acoustic problems

A design sensitivity analysis of a sequential structural-acoustic problem is presented in which structural and acoustic behaviors are de-coupled. A frequency-response analysis is used to obtain the dynamic behavior of an automotive structure, while the boundary element method is used to solve the pressure response of an interior, acoustic domain. For the purposes of design sensitivity analysis, a direct differentiation method and an adjoint variable method are presented. In the adjoint variable method, an adjoint load is obtained from the acoustic boundary element re-analysis, while the adjoint solution is calculated from the structural dynamic re-analysis. The evaluation of pressure sensitivity only involves a numerical integration process for the structural part. The proposed sensitivity results are compared to finite difference sensitivity results with excellent agreement.     

膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声特性

本文对膨胀小孔消声器的流量和噪声辐射与气室压力的关系进行了理论计算和实验研究并取得规律,流量和噪声特性都与小孔的总面积和排气管的截面积的比值η有关,存在一临界比值η_c,当η<η_c时,气流只在小孔阻塞.当η>η_c时,气流先在排气管口阻塞,然后在小孔处阻塞.消声器的有效面积与排气管截面积的比值随小孔的总面积的增加而逐渐增加,最后饱和达到1,理论计算和实验都得到同一规律.当η很小时,气流在消声器内产生的噪声可以不计,消声器辐射的噪声为各个单孔辐射的总和,指向性图也与单孔喷注者相同.当η甚大时,消声器内膨胀的噪声起作用,消声器辐射噪声的指向性也发生变化.高压时,辐射噪声的声功率为不膨胀时各小孔喷注辐射的声功率的总和,没有膨胀降噪的作用.但如果将消声器内的膨胀噪声消除后,则消声器的辐射声功率降低,降低的值符合本文的理论预期。     

某型振动轮噪声数值模拟及优化分析

空中声源的辐射噪声谱包括宽带连续谱和窄带线谱,线谱能量高于连续谱。与水下声源相比,空中声源的运动速度普遍较高,线谱多普勒频移明显,可用于进行水下对空中声源的运动参数估计。首先通过时频分析提取接收信号的瞬时频率,而后利用非线性最小二乘法将瞬时频率提取值与预测值相拟合,进而估计声源的运动参数(声源的运动速度、静止频率、与接收器最小水平距离及经过最近点时刻)。仿真与实验均能较为准确地估计出声源运动参数,同时在实验中实现了水下对空中运动声源的测距和定位,测距误差小于15.8%。在满足一定信噪比和保证足够多普勒信息的情况下,该参数估计方法具有很好的适用性。     

A New Numerical Method for Solving the Acoustic Radiation Problem

A numerical method of solving the problem of acoustic wave radiation in the presence of a rigid scatterer is described. It combines the finite element method and the boundary algebraic equation one. In the proposed method, the exterior domain around the scatterer is discretized, so that there appear an infinite domain with regular discretization and a relatively small layer with irregular mesh. For the infinite regular mesh, the boundary algebraic equation method is used with spurious resonance suppression according to Burton and Miller. In the thin layer with irregular mesh, the finite element method is used. The proposed method is characterized by simple implementation, fair accuracy, and absence of spurious resonances.     

混凝土箱梁相似模型结构噪声对比分析*

为探讨混凝土箱梁噪声的时变特性,以京沪高铁32 m混凝土简支箱梁为原型,制作了1:10的缩尺模型,通过模态试验的方法验证箱梁模型与原型的相似关系,通过声学试验验证箱梁声学计算模型的正确性。然后,建立了箱梁缩尺模型与原型两种计算模型,利用有限元和边界元法求出两种模型的瞬态结构噪声。研究发现,箱梁缩尺模型与箱梁原型的材料参数满足一定关系,模型试验的方法能够验证箱梁模型与箱梁原型之间符合相似关系,箱梁模型的振动噪声测试结果能真实反映原型振动噪声水平。两种模型的结构噪声在时域内声压级及对应场点的声压存在一定相似关系。该研究可为箱梁缩尺模型结构噪声反演至箱梁原型提供依据,所采用的方法和得到的结果对桥梁结构振动与声辐射实验研究具有参考作用。