The role of nonlinear effects in the propagation of noise from high-power jet aircraft

To address the question of the role of nonlinear effects in the propagation of noise radiated by high-power jet aircraft, extensive measurements were made of the F-22A Raptor during static engine run-ups. Data were acquired at low-, intermediate-, and high-thrust engine settings with microphones located 23-305 m from the aircraft along several angles. Comparisons between the results of a generalized-Burgers-equation-based nonlinear propagation model and the measurements yield favorable agreement, whereas application of a linear propagation model results in spectral predictions that are much too low at high frequencies. The results and analysis show that significant nonlinear propagation effects occur for even intermediate-thrust engine conditions and at angles well away from the peak radiation angle. This suggests that these effects are likely to be common in the propagation of noise radiated by high-power aircraft.     

不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的流体模拟研究

采用二维轴对称流体模型对比研究了3种不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的基本特性。第一种是带绝缘介质的针电极结构（电场方向和气体流方向平行）,第二种是在第一种电极结构的介质管外增加一个垂直气流方向的接地环电极,第三种是不带绝缘介质的裸针电极结构。研究结果表明,接地环电极的引入对介质管内外的射流传播影响不同。在介质管内,接地环电极使管内表面附近的径向电场增加,电子密度升高,射流传播速度加快,但对中心轴附近的电场和电子密度影响很小;然而在介质管外,接地环电极的引入导致轴向和径向电场均减小,从而引起射流的传播长度减小,射流通道径向收缩。通过带绝缘介质的针电极和裸针电极结构的对比研究发现,保持其他条件不变,去掉包裹在针电极上的介质后,由于等离子体电势升高,电场增加,射流的传播长度几乎增加一倍,峰值电子密度增加近一个数量级,而且在整个射流通道内电子密度都保持相对高的值。此外,对3种电极结构下的主要活性粒子的产生和输运进行了比较研究。     

超声速等离子体射流的数值模拟

基于可压缩的全Naiver-Stokes方程，利用PHOENICS程序对由会聚 辐射阳极形状等离子体炬产生的超声速等离子体射流进行了数值模拟.考虑了等离子体的黏性、可压缩性以及变物性对等离子体射流特性影响.研究了超声速等离子体射流的流场结构特性以及不同环境压力对等离子体射流产生激波结构的影响.结果表明，超声速等离子体射流在喷口附近形成的周期性激波结构是其和环境气体相互作用的结果. 关键词： 等离子体炬 超声速等离子体射流 PHOENICS     

Nonlinear corrections to the oscillation mode frequencies of an ideal liquid charged jet

An analytical asymptotic expression is derived for the time evolution of an ideal incompressible conducting liquid jet with a uniformly charged surface that moves with a constant velocity along the symmetry axis of an undisturbed cylindrical surface. The expression is obtained in the third order of smallness in jet oscillation amplitude under the conditions when the initial deformation of the equilibrium jet surface is specified by one (axisymmetric or nonaxisymmetric) mode. Analytical expressions are also found for the positions of internal nonlinear degenerate three-and four-mode resonances, which are typical of nonlinear corrections to the equilibrium shape of the jet, liquid velocity field potential in the jet, and electrostatic field near the jet, and also for a nonlinear frequency correction. It is established that the nonlinear oscillations of the jet take place about a surface depending on the type of initial (generally asymmetric) deformation rather than about the equilibrium cylindrical shape.     

Near-field acoustic characteristics of screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard reflecting plate

The standing wave in the near field of the screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard plate works on the jet flow as the forcing wave by the location of a reflecting plate, and then jet flow is considered to be changed. Moreover, the reflector location from the nozzle changes the sound pressure contours of the near field. Intensity maps of the screech tone which indicate the propagation to the jet axial direction or the radial direction of the jet by the presence of the reflector plate have not been explored. In the present paper, acoustic characteristics in the near field of the screech tone with the reflecting plate are studied using an optical wave microphone, which can measure the sound propagating for both vertical and horizontal directions to the jet axis. As a result, the standing wave in the near field of the screech jet with the reflector has two types: One is the standing wave between the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation propagating jet downstream and the sound pressure propagating upstream, and the other is the standing wave by the difference between the wavelength of the sound wave and the wavelength at the place close to the jet.     

Nonlinear oscillations of a charged jet of a conducting liquid under multimode initial deformation of its surface

The subject of consideration is a uniformly charged jet of an ideal incompressible conducting liquid moving with a constant velocity along the symmetry axis of an undisturbed cylindrical surface. An evolutionary expression for the jet shape is derived accurate to the second order of smallness in oscillation amplitude for the case when the initial deformation of the equilibrium surface is a superposition of a finite number of both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric modes. The flow velocity field in the jet and the electric field distribution near it are determined. The positions of internal nonlinear secondary combined three-mode resonances are found, which are typical of nonlinear corrections to the analytical expressions for the jet shape, flow velocity field potentials, and electrostatic field in the vicinity of the jet.     

Propagation Characteristics of a Partially Coherent Gaussian Schell-model Array Vortex Beam in the Joint Turbulence Effect of a Jet Engine and Atmosphere

This work investigates the joint effects of jet engine exhaust-induced turbulence and atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of a partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model Array (GSMA) vortex beam. Using the two-process propagation method, analytical formulae are derived for the cross-spectral density, spectral density, degree of coherence, and beam width of the considered beam. The results show that the considered beam takes different shapes; when the spatial coherence is large, the spectral density of the GSMA vortex beam takes an elliptical shape, whereas when the spatial coherence is smaller, the spectral density remains a Gaussian shape. The evolution profile of the degree of coherence weakens gradually when the propagation distance, topological charge, and turbulence strength increase. Moreover, the profile of the degree of coherence takes the Gaussian profile when the propagation distance is longer or turbulence atmospheric is stronger. Furthermore, the results reveal that the corresponding beam spreads faster with a larger propagation distance, lower spatial coherence, and high-strength turbulence. This study also concludes from the results that the beam is affected more when its propagation is near the jet engine exhaust, which means that this latter has a significant impact.     

Supercontinuum generation in visible to mid-infrared region in square-lattice photonic crystal fiber made from highly nonlinear glasses

Square-lattice microstructure geometry of photonic crystal fibers made with high nonlinearity non-silica glass composition material as well as fused silica glass are studied here for modal propagation, dispersion analysis and supercontinuum generation. Our investigation of nonlinear propagation of low threshold power femtosecond pulse aims at generating supercontinuum in the near and mid infrared region using these highly nonlinear fibers. We performed a series of analyses through varying parameters of square-lattice geometry to map a desired broadband window. We also demonstrate a compact high power broadband source in visible region generated within few centimeter length of the fused silica square-lattice microstructure.     

Experimental study of propagation of instability waves in a submerged jet under transverse acoustic excitation

An experimental study was conducted on the specific features of instability wave propagation in the mixing layer of a turbulent jet when the jet is excited by an external acoustic wave. We used the technique of conditional phase averaging of data obtained by particle image velocimetry using the reference signal of a microphone placed near the jet. The influence of the excitation frequency on the characteristics of large-scale structures in the mixing layer was investigated. It is shown that the propagation patterns of the instability waves agree well with previously obtained data on the localization of acoustic sources in turbulent jets.     

Photonic Jet by a Near‐Unity‐Refractive‐Index Sphere on a Dielectric Substrate with High Index Contrast

Photonic jets are normally generated in transmission mode and are represented as a spatially localized high‐intensity region on the shadow side of a particle‐lens, with a background to medium refractive index contrast of 1.3–1.7 while illuminated by a plane wave. Here, a photonic jet is discovered in the opposing plane wave propagation direction and lies in the area in the upper boundary of a near‐unity refractive index sphere on a high refractive index dielectric substrate. The redistribution of the power flow is inhibited during the reflected wave passing the near‐unity refractive index sphere. This has led to a unique effect on the focus position and shape of the produced photonic jet in reflection mode which can be maximally maintained near the sphere regardless of the modulation of the refractive index for the dielectric substrate material.     

Investigation of the linear and nonlinear properties of a Drude model photonic crystal

The optical transmission properties of a one-dimensional Drude model photonic crystal are investigated. The linear wave propagation is studied by the transfer matrix method. Using a delta-function approximation a nonlinear 2-d map is obtained and used to explore the global transmission properties of nonlinear wave propagation in this system. Inclusion of a frequency-dependent refractive index represented by the Drude model results in a considerable modification of the characteristics of the linear and nonlinear wave propagation of the one-dimensional photonic crystal.     

兰姆波非线性效应的实验观察

对兰姆波非线性效应进行了实验观察。首先,对实验所采用的Ritec系统进行了介绍,尤其对实验系统的声学部分进行了详细考虑,特别是对二次谐波的时域响应进行了简洁直观的分析。根据兰姆波具有强烈非线性效应的条件,采用斜劈换能器发射和接收兰姆波。改变发射与接收斜劈换能器的间距,对一定频率范围内的兰姆波及二次谐波在固体板表面的振幅进行了测量。在基频与二倍频兰姆波相速度相等所对应的频率附近,分析了二次谐波振幅随传播距离的定量关系,从实验上证实了二次谐波在传播过程中具有积累增长效应的结论。     

Sound propagation through a subsonic jet due to a source near the duct exit

Matched asymptotic solutions are constructed for the acoustic potentials of a periodic point source located in a two-dimensional subsonic jet near the exit of the duct with the ratio of the duct thickness to the acoustic wave length as the small parameter. The leading term of the far field solution has the same directionality effect as that for an infinite jet without the duct and that when the plane at the duct exit is considered to be a plane of symmetry. However, the intensity is different because of the wave propagation into the duct and is dependent on the location of the source.     

Effects of initial frequency chirp on the linear propagation characteristics of the exponential optical pulse

In this paper, the linear propagation characteristics of the exponential optical pulse with initial linear and nonlinear frequency chirp are numerically studied in a single mode fibre for \be₂<0. It can be found that the temporal full width at half maximum and time-bandwidth product of exponential pulse monotonically increase with the increase of propagation distance and decrease with the increase of linear chirp C for C<0.5, go through an initial decreasing stage near \zeta=1, then increase with the increase of propagation distance and linear chirp C for C\geq0.5. The broadening of pulses with negative chirp is faster than that with positive chirp. The exponential pulse with linear chirp gradually evolves into a near-Gaussian pulse. The effect of nonlinear chirp on waveform of the pulse is much greater than that of linear chirp. The temporal waveform breaking of exponential pulse with nonlinear chirp is first observed in linear propagation. Furthermore, the expressions of the spectral width and time-bandwidth product of the exponential optical pulse with the frequency chirp are given by use of the numerical analysis method.     

A DNS study on the flame structures and flame stabilization mechanism of a laboratory-scale lean premixed jet flame in crossflow

In the present work, direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a laboratory-scale lean premixed reacting jet flame in crossflow was performed to understand the flame structures and the flame stabilization mechanism. In the DNS, an ethylene-air jet with an equivalence ratio of 0.6 was injected into a hot vitiated crossflow. The jet Reynolds number reaches 6161. The DNS results were compared with those of the experiment with a good agreement. It was found that the windward and leeward branches of the flame show significantly different behaviors. The windward flame branch, appearing lifted and discontinuous, is located in the shear layer regions with high temperature, low vorticity and low scalar dissipation rate. The location of the peak heat release rate shifts to a higher mixture fraction with increasing distance from the jet exit. The leeward branch of the flame anchors in the shear layer near the jet exit. The recirculation zone in the wake of the jet facilitates the stabilization of the leeward flame. The chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) and species budget analysis were employed to characterize the local combustion mode. Auto-ignition plays a key role in the stabilization of the windward flame where a large range of extinction is also found due to the high strain rate. In contrast, premixed flame propagation is dominant on the leeward side.     

高斯光束通过非线性介质层的限幅效应

本文用数值分析的方法研究了两维高斯光束通过一定厚度的非线性折射介质后在线性空间传播的状态,分析了光束的近场和远场横向强度分布及通过一定孔径光阑的功率.结果表明,在考虑到光束经过非线性介质时,相位与横向分布都会发生变化后,仅在非线性折射效应作用下,在远场就存在限幅效应.在一定的强度范围之内,近场也存在限幅利用的可能性.     

Gap solitons in defocusing lithium niobate binary waveguide arrays fabricated by proton implantation and selective light illumination

Photovoltaic photorefractive binary waveguide arrays are fabricated by proton implantation and selective light illumination on top of an iron-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystal. Linear discrete diffraction and nonlinear formation of gap solitons were investigated by single-channel excitation using Gaussian light beams coupled into either wide or narrow waveguide channels. The results show that, at low power, linear light propagation leads to discrete diffraction, whilst for higher input power the focusing mechanism dominates, finally leading to the formation of gap solitons in the binary waveguide arrays. Our simulation of light propagation based on a nonlinear beam propagation method confirms the experimental findings.     

不同能量下环形高斯强激光光束在空气中的非线性传输

以线性传输模型为对比研究了不同初始能量的环形光束在空气中的非线性传输。结果显示,在传输初始阶段,非线性克尔效应减弱了线性空间啁啾导致的聚焦作用。线性聚焦使能量向光轴方向流动导致强光强核心,在光轴附近生成类高斯脉冲结构,增强了非线性自聚焦效应,导致光强急剧增加形成光丝。环形光束的初始能量的大小能够影响自聚焦焦距、光丝长度和光强通量。自聚焦焦距随着初始脉冲能量的增加而减小,但自聚焦焦距与初始功率的开方不成反比（这点与高斯光束不同）。光丝长度随着初始脉冲能量的增加而增加。轴上光强通量随初始脉冲能量的增加而增加。     

不同能量下环形高斯强激光光束在空气中的非线性传输

以线性传输模型为对比研究了不同初始能量的环形光束在空气中的非线性传输。结果显示,在传输初始阶段,非线性克尔效应减弱了线性空间啁啾导致的聚焦作用。线性聚焦使能量向光轴方向流动导致强光强核心,在光轴附近生成类高斯脉冲结构,增强了非线性自聚焦效应,导致光强急剧增加形成光丝。环形光束的初始能量的大小能够影响自聚焦焦距、光丝长度和光强通量。自聚焦焦距随着初始脉冲能量的增加而减小,但自聚焦焦距与初始功率的开方不成反比（这点与高斯光束不同）。光丝长度随着初始脉冲能量的增加而增加。轴上光强通量随初始脉冲能量的增加而增加。