A mechanism stimulating sound production from air bubbles released from a nozzle

Gas bubbles in water act as oscillators with a natural frequency inversely proportional to their radius and a quality factor determined by thermal, radiation, and viscous losses. The linear dynamics of spherical bubbles are well understood, but the excitation mechanism leading to sound production at the moment of bubble creation has been the subject of speculation. Experiments and models presented here show that sound from bubbles released from a nozzle can be excited by the rapid decrease in volume accompanying the collapse of the neck of gas which joins the bubble to its parent.     

The secondary Bjerknes force between two gas bubbles under dual-frequency acoustic excitation

The secondary Bjerknes force is one of the essential mechanisms of mutual interactions between bubbles oscillating in a sound field. The dual-frequency acoustic excitation has been applied in several fields such as sonochemistry, biomedicine and material engineering. In this paper, the secondary Bjerknes force under dual-frequency excitation is investigated both analytically and numerically within a large parameter zone. The unique characteristics (i.e., the complicated patterns of the parameter zone for sign change and the combination resonances) of the secondary Bjerknes force under dual-frequency excitation are revealed. Moreover, the influence of several parameters (e.g., the pressure amplitude, the bubble distance and the phase difference between sound waves) on the secondary Bjerknes force is also investigated numerically.     

声空化泡对声传播的屏蔽特性*

该文介绍了声空化液体中声波被反常吸收的现象,即驱动声压越大,吸收越强,远场声压越低。研究给出其物理机理是高声压导致强空化,空化泡吸收驱动能量辐射高次谐波,高频声波更易被液体吸收,最终形成更低的远场声压。为了克服空化屏蔽,改善声空化的均匀性,提出了改变工作液体的空化阈值的思路。并就简单的双层液体系统进行了计算和实验,结果证实这种思路的正确性。     

Near-field acoustic characteristics of screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard reflecting plate

The standing wave in the near field of the screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard plate works on the jet flow as the forcing wave by the location of a reflecting plate, and then jet flow is considered to be changed. Moreover, the reflector location from the nozzle changes the sound pressure contours of the near field. Intensity maps of the screech tone which indicate the propagation to the jet axial direction or the radial direction of the jet by the presence of the reflector plate have not been explored. In the present paper, acoustic characteristics in the near field of the screech tone with the reflecting plate are studied using an optical wave microphone, which can measure the sound propagating for both vertical and horizontal directions to the jet axis. As a result, the standing wave in the near field of the screech jet with the reflector has two types: One is the standing wave between the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation propagating jet downstream and the sound pressure propagating upstream, and the other is the standing wave by the difference between the wavelength of the sound wave and the wavelength at the place close to the jet.     

Ion acoustic subharmonic excitation in a plasma

Ion acoustic subharmonic excitation in a plasma, with ion-neutral collision frequency greater than the frequency of excitation, is theoretically investigated. Two-fluid theory with source term is used to describe the system. The system exhibits either subharmonic excitation of orders 1/2 and 1/3, or subharmonic excitation of orders 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5. The resonance frequency range and the amplitude of second harmonic for each case is calculated. A comparison with experimental data can be used to obtain the values of the parameters describing the source term.     

Circular motion of submillimeter-sized acoustic bubbles attached to a boundary by high-speed image analysis

The circular motion of submillimeter-sized bubbles attached to a boundary in an 18.5 kHz ultrasonic field are investigated experimentally by high-speed photography and image analysis. It is found that the vibration of gas bubbles with diameters of 0.2–0.4 mm is between spherical radial vibration and regular surface fluctuation. Different from the circular motion of suspended bubbles in water, the circular motion of gas bubbles attached to a boundary presents some new characteristics. These bubbles attached to a boundary (wandering bubbles) will rotate around a fixed bubble array (holding bubbles). Both the wondering bubbles and holding bubbles are “degas” bubbles. The primary Bjerknes force acting on wandering bubbles in the acoustic wave field and the secondary Bjerknes force between the wandering bubbles and the holding bubbles strongly affects the circular motion. The circling and residence behavior of gas bubbles is described and analyzed in detail, which is helpful to understand and improve industrial applications such as ultrasonic cleaning, sonochemical treatment, aeration and cavitation reduction.     

Interactions of bubbles in acoustic Lichtenberg figure

The evolution of acoustic Lichtenberg figure (ALF) in ultrasound fields is studied using high-speed photography. It is observed that bubbles travel along the branch to the aggregation region of an ALF, promoting the possibility of large bubble or small cluster formation. Large bubbles move away from the aggregation region while surrounding bubbles are attracted into this structure, and a bubble transportation cycle arises in the cavitation field. A simplified model consisting of a spherical cluster and a chain of bubbles is developed to explain this phenomenon. The interaction of the two units is analyzed using a modified expression for the secondary Bjerknes force in this system. The model reveals that clusters can attract bubbles on the chain within a distance of 2 mm, leading to a bubble transportation process from the chain to the bubble cluster. Many factors can affect this process, including the acoustic pressure, frequency, bubble density, and separation distance. The larger the bubble in the cluster, the broader the attraction region. Therefore, the presence of large bubbles might enhance the process in this system. Local disturbances in bubble density could destroy the ALF structure. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental phenomena.     

Nonlinear oscillation and acoustic scattering of bubbles

The scattered acoustic pressure and scattered cross section of bubbles is studied using the scattered theory of bubbles. The nonlinear oscillations of bubbles and the scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster are numerically simulated based on the bubble dynamic and fluid dynamic. The influences of the interaction between bubbles on scattering acoustic field of bubbles are researched. The results of numerical simulation show that the oscillation phases of bubbles are delayed to a certain extent at different positions in the bubble cluster, but the radii of bubbles during oscillation do not differ too much at different positions. Furthermore, directivity of the acoustic scattering of bubbles is obvious. The scattered acoustic pressures of bubbles are different at the different positions inside and outside of the bubble cluster. The scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster depend on the driving pressure amplitude, driving frequency, the equilibrium radii of bubbles, bubble number and the radius of the spherical bubble cluster. These theoretical predictions provide a further understanding of physics behind ultrasonic technique and should be useful for guiding ultrasonic application.     

Bernoulli excitation and detection of gas bubbles.

A simple method is proposed for detecting and sizing bubbles in pipeline fluid flow. This is based on changing the pressure of the fluid, which in turn excites volume oscillations in the bubble. If the change in pressure is of sufficient brevity and magnitude, the transient distortion results in excitation of the bubble into radiative oscillation at its natural frequency. In a moving fluid, the Bernoulli equation predicts that such a pressure change can be achieved through a suitable gradient in the flow velocity. In the experiments described here, this is achieved by altering the cross-sectional area of the pipe in which the fluid is flowing. We demonstrate the efficacy of this excitation method and, by detecting the radiated sound using a nearby hydrophone, determine the size of individual bubbles from their characteristic oscillation frequency.     

On the theory of acoustic solitons in a liquid with distributed gas bubbles

A close relation is established between numerical solutions to two systems of equations, viz., the two-level nonlinear wave dynamic model of a liquid with gas bubbles and the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. This model is used for deriving the KdV equation in the long-wave approximation for any dependent variable of the gas-liquid mixture. The KdV equations derived earlier using radically different approximations are particular cases of our equations.     

On the splitting of aspherical structure submitted to an acoustic polarized excitation

We experimentally show how the deviations from spherical symmetry such as the inhomogeneity, the removal mass or the asphericity affect the frequency spectrum of a single elastic sphere. The recorded spectrograms point out the great influence of the polarization of the source on the splitting and the shift of the peaks. Qualitatively, the results are consistent with the data reported in Geophysics although the present study is concerned with a low degree and low- [Formula: see text] modes in contrast to those usually encountered in seismic investigations. From a practical point of view, this study suggests that Geophysics phenomena could be analyzed through spherical beads reproducing the imperfections encountered in the mantle and in the core of the earth.     

The response of turbulent premixed flames to normal acoustic excitation

To model the thermo-acoustic excitation of flames in practical combustion systems, it is necessary to know how a turbulent flame front responds to an incident acoustic wave. This will depend partly on the way in which the burning velocity responds to the wave. In this investigation, the response of CH₄/air and CH₄/H₂/air mixtures has been observed in a novel flame stabilisation configuration, in which the premixture of fuel and air is made to decelerate under controlled conditions in a wide-angle diffuser. Control is provided by an annular wall-jet of air and by turbulence generators at the inlet. Ignition from the outlet of the diffuser allows an approximately flat flame to propagate downwards and stabilise at a height that depends on the turbulent burning velocity. When the flow is excited acoustically, the ensemble-averaged height oscillates. The fluctuations in flow velocity and flame height are monitored by phase-locked particle image velocimetry and OH-planar laser induced fluorescence, respectively. The flame stabilised against a lower incident velocity as the acoustic amplitude increased. In addition, at the lowest frequency of 52 Hz, the fluctuations in turbulent burning velocity (as represented by the displacement speed) were out-of-phase with the acoustic velocity. Thus, the rate of displacement of the flame front relative to the flow slowed as the flow accelerated, and so the flame movement was bigger than it would have been if the burning velocity had not responded to the acoustic fluctuation. With an increase in frequency to 119 Hz, the relative flame movement became even larger, although the phase-difference was reduced, so the effect on burning velocity was less dramatic. The addition of hydrogen to the methane, so as to maintain the laminar burning velocity at a lower equivalence ratio, suppressed the response at low amplitude, but at a higher amplitude, the effect was reversed.     

On the splitting of aspherical structure submitted to an acoustic polarized excitation

We experimentally show how the deviations from spherical symmetry such as the inhomogeneity, the removal mass or the asphericity affect the frequency spectrum of a single elastic sphere. The recorded spectrograms point out the great influence of the polarization of the source on the splitting and the shift of the peaks. Qualitatively, the results are consistent with the data reported in Geophysics although the present study is concerned with a low degree and low-Q modes in contrast to those usually encountered in seismic investigations. From a practical point of view, this study suggests that Geophysics phenomena could be analyzed through spherical beads reproducing the imperfections encountered in the mantle and in the core of the earth.     

声学反演法分析海中气泡的有关参数

本文应用声学反演法处理了海水表面层的散射数据,得到了层中气泡的体积分数和气泡的大小分布参数.     

The acoustic signature of bubbles fragmenting in sheared flow

Measurements of the sound of bubbles fragmenting in fluid shear are presented and analyzed. The frequency, amplitude, and decay rate of the acoustic emissions from 1.8-mm-radius bubbles fragmenting between opposed fluid jets have been determined. A broad band of frequencies (1.8 to 30 kHz) is observed with peak pressure amplitudes in the range of 0.03 to 2 Pa. While the peak pressure amplitudes show no significant scaling with frequency, the frequency dependence of the decay rates is consistent with the sum of thermal and acoustic radiation losses.     

The acoustic emissions of cavitation bubbles in stretched vortices

Pairs of unequal strength, counter-rotating vortices were produced in order to examine the inception, dynamics, and acoustic emission of cavitation bubbles in rapidly stretching vortices. The acoustic signatures of these cavitation bubbles were characterized during their inception, growth, and collapse. Growing and collapsing bubbles often produced a sharp, broadband, pop sound. The spectrum of these bubbles, and the peak resonant frequency can generally be related to quiescent flow bubble dynamics and corresponding resonant frequencies. However, some elongated cavitation bubbles produced a short tonal burst, or chirp, with frequencies on the order of a few kilohertz. Theses frequencies are too low to be related to resonant frequencies of a bubble in a quiescent flow. Instead, the frequency content of the acoustic signal during bubble inception and growth is related to the volumetric oscillations of the bubble while it interacted with vortical flow that surrounds the bubble (i.e., the resonant frequency of the vortex-bubble system). A relationship was determined between the observed peak frequency of the oscillations, the highly stretched vortex properties, and the water nuclei content. It was found that different cavitation spectra could relate to different flow and fluid properties and therefore would not scale in the same manner.