基于机器学习方法的丙型肝炎病毒聚合酶NS5B非核苷抑制剂的定量构效关系研究

对89 个苯并异噻唑和苯并噻嗪类丙型肝炎病毒(HCV) NS5B聚合酶非核苷抑制剂进行了定量构效关系(QSAR)研究. 采用遗传算法组合偏最小二乘(GA-PLS)和线性逐步回归分析(LSRA)两种特征选择方法选择最优描述符子集, 然后建立多元线性回归和偏最小二乘线性回归模型. 并首次尝试使用遗传算法耦合支持向量机方法(GA-SVM)对两种特征选择方法所选的描述符子集分别建立非线性支持向量机回归模型. 三种机器学习方法所建模型均得到比较满意的预测效果. 采用LSRA所选的6 个描述符建立的三个QSAR模型对于测试集的相关系数为0.958-0.962, GA-SVM法给出最好的预测精度(0.962). 采用GA-PLS所选的7个描述符建立的三个QSAR模型对于测试集的相关系数为0.918-0.960, 偏最小二乘回归模型的结果最好(0.960). 本工作提供了一种有效的方法来预测丙型肝炎病毒抑制剂的生物活性, 该方法也可以扩展到其他类似的定量构效关系研究领域.     

Characterisation and Classification of Foodborne Bacteria Using Reflectance FTIR Microscopic Imaging

This work investigates the application of reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic imaging for rapid, and non-invasive detection and classification between Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli cell suspensions dried onto metallic substrates (stainless steel (STS) and aluminium (Al) slides) in the optical density (OD) concentration range of 0.001 to 10. Results showed that reflectance FTIR of samples with OD lower than 0.1 did not present an acceptable spectral signal to enable classification. Two modelling strategies were devised to evaluate model performance, transferability and consistency among concentration levels. Modelling strategy 1 involves training the model with half of the sample set, consisting of all concentrations, and applying it to the remaining half. Using this approach, for the STS substrate, the best model was achieved using support vector machine (SVM) classification, providing an accuracy of 96% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.93 for the independent test set. For the Al substrate, the best SVM model produced an accuracy and MCC of 91% and 0.82, respectively. Furthermore, the aforementioned best model built from one substrate was transferred to predict the bacterial samples deposited on the other substrate. Results revealed an acceptable predictive ability when transferring the STS model to samples on Al (accuracy = 82%). However, the Al model could not be adapted to bacterial samples deposited on STS (accuracy = 57%). For modelling strategy 2, models were developed using one concentration level and tested on the other concentrations for each substrate. Results proved that models built from samples with moderate (1 OD) concentration can be adapted to other concentrations with good model generalization. Prediction maps revealed the heterogeneous distribution of biomolecules due to the coffee ring effect. This work demonstrated the feasibility of applying FTIR to characterise spectroscopic fingerprints of dry bacterial cells on substrates of relevance for food processing.     

Identification of Pharmacophoric Fragments of DYRK1A Inhibitors Using Machine Learning Classification Models

Dual-specific tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1 (DYRK1A) has been regarded as a potential therapeutic target of neurodegenerative diseases, and considerable progress has been made in the discovery of DYRK1A inhibitors. Identification of pharmacophoric fragments provides valuable information for structure- and fragment-based design of potent and selective DYRK1A inhibitors. In this study, seven machine learning methods along with five molecular fingerprints were employed to develop qualitative classification models of DYRK1A inhibitors, which were evaluated by cross-validation, test set, and external validation set with four performance indicators of predictive classification accuracy (CA), the area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC), Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and balanced accuracy (BA). The PubChem fingerprint-support vector machine model (CA = 0.909, AUC = 0.933, MCC = 0.717, BA = 0.855) and PubChem fingerprint along with the artificial neural model (CA = 0.862, AUC = 0.911, MCC = 0.705, BA = 0.870) were considered as the optimal modes for training set and test set, respectively. A hybrid data balancing method SMOTETL, a combination of synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and Tomek link (TL) algorithms, was applied to explore the impact of balanced learning on the performance of models. Based on the frequency analysis and information gain, pharmacophoric fragments related to DYRK1A inhibition were also identified. All the results will provide theoretical supports and clues for the screening and design of novel DYRK1A inhibitors.